应用一般线性模型估算鲐、鲹大型灯光围网渔业的捕捞效率

大型灯光围网是我国近海捕捞鲐、鲹的主要作业方式之一,探讨和估算捕捞效率对其渔业资源评估和管理有着重要的意义.根据1998-2003年东黄海我国鲐、鲹大型机轮灯光围网生产统计数据,利用一般线性模型对其捕捞效率进行了估算,讨论了线性模型误差结构的选择及数据变换对结果的影响.根据鲐、鲹单位捕捞努力量的渔获量(CPUE)数据呈正偏,以及CPUE均值与方差在对数尺度下的线性关系,选择了负二项分布、伽马分布与对数正态分布作为误差分布.研究表明,由于CPUE零值的存在,其对误差分布结构有很大影响.当采用最大似然估计时,对数正态分布与伽马分布的CPUE需加一常数(δ),δ取值对结果有较大影响,随δ增大将使估计的捕捞效率对比度得到压缩.为了避免δ取值的影响,同时采用了Delta-GLM方法.通过不同模型的比较,选择了Delta-负二项或Delta-伽马方法.根据Delta-负二项或Delta-伽马方法估算结果,各渔业公司间的捕捞效率存在很大的差异,且具有明显的区域性.32°N以北海区,捕捞效率高低依次为苏渔、辽渔、青渔、舟渔、宁渔、沪渔;台湾东北部海区,捕捞效率高低依次为苏渔、辽渔、舟渔、沪渔、宁渔、青渔.     

潮汕沿海池泽鱼类保鲜加工概况和探讨

池泽鱼类，泛指蓝园鱼参、颌园鱼参、竹荚鱼、鲐鱼、金色沙丁鱼等，尤以蓝园鲹、鲐鱼、金色沙丁鱼为大宗，是灯光围网、快速机拖网作业的主要捕捞品种。1970年至1972年潮汕沿海各县捕捞量达50万吨。灯光围网生产发展高峰的70年代，因保鲜手段落后，在渔汛旺发期，曾把大批池泽鱼类当作农肥处理。80年代初，潮汕沿海渔区小型制冰厂迅速发展，     

海洋环境对东、黄海鲐鱼灯光围网捕捞效率的影响

根据1999年8月至2003年12月,东、黄海大型鲐够灯光围网捕捞量与捕捞努力量数据,利用逐步回归广义加性模型(GAM,Generalized Additive Models)分析了月光亮度(用农历日表示)和海洋遥感数据(海表水温、海表水温距平、海表水温梯度、叶绿素a浓度、叶绿素a浓度距平、风速、平均海面高度距平、涡动能)共9个环境要素与名义单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE,Catch Per Unit Effort)的关系,以研究其对大型鲐鱼灯光围网捕捞效率的影响.研究表明,32°N以北渔场,海表水温、农历日、平均海面高度距平、海表温度梯度及风速与名义CPUE(名义CPUE加1取对数,下同)存在显著关系;而29 °N以南渔场,平均海面高度距乎、农历日、风速、涡动能,海表温度距平与名义CPUE存在显著关系;南、北渔场,叶绿素a浓度及其距平与名义CPUE不存在显著关系.研究认为,在南、北渔场,月光亮度越亮、风速增强均会使捕捞效率降低,捕捞效率较高的位置常分布于平均海面高度距平高值与低值之间的一些海域;北部渔场,海表温度降低有利于捕捞效率的提高,海表温度梯度对捕捞效率的影响是负效应;南部渔场,海表温度距平过高或过低均不利于捕捞效率的提高,涡动能较大有利于提高鲐鱼的捕捞效率.     

鲐鲹参灯围安全生产注意事项

在海洋主要经济鱼类资源严重衰退的情况下,这几年鲐、鲹鱼产量却连年上升,因此,各地都把捕捞这两种鱼列为大渔汛安排。鲐、鲹鱼捕捞是一种技术性较强的光诱围网作业。如何保障秋汛灯围作业     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场主要中上层鱼类可捕规格的探讨

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场主要中上层鱼类资源一蓝圆鲹、金色小沙丁、鲐鱼、脂眼鲱、竹(竹夹)鱼,颌圆鲹、羽鳃鲐和大甲鲹等,自六十年代中期灯光围网作业的兴起之后已经历了近30年的较大规模的开发利用。目前投入该渔场的灯光围网作业单位,虽然比七十年代减少了三分之一强,其捕捞能力却较七十年代有明显提高,作业天数和投网次数也相应增加,因此灯光围网的捕捞力量已接近七十年代的水平。而近年来捕捞中上层鱼     

闽南、台湾浅滩渔场灯光围网渔业状况分析

根据福建省1987～2003年闽南、台湾浅滩渔场(116°00′～119°30′E,22°00′～24°30′N)灯光围网作业生产统计数据和资源监测资料,分析研究了福建省在该渔场灯光围网作业状况、发展演变和资源利用现状。结果表明:由于单拖作业和流刺网作业的发展,灯光围网作业持续萎缩,在海洋渔业中的地位不断下降;渔船大型化,渔场向深水推进,灯源配置及集鱼并灯技术取得重大突破;主要渔获物中蓝圆鲹占绝对优势,鲐鱼所占比例有上升的趋势,金色小沙丁鱼年间波动明显,颌圆鲹则快速减少,竹鱼近年来产量快速增长。文章还提出改进和提高灯光围网作业捕捞技术和自身竞争力,合理引导部分疏目快拖作业参与中上层鱼类资源的开发利用等优化海区捕捞作业结构、合理开发利用海区渔业资源的管理建议。     

台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况

本文根据2003～2004年台湾海峡渔业资源调查资料，结合以往闽南、台湾浅滩渔场鲐鲹鱼类监测资料，研究分析了台湾海峡鲐鱼捕捞群体结构及资源开发利用状况。结果表明：台湾海峡鲐鱼资源主要为灯光围网作业和拖网作业所利用；5、6月在灯光围网作业主要渔获物中鲐鱼占绝对优势，其余各月所占比重均较低，其渔获群体优势叉长组为230～260mm，占60．8％，平均叉长246．1mm，资源利用较合理；而拖网作业捕捞群体以0龄鱼和1龄鱼为主。定点调查表明5月鲐鱼数量分布的主要密集区出现在闽南、台湾浅滩渔场的近岸海域，以幼鱼为主，8月群体较为分散，密集度不高。为合理利用鲐鱼资源，应加强对灯光围网作业扶持力度。     

日本金枪鱼鲣鱼远洋渔业基地——烧津港

<正> 3,远洋大型围网渔业这是近十年来日本学习美国大型金枪鱼围网作业而兴起的一种渔法.过去的日本围网渔业,不论单船和双船围网,均属中小型围网,以捕捞鲐、鲹鱼等,1950年左右,引入了100～180总吨级的美式围网船10艘,但试验未获成功.近十数年美式金枪鱼围网渔业发展很快,船型大型化和操作省力化,比之日本的金枪鱼延绳钓渔法,增产十倍.1971年日本     

提高技术水平 搞好中上层鱼类捕捞——东海区灯围生产技术经验交流会侧记

灯光围网捕捞是发展海洋渔业,进一步利用中上层鱼类资源的重要作业方式。我国东、黄海及南海海域均有品种较多和蕴藏丰富的中上层鱼类资源,不但有可捕量较大的兰园鲹、鲐鱼、金色小沙丁,而且还有经济价值较高的乌鲳鱼及马鲛鱼等。近年来无论是国营渔业的     

中、西沙海域2种灯光作业渔船的捕捞特性及其技术效率分析

根据2008年渔港抽样调查数据,应用随机生产边界法和方差分析对中、西沙海域作业的灯光围网船和灯光罩网船的捕捞能力进行了研究。结果表明,灯光围网渔获物以颌圆鲹（Decapterus lajang）、蓝圆鲹（Decapterus mantadsi）、扁舵鲣（Auxis thazard）、羽鳃鲐（Rastrelliger kanagurta）、鲔（Euthynnus alleteratus）和大目金枪鱼（Thunnus obesus）为主,灯光罩网主要渔获种类为柔鱼（Ommastrephes spp．）、蓝圆鲹和颌圆鲹。灯光围网船每网次产量1．00～12．52t,平均4．72t,单位功率网次产量3．38～37．84kg&#183;kW^-1,平均16．96kg&#183;kW^-1。灯光罩网船单船网次产量49．40～451．49kg,平均179．87kg,单位功率网次产量0．22～2．05kg&#183;kW^-1,平均0．77kg&#183;kW^-1。灯光围网船技术效率34．7％-91．7％,平均69．4％。灯光罩网船技术效率50．4％～92．1％,平均78．2％。方差分析表明,影响灯光围网产量的主要因素是投网次数和作业渔区数;影响灯光罩网产量的主要因素是投网次数和网衣长度。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.