利用高压静电场保鲜鸡蛋试验

为探讨高压静电场对鸡蛋贮藏保鲜的影响,该试验利用30、60、90 kV/m不同高压静电场分别对鸡蛋进行30和60 min的预处理,然后置于13℃左右的室温条件下贮藏,定期测定鸡蛋的哈夫单位、蛋黄指数、挥发性盐基氮和感官性状的变化等指标,研究高压静电场对其贮藏保鲜效果的影响。试验结果表明：高压静电场处理能很好地保持鸡蛋内部的含水量;有效地降低了哈夫单位、蛋黄指数与挥发性盐基氮的变化速率;贮藏保鲜效果明显好于对照。该试验30 kV/m、60 min剂量和60 kV/m、30 min剂量的处理,保鲜效果最好。     

Preliminary study on puffer fish proteome-species identification of puffer fish by two-dimensional electrophoresis

The aims of this work were to determine the differential characterization of the urea soluble protein components of puffer fish species and to establish a preliminary proteomic database using an immobilized pH gradient two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) technique. The puffer fish muscle proteins resolved into 171-260 spots in the 2DE gels, with a pI range of 3-10 and molecular mass range of 7.4-205.0 kDa, following Comassie blue staining. Puffer fish muscle proteins fell in the region with pI values of 3.5-7.0, and molecular masses of 7.4-45.0 kDa were well-resolved and were good for species comparison. The more acidic proteins of lower molecular masses showed species specific characteristics. Therefore, the species of puffer fish can be differentiated from the comparison of the characteristic 2DE protein patterns.     

Identification and semiquantitation of monensin sodium in animal feeds by thin layer bioautography

A bioautographic technique for the determination of monensin sodium contamination in animal feeds is described. The feeds are extracted in aqueous methanol and the initial monensin extracts are isolated by filtration through an alumina column. These eluates are partitioned between 5% NaCl and methylene chloride, and are further purified through a Sephadex LH-20 column. A 10 mL eluate containing the monensin is collected from the Sephadex column and evaporated, and the residue is dissolved in methylene chloride. Aliquots are spotted on a thin layer plate and monensin is detected by a thin layer bioautographic technique, using Bacillus subtilis as the test organism. The reliable limit of sensitivity is 100 ppb, but 10 ppb can be detected. This technique can be used to semiquantitate monensin by comparing the zones of inhibition of unknown test samples against monensin standards.     

利用高压静电杀灭黄瓜害虫的试验

为了减少农药对环境和农作物的污染,寻求物理防治农作物害虫的方法,该文利用高压静电灭虫原理,设计了一种采用高倍压整流升压电路的直流高压灭虫装置,确定了有效的灭虫电压.利用该装置产生的高压静电杀灭农作物害虫,并在黄瓜植株叶片上进行了试验.结果表明,利用高压静电能够杀灭黄瓜害虫,其对烟粉虱的灭虫效果为20.99％～26.27％,对瓜绢螟的杀灭率可达63.6％～70.4％.该研究可为物理防治农作物害虫设施的开发提供参考.     

高压静电场解冻机理分析

为了探索高压静电场解冻机理,优化解冻工艺,提高解冻效率,通过采用针电极、线电极和板电极在不同的电压下对冰进行了解冻速度对比试验,同时进行了针电极下冰加玻璃罩与不加罩的解冻速度对比试验和线电极下电极间距（电压）、线间距对解冻速度的影响试验。试验结果表明：采用板电极解冻效果不明显,而采用线电极和针电极能获得较大的解冻速度,加玻璃罩后冰的解冻速度明显低于未加罩冰的解冻速度,上下电极间距（电压）和线间距也都对解冻速度有一定影响,最后分析了解冻机理,认为离子风对冰的冲击作用是导致解冻速度增加的主要原因。     

优化高压电场处理提高高粱种子活力

为了探讨高压电场处理对高粱种子萌发活力的影响,以晋杂122#高粱种子为试材,采用种子发芽试验、生物化学分析及二次通用旋转组合设计相结合的方法,研究电场强度和处理时间对高粱种子的活力指数和内源赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)含量的影响,通过建模分析,寻求高压电场处理条件的优化方案。结果表明:不同高压电场(high voltage electric field,HVEF)处理对高粱种子活力指数和内源GA含量影响均达到显著水平(P0.05);二因素对高粱种子的活力指数和内源GA含量影响效应顺序为电场强度处理时间;电场强度和处理时间对高粱种子活力指数和内源GA含量影响有阈值效应;二因素耦合效应对高粱种子的活力指数的影响呈现负交互效应,对内源GA含量的影响表现出正交互效应,且交互效应显著(P0.05),二因素交互作用对内源GA含量影响大于对种子活力的影响;经模型寻优,同时满足活力指数≥14.25、内源GA质量分数≥11.55 ng/g的优化方案为:电场强度485.53~605.38 k V/m,处理时间31.41~48.99 min,在此基础上,进一步确定优化条件为:电场强度500 k V/m,处理时间36 min,经试验验证,高粱种子活力指数和内源GA质量分数理论值15.50、14.92 ng/g,与实测值(15.38±0.18)、(14.85±0.13)ng/g基本一致,进一步验证了方案的可靠性。研究结果为高压电场技术处理种子在农业生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

高压电场下玉米的干燥特性

玉米刚收获时含水率一般超过18%,为了能够安全存储必需将含水率降低到14%以下,因此干燥是玉米生产加工中不可缺少的工序。该文利用高压电场干燥技术,以玉米为对象研究了物料厚度、针电极密度对干燥特性的影响,并与自然通风干燥对比分析了高压电场干燥玉米的脱水速率和含水率的变化。结果表明:高压电场干燥时,当针电极密度在113~283根/m2范围内时,脱水速率随针状电极的密度的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,针电极存在一个较佳密度170根/m2;而物料堆积厚度对高压电场干燥的影响较小,当物料堆积较薄(d=0.8 cm),含水率为36.7%时,电场脱水速率是对应自然通风脱水速率的2倍,干燥时间是自然通风干燥的50%;但当物料的堆积厚度较大(d=1.9 cm),含水率为20%时,电场脱水速率是对应自然通风干燥的6.5倍,可节省85%的干燥时间,当物料的堆积厚度大于3.6 cm时,水分的自然蒸发对电场干燥的影响可忽略;高压电场干燥的能量利用率不低于9.3%,是热风干燥的10余倍。因此高压电场干燥适用于厚物料层的干燥,不仅节能而且还能有效减少晾晒场地和工作量,提高干燥效率。研究结果可为玉米等粮食作物的高效节能干燥提供参考。     

频率及电压对高压脉冲电场提高陈年棉种活力的影响

为研究不同频率脉冲电场对陈年棉种活力的影响,该文利用高压脉冲电源和弧形电极-平板组成的电场系统在极间距离为50 mm、电压分别为16和20 kV条件下对陈年棉种在不同频率(1、5、10、20、50 Hz)下进行了电场处理,处理时间为40 s。结果发现,频率为10 Hz时,陈年棉种的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数等指标与不做电场处理对照相比都有明显提高,且都达到极显著差异(P0.01),16比20 kV条件下的处理效果更好,达到显著性差异(P0.05)。试验结果表明,电场频率对棉种活力指标的影响是存在的,且对各指标的影响趋势是一致的,即在一定处理条件下(电场强度与处理时间)可以找到一个较优频率范围,对种子活力提高达到最大,且该试验研究结果能够为后续种子电场处理提供参考。     

极低频高压脉冲电场提高陈年棉种活力的参数优化

为研究极低频脉冲电场对陈年棉种活力的影响,该文利用高压脉冲电源和弧形电极-平板组成的电场系统在极间距离为50 mm条件下,以16 k V、10 Hz为中心点,利用Design-expert软件设计正交试验,高压脉冲电场处理棉种时间为40 s。并利用响应面分析法,对发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数等4个指标进行参数优化,得出最优处理电压为16.25 k V,最优频率为10.90 Hz。在此基础上,对优化条件进行了试验验证。结果表明:陈年棉种在脉冲电压16.25 k V、脉冲频率10.90 Hz处理条件下,与对照相比,发芽势提高了44.2%,发芽率提高了56.8%,发芽指数提高了64.3%,活力指数提高了81.8%,各指标都达到极显著差异(P0.01)。陈年棉种的电场生物学效应对电场电压和频率都具有选择性,在电压为16.25 k V、频率为10.90 Hz的脉冲电场作用下,陈年棉种的电场生物学效应最明显,研究结果为后续作物种子高压电场处理的参数优化提供参考。     

液体食品处理用高压方波脉冲发生网络仿真

为了进一步提高脉冲电场食品处理的杀菌率,延长食品货架期,该文从脉冲发生器的波形和脉冲能量方面考虑,设计了一种合理有效的单极性方波脉冲形成网络。通过计算液体食品负载的等效电路,根据能量关系确定放电电容值,得到方波脉冲网络的各参数。然后,利用MATLAB中电力系统工具箱（Power System Block）模块对方波脉冲发生电路进行仿真,得到峰值为35 kV,波顶较平,上升、下降沿很陡的近似方波脉冲。仿真结果表明方波脉冲发生网络理论上的可行性,为食品处理用脉冲发生器的进一步改进提供理论依据。     

Detection of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in triticale (x Triticosecale Wittm.) Cultivars by capillary zone electrophoresis

An improved method for separating and characterizing high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) in hexaploid triticale by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) was developed. A low-concentrate mixture of hydrophilic polymers, poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), in an isoelectric buffer was employed for dynamic coating of the capillary inner wall. In separation buffer PVP with lower concentrated poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was replaced. The CZE electropherograms of HMW-GS showed two group peaks in accordance with x- and y-type subunits with migration times of 6.8-7.8 and 8.4-11.5 min, respectively. In total, 14 HMW subunits (2 subunits encoded by Glu-A1 locus and 12 by Glu-B1) were identified. The CZE analyses revealed that each of the subunits Bx7 and By8 determined by SDS-PAGE makes up three subunits (Bx6.8, Bx7, and Bx7* and By8, By8*, and new By8**, respectively), with different migration times. It was also shown that the subunits By18 and By20 in triticale determined by SDS-PAGE have different migration times in comparison with the same subunits in bread wheat. For these new HMW-GS, the following names were assigned: By18* instead of By18 and By20* instead of By20. The presented CZE method is an efficient alternative to the SDS-PAGE procedure for early selection of useful triticale genotypes with good breadmaking quality.     

基于高压电场的胡萝卜微粉抗团聚分散性试验

为了提高胡萝卜微粉加工效率,改善粉碎过程中粉体团聚问题。该文通过对胡萝卜干式高速剪切粉碎试验,研究粉碎过程中胡萝卜粉体粒径、温度、含水率以及类胡萝卜素含量的变化情况。结果表明,随着粉体粒径的减小,其比表面积增大、温度升高、含水率增加,颗粒间范德华力、静电力、液桥力作用增强导致粉体颗粒团聚,产生了"逆粉碎"现象。高压电场能够克服粉体颗粒间的作用力,使粉体具有抗团聚,相互分散的性能。研究中利用针板电极原理,设计出高压电场粉体处理装置。以处理电压和处理时间为试验因素,以粒径125μm粉体质量百分比为评价指标,通过正交试验建立回归方程,优化求解并验证,得到胡萝卜粉体抗团聚分散处理的最优工艺参数为:处理电压45 k V,处理时间60 min,此时粉体颗粒分散效果明显,粒径125μm粉体质量百分比由未处理时的61.75%提升到77.38%。研究结论为实现胡萝卜微粉高效加工提供理论参考。     

西瓜汁的高强度脉冲磁场杀菌试验研究及杀菌机理分析

该文旨在研究液态食品的高强度脉冲磁场杀菌技术，探讨高强度脉冲磁场对微生物细胞产生的生物效应。以西瓜汁的杀菌为例，研究了磁场强度和脉冲数对杀菌效果的影响。研究结果表明：随着场强和脉冲数的增加，从整体上讲杀菌效果增强；在场强为2.53 T、脉冲数为20时，杀菌效果最好。当脉冲数为40时，磁场强度对杀菌效果的影响为单调增加；当磁场强度为4.22 T时，脉冲数对杀菌效果的影响为单调增加。但在某些参数下杀菌效果出现反弹现象，其原因有待进一步探讨。从脉冲磁场导致细胞跨膜电位、感应电流、带电粒子洛仑兹力、离子能量等参数变化的角度，描述了脉冲磁场对微生物细胞产生的生物学效应，分析了致使细胞结构被破坏、正常生理活动受阻碍的机理。     

Elucidation of pectin methylester distributions by capillary electrophoresis

Evidence is presented that the electrophoretic mobility of the polysaccharide pectin in typical capillary electrophoresis (CE) experiments is determined largely by its chain-averaged charge density, irrespective of how that charge is distributed. This was found to be the case for both high and low calcium sensitive sister fractions separated from a mother sample on the grounds of calcium affinity and for blocky methylester distributions generated by a processive demethylating enzyme. The blockiness of the generated intramolecular methylester distribution was substantiated experimentally, also by CE, by observing the oligomeric digest fragments produced by incubation with endo-polygalacturonase II from Aspergillus niger. The conclusion that the CE migration time is largely invariant to the intramolecular methylester distribution supports the idea that the CE peak shapes can be used to give a useful indication of the intermolecular methylester distribution.     

优化高压电场处理对谷子种子萌发期内源激素的影响

为了探讨高压电场处理谷子种子内源激素含量动态变化对其萌发活力的调控影响,以农大八号谷子种子为试材,运用二次通用旋转组合设计与主成分分析相结合的方法,建模寻优。在优化电场处理条件下,研究种子萌发过程中内源激素含量动态变化。结果表明:高压电场处理谷子种子显著影响其萌发活力(P0.05);模型决定系数R2为0.979 2,表明模型拟合较好;模型耦合效应表明,高压电场处理谷子种子存在阈值效应,且电场强度影响效应大于处理时间;模型解析得到高压电场优化条件为电场强度340 k V/m,处理时间14 min。谷子种子萌发期内源激素含量动态变化结果表明,优化电场处理条件诱导吲哚乙酸(indole-3-acetic acid,IAA)、玉米素核苷(zeatin riboside,ZR)和赤霉素(gibberellin,GA)含量增加,抑制脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)含量增加;种子萌动前后,内源IAA、GA迅速上升、ABA快速下降,ZR在萌动时也达到极值,有利于胚根突破种皮,促进种子的萌动;GA/ABA、IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA比值处理均高于对照(未经电场处理),表明高压电场处理谷子种子后内源激素比值的变化是种子萌发活力提高的诱因,胚根达种子的2倍长后,GA/ABA、IAA/ABA比值都呈现增大趋势,表明幼苗生长与其调控密不可分。研究结果为高压电场技术处理种子在农业生产中的应用提供理论依据。     

一株阿特拉津高效降解菌的分离与鉴定

在河北省宣化农药厂附近的土样中筛选到一株阿特拉津高效降解菌,高效液相色谱定量检测,证明降解率在99%以上,编号为ADX10,并对该菌进行了鉴定。结果表明,ADX10在LB培养基上产生光滑、圆形、微小、凸起的菌落,培养过程中产生柠檬绿色色素,幼体菌为短杆状(0.5~0.6μm×0.8~1.2μm),老龄培养物为球状,革兰氏染色为阳性,但极易退色,接触酶阳性,氧化酶阴性,液化明胶,脲酶阴性,不水解淀粉,不产生芽孢,37℃生长,好氧生长,对多种抗生素有抗性。16S rDNA聚类分析结合生理生化特性,将该菌株定为Arthrobactersp.。     

Herbicide and Antibiotic Removal by Woodchip Denitrification Filters: Sorption Processes

In situ denitrification walls and biofilters made of wood chips are being implemented as innovative technologies for the removal of nitrates in tile drainage water from farms to reduce pollution of surface waters and the hypoxia problem in the Gulf of Mexico. Although fairly effective in removing nitrates, not much is known about the effectiveness of the biofilters in removal of herbicides, pesticides, and antibiotics in the drainage water. Using weathered wood chips obtained from an in situ denitrification wall, four common pollutants tested sorbed strongly to wood chips in the following order: enrofloxacin > monensin A > atrazine > sulfamethazine. Of the four chemicals tested, enrofloxacin was found to desorb the least by water extraction. The apparent hysteresis index for atrazine was found to be lower than that for enrofloxacin and sulfamethazine indicating greater sorption?Cdesorption hysteresis for atrazine than enrofloxacin and sulfamethazine. Consecutive steps of water desorption and organic solvent extraction indicated that more than 65% of the sorbed atrazine, 70% of sulfamethazine, 90% of enrofloxacin, and 80% of monensin A were retained in wood chips. Results of this study showed that wood chip denitrification walls or biofilters have an added benefit in retaining herbicides and antibiotics and therefore can act as a barrier to reduce pollution of surface water and groundwater.     

高压线电磁场强度对大孔径闪烁仪观测的影响

大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer, LAS)是测量水平距离上250~4 500 m 地表能量平衡和水热通量的仪器。在其红外波传输的过程中会受到环境因素以及下垫面属性的影响。鉴于外界条件的复杂性, 还会受到树木的阻挡以及高压线电磁场辐射等因素的影响。本文通过分析2009 年8 月~2010 年3 月在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站开展LAS 观测过程中的影响因素, 研究了高压输电线电磁场对LAS 观测的影响。结果表明, 当LAS 红外光路径距高压线过近时对测定的感热通量H_LAS 影响较大, 导致计算结果与实际不符。通过计算提出了避免高压输电线电磁场干扰LAS 观测信号的安全安装距离应是保证高压输电线电磁场强度小于4.05 μT 的距离。结果可为开展同类观测试验提供参考。     

高压静电场处理对红元帅苹果采后品质的影响

该研究利用自制的高压静电场保鲜实验台产生的-50 kV/m和-100 kV/m高压静电场处理红元帅苹果，贮藏过程中每4d测定1次果实呼吸强度、内源乙烯释放量、果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量变化，并在贮藏结束时，对果实品质进行感官评定。实验结果表明：高压静电场处理使红元帅苹果的乙烯释放高峰推迟4 d，乙烯释放高峰值显著低于对照，并且使果实呼吸跃变推迟8 d。高压静电场处理苹果，在20℃条件下贮藏24 d，果实硬度和可溶性固形物含量显著高于对照，果实新鲜程度、脆性、硬度、粉性、甜味和苹果味等感官指标显著比对照好（p<0.01)，表明高压静电场处理对保持红元帅苹果的采后品质具有显著作用。