大豆黄酮对肉仔鸡免疫机能的影响

本试验选用240只1日龄艾维茵肉鸡,公母分养,分别随机分为4个组,即1个对照组和3个试验组,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加5、10、15mg/kg的大豆黄酮。试验结果表明:肉鸡日粮中添加大豆黄酮对28日龄公鸡和28、49日龄母鸡T淋巴细胞ANAE阳性率差异均不显著(P>0.05),而对49日龄公鸡差异显著,以试验Ⅱ组提高最多,为19.86%(P<0.01);添加大豆黄酮对28日龄母鸡、49日龄公、母鸡NDV抗体效价均无显著差异(P>0.05),而对28日龄公鸡差异显著,试验组较对照组NDV抗体效价均略有升高,但仅试验Ⅱ组升高显著(P<0.05)。     

酵母培养物对肉仔鸡生长性能及免疫机能的影响研究

用210只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡,随机分成6组即:对照组、0.1%、0.3%、0.5%、0.7%、0.9%酵母培养物组,每组设3个重复,每个重复10只鸡,试验期28 d,研究不同添加水平的酵母培养物对肉仔鸡生长性能和免疫机能的影响。试验结果表明:日增重、日采食量、饲料转化率,0.3%的酵母培养物组较对照组略有提高,但差异不显著(p>0.05);营养物质代谢率,各组之间差异不显著(p>0.05),酵母培养物组有提高的趋势;肠道菌群,酵母培养物显著降低大肠杆菌的数量,提高双歧杆菌的数量(p<0.05),酵母培养物显著提高了肉鸡血清IgA、IgG水平(p<0.05)和IgM水平(p<0.05)。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源,乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源,配制成D1（0.0%钙,0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙,0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙,0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙,0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙,0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙,0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼,经过室内网箱60天生长试验,探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时,添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明,当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈;钙;磷     

饲料盐藻水平对卵形鲳鲹体色和生长的影响

以初始体质量为(13.88±0.28)g的卵形鲳鲹为试验对象,研究不同盐藻添加量(0.0%、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%、1.6%)饲料对其体色和生长的影响。每组设3个平行,每个平行饲养20尾鱼,每日饱食投喂2次(8:00;17:00),试验周期为56d。结果显示,盐藻添加量为0.1%~1.6%时,随着饲料中盐藻水平的提高,卵形鲳鲹背部和腹部黄色值(b*)呈显著上升趋势(P0.05),饲料中添加盐藻可明显改善卵形鲳鲹体色;与此同时,卵形鲳鲹质量增加率和特定生长率随饲料盐藻水平的上升呈下降趋势(P0.05),未添加盐藻的对照组具有最高蛋白质效率和最低饲料系数,且与盐藻添加量为0.4%的试验组差异显著(P0.05),饲料中添加盐藻对卵形鲳鲹生长性能和饲料利用没有明显的促进作用;此外饲料盐藻水平对卵形鲳鲹体成分也没有显著影响(P0.05)。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹幼蟹生长性能、消化酶活性和体成分的影响

为探讨饲料中添加不同含量枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹生长、消化酶活性及体成分的影响,以初始体质量为(25.74±0.51)mg的拟穴青蟹Ⅰ期仔蟹为试验对象,在基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1%和0.5%的枯草芽孢杆菌制成3种试验饲料,饲喂幼蟹3周。试验结果:添加枯草芽孢杆菌的组,拟穴青蟹幼蟹的终末平均体质量、体质量增长率、特定生长率和蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但两个不同添加量试验组间的差异不显著(P>0.05);添加枯草芽孢杆菌显著增强了幼蟹蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活性(P<0.05),对幼蟹的水分、粗蛋白和灰分含量均没有显著影响(P>0.05);添加0.5%枯草芽孢杆菌的试验组,幼蟹的脂肪含量显著高于其它试验组(P<0.05)。结果表明,在本试验条件下,饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹幼蟹的生长有显著促进作用,对蛋白酶活性、淀粉酶活性和体粗脂肪含量也有显著影响,添加0.1%～0.5%的枯草芽孢杆菌对拟穴青蟹幼蟹有较好的促生长效果。     

蚯蚓提取物对肉鸡免疫功能的影响研究

80只1日龄爱拔益加肉仔鸡(AA肉鸡),随机分为4组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ～Ⅳ组为试验组,各组分别在日常饮用水中添加0、0.5%、1.5%及3%的蚯蚓提取物,研究其对肉鸡免疫器官发育及免疫功能的影响。结果表明:在日常饮水中添加0.5%、1.5%的蚯蚓提取物,肉鸡增重效果明显,其中以1.5%效果更好(P<0.01),并能显著提高肉鸡的免疫器官指数、外周血ANAE+淋巴细胞百分率、血清溶血素,增强机体的免疫功能(P<0.05)。而在此基础上添加3%的蚯蚓提取物,肉鸡生长缓慢,并在49日龄时体重明显降低(P<0.05),且机体免疫器官指数、细胞免疫及体液免疫机能等均有所回落(P>0.05)。     

饲料中添加“健肝散”预防丁桂鱼脂肪肝病变的作用

研究了在饲料中添加"健肝散"预防丁(Tinca tinca)脂肪肝的作用。采用"健肝散"添加量分别为0.1%、0.2%、0.4%的饲料进行丁养殖试验,试验周期为40d,观察"健肝散"对其生长指标、血清主要生理、生化指标的影响。结果表明,当"健肝散"添加量为0.4%时,丁的增重率、相对生长率和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇最高,肝脏脂肪含量最低,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组均无显著差异(P>0.05);血浆中胆固醇、甘油三酯含量最高,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组有显著差异(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、乳酸脱氢酶的活性较低,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),其中乳酸脱氢酶的活性显著低于氯化胆碱组(P<0.05)。当"健肝散"添加量为0.2%和0.4%时,肝体比均较低,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组无显著差异(P>0.05);添加量为0.1%、0.2%和0.4%时,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇均较高,与空白对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05),与氯化胆碱组无显著差异(P>0.05)。在本研究条件下,丁鱼岁饲料中添加0.4%的“健肝散”时,可有效预防其脂肪肝疾病。     

虫草培养基残余体在中华绒螯蟹饲料中的适宜添加量

在基础饲料中分别添加0.25%、0.5%、1.0%、2.0%、4.0%、8.0%、16.0%的虫草培养基残余体(简称虫草基),饲喂规格为(4.0±1.0)g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)75 d,通过测定其生长及非特异性免疫指标,以确定虫草基的适宜添加量。结果显示:与基础饲料组比较,0.5%和1.0%添加组平均增重率(WGR)、肥满度(CF)、成活率(SR)显著提高(P<0.05),饲料系数(FC)显著降低(P<0.05);除肥满度(CF)外,4.0%、8.0%、16.0%添加组的生长指标有所下降。低剂量虫草基添加组能提高中华绒螯蟹血淋巴及肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、溶菌酶(LSZ)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,其中,0.5%与1.0%添加组的SOD、LSZ、ACP和ALP水平均达显著水平(P<0.05);但当虫草基添加量超过2.0%时,中华绒螯蟹的非特异性免疫力逐渐下降。嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila AHJ-1)攻毒试验证实,试验组的免疫保护率明显提高,0.5%添加组免疫保护率达100%。综上所述,虫草基作为中华绒螯蟹饲料添加剂的适宜添加量为0.5%～1.0%。     

桑叶水提物对鳜生长、脂质代谢、抗氧化能力和肝脏肠道健康的影响

本研究旨在探究饲料中添加不同浓度桑叶水提物(MLWE)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)生长性能、脂质代谢、抗氧化性能、肝脏和肠道组织形态的影响。选择经过驯化后的鳜(42.35±0.07) g 540尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复45尾鱼,在基础配合饲料中分别添加0%(对照组)、0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的MLWE,实验周期为72 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.1%～0.5%的MLWE不影响鳜的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、成活率、脏体指数、肝体指数、肠体指数和肥满度(P>0.05); 2)与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.1%的MLWE能够显著降低鳜血清中总胆固醇(T-CHO)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量(P<0.05),添加0.2%的MLWE能够显著降低鳜血清中T-CHO、LDL-C和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量(P<0.05),添加0.5%的MLWE能够显著降低鳜血清中LDL-C和HDL-C的含量(P<0.05); 3)与对照组相比,在饲料中添加0.1%和0.2%的MLWE能够显著提高鳜血清超氧化物歧化酶...     

抗生素与益生素组合效果研究

本试验选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭600只,随机分为10个组(9个试验组+1个对照组),每组2个重复,每个重复30只肉仔鸭。试验组采用二因素,每个因素3个水平的完全随机设计,以研究抗生素(1～7日龄添加)和益生素(8～42日龄添加)组合使用对1～42日龄肉鸭生产性能的最佳水平组合。结果表明:土霉素用0.1%,益生素0.075%组合使用饲喂肉鸭的效果最佳。     

Effect of dietary probiotic Biogen® supplementation as a growth promoter on growth performance and feed utilization of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.)

Probiotic microbial feed supplements are gaining wide acceptance in livestock production, and may be applicable to aquaculture production systems. The present study was conducted to examine probiotic treatment in the fingerling diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.). A total of 240 of Nile tilapia fingerlings (weight ranged from 22.96 to 26.40 g) were divided into five experimental groups. The experiment was conducted for 120 days. Experimental diets were identical in all, except for the variation in probiotic levels. A probiotic (Biogen^®) was used at 0% (diet 1), 0.5% (diet 2), 1.5% (diet 3), 2.0% (diet 4) and 2.5% (diet 5) inclusion rates in the experimental diets. The growth performance and nutrient utilization of Nile tilapia including weight gain, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, protein productive value and energy retention were significantly (P≤0.01) higher in the treatment receiving probiotic (Biogen^®) than the control diet. No differences were observed for moisture, ash and protein content (P≤0.01) among the experimental diets. The lowest gross energy and lipid contents were recorded for fish fed the diet containing 0.5% Biogen^® (P≤0.01). The production performance and subsequent cost–benefit analyses clearly indicated that the diets containing probiotic biogen recorded the highest net return and the lowest total cost compared with the control diet.     

Improvement of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis population growth dynamics with inclusion of Bacillus spp. probiotics

Due to growing interest in bacterial probiotic incorporation within juvenile marine finfish production, multiple commercial products are currently available. The following trial was conducted to test the effect of incorporation of a commercially available Bacillus spp. probiotic blend (EcoAqua) on population growth dynamics of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Incorporation consisted of 0.1 mL L^?1 daily probiotic additions directly to rotifer cultures and 0.1 μL mL^?1 additions to feed mixtures during preparation. Probiotic‐treated cultures’ daily mean populations were found to be significantly greater (P_α(2),4,4 < 0.05) on multiple culture days. This trend was confirmed as significant (P_α(2),1,45 < 0.001) using ancova . Logistic population growth curves fit for each treatment were statistically non‐coincident (P_α(2),5,40 < 0.001). Substantial differences between treatment and control parameter estimates were observed; however, statistical comparisons could not be employed. Population variability was also reduced by probiotic inclusion as evidenced by lack of significant, positive correlation for probiotic daily population standard deviations (r = 0.0022, P = 0.99) and detection of a significant, positive correlation for control absolute value regression residuals (r = 0.50, P = 0.013) with Day of Culture. The tested bacterial probiotic improved rotifer culture population dynamics, suggesting potential production benefits from its utilization.     

添加松针粉对肉鸡营养物质代谢率的影响

选用18日龄肉鸡80羽,随机分为4组,分别为组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ、组Ⅳ,其中组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ为试验组,组Ⅳ为对照组。每组5个重复,每个重复4羽(♀)。采用单因子随机分组设计,共设4个处理,组Ⅰ为基础饲料+1%松针粉,组Ⅱ为基础饲料+3%松针粉,组Ⅲ为基础饲料+5%松针粉,对照组为基础饲料+抗生素。研究结果表明,干物质表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ与对照组之间无显著性显著(P>0.05),但组Ⅲ干物质表观代谢率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),5%松针粉组干物质代谢率比对照组低5.46%,其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗蛋白质日摄入量及日排出量各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗蛋白质表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ分别比对照组提高了18.34%、23.44%、27.13%;粗脂肪日摄入量组Ⅲ显著高于组Ⅰ和对照组(P<0.05),试验组之间无显著性差异(P<0.05);粗脂肪日排出量组Ⅲ显著高于组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ及对照组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗脂肪的表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),粗脂肪的表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ分别比对照组提高了6.86%、9.43%、5.05%;磷的日摄入量、日排出量、表观代谢率各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。     

奶牛抗热应激中草药添加剂对小鼠热耐力的影响

试验研究奶牛抗热应激中草药添加剂对热应激小鼠机体耐力的影响。试验分A、B、C、D4个处理,每个处理20只小鼠,分别喂以不同添加剂浓度的饲料21d[A组:0.5g/(10g体重)、B组:0.25g/(10g体重)、C组:0.13g/(10g体重)、D组0g/(10g体重)],每日光暗节律各12h,自由摄食与饮水。试验结果表明,A、B组体重增加显著高于C、D组(P<0.01),A、B、C组小鼠死亡数显著少于D组(P<0.05),受热90min后,A、B、C组小鼠肛温比D组分别低0.3℃、0.3℃、0.5℃(P<0.05),说明该添加剂具有一定的提高小鼠热耐力作用。     

Effect of dietary probiotics on apparent digestibility coefficients of nutrients of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei Boone

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), lipid, phosphorus (P), essential amino acids (EAA), non‐essential amino acids (NEAA) and fatty acids were determined for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A probiotic (Bacillus sp.) was used at 0% (diet 1), 0.5% (diet 2), 1.0% (diet 3), 3.0% (diet 4) and 5.0% (diet 5) inclusion rates in experiment diets. Apparent digestibility coefficients was determined using 0.01% Y₂O₃ as an indicator. A total of 300 shrimp (initial mean body weight 11.5±0.6 g) were randomly stocked into fifteen 500‐L outdoor concrete tanks. Faeces were collected from three replicate groups of shrimp three times a day. The ADCs of five diets were: DM, 66.1–69.6%; CP, 80.4–84.7%; lipid, 82.2–84.9%; P, 25.4–28.5%; EAA, 82.0–85.4%; NEAA, 81.5–85.1%; saturated fatty acids (SFA), 79.6–82.4%; monounsaturates (MUFA), 81.6–84.2% and polyunsaturates (PUFA)+highly unsaturates (HUFA), 83.4–86.6%. Apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, CP, lipid, P, amino acids and fatty acids in diet 1 were significantly lower than in other diets (P<0.05). Apparent digestibility coefficient of P in diets increased as probiotic increased. Apparent digestibility coefficient of lipid in diet 3 was the highest, but the difference was not significant among diets. In general, ADCs of most amino acids and fatty acids were over 80% in all diets, and PUFA+HUFA>MUFA>SFA. The results showed that ADCs of diets supplemented with 10, 30 and 50 g probiotic kg^?1 basal diet were higher than in other diets except lipid, and the difference was significant.     

复合益生菌制剂对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长、消化酶和非特异性免疫指标的影响

选取体质健康、均重为(180±28)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar) 420尾,随机分成4组(对照组和3个不同菌剂水平的实验组),每组3个重复,每个重复35尾.对照组投喂基础饲料,实验组分别投喂添加1％、3％和5％芽孢杆菌和酵母菌复合益生菌制剂(BSCP)的基础饲料42 d.结果发现,大西洋鲑投喂1％-5％的BSCP后生长性能得到明显改善,增重率显著升高(P＜0.05),饵料系数和死亡率显著降低(P＜0.05);饲料蛋白质的表观消化率呈升高的趋势,5％组蛋白质消化率具有显著性差异(P＜0.05),但其脂肪表观消化率显著降低(P＜0.05);实验组肠道和肝脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性有不同程度的升高,但其中5％组肝脏脂肪酶活性显著降低(P＜0.05);实验组肝脏免疫指标表现出不同程度的改善,但其血清免疫指标无明显变化,仅中高剂量组SOD活性显著降低(P＜0.05).结果表明,BSCP可以显著提高大西洋鲑的生长性能,提高部分消化酶活性和蛋白质的消化率,并在一定程度上促进大西洋鲑的非特异性免疫能力,其饲料中适宜添加水平为3％.     

青刺果种粕粉对鸡免疫器官中免疫细胞动态变化的影响

研究青刺果种粕粉对鸡免疫器官及其免疫细胞动态变化的影响。将7日龄鸡分成实验组和对照组,每组设3个重复,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组的饲粮中分别添加10g/kg、15g/kg青刺果种粕粉,饲喂30d。第14、21、28日龄时分别取胸腺、法氏囊和脾脏制作切片。测定免疫器官中T淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞数量。实验结果表明,试验组在初期14、21日龄的脾脏、14日龄的法氏囊和28日龄的胸腺中的T淋巴细胞数量较对照组均升高显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);而试验组在后期21、28日龄的法氏囊、14日龄的脾脏和28日龄的胸腺中的巨噬细胞较对照组也同样升高显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结果提示,青刺果种粕粉能提高鸡的免疫力。     

Inorganic nitrogen control,growth, and immunophysiological response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Litopenaeus vannamei</Emphasis> (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system and in clear water with or without commercial probiotic

A 5-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of biofloc in situ and commercial probiotic supplementation on white shrimp (1.87?±?0.03 g) inorganic nitrogen control, growth, and immunophysiological response. For this purpose, four treatments were conducted: clear water with no probiotic application (CW), clear water with probiotic application (CW+P), biofloc with no probiotic application (FLOC), and biofloc with probiotic application (BFT+P); each group had three replicates. Growth parameters (final body weight, daily weight gain, specific growth rate) were significantly higher in the two biofloc systems (P?<?0.05), and the FLOC and FLOC+P group did not have a significant difference (P?>?0.05). The immune responses (total hemocyte count, complement component protein, and lysozyme) and antioxidant status (glutathione, catalase) in the CW+P, FLOC, and FLOC+P groups were increased significantly at the end of the experiment compared with the CW group (P?<?0.05), and the FLOC and FLOC+P groups did not have a significant difference (P?>?0.05). Results of a 10-day Vibrio harveyi challenge test show that the survival rates in CW+P, FLOC, and FLOC+P groups were significantly higher (P?<?0.05), and the FLOC and FLOC+P groups did not have a significant difference (P?>?0.05). These results suggest that probiotic addition in the biofloc system had little advantage, but probiotics can improve the immune status of the shrimp in the clear water system. Further, cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the biofloc system was an efficient and economical option for the production of white shrimp.     

蛋白水平对不同斑节对虾家系生长与消化酶活性的影响

为探究饲料蛋白水平与不同斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)家系生长和消化酶之间的关系,研究了3种蛋白水平(34%、38%、42%)的饲料对16个斑节对虾家系的生长性状以及胃和肝脏消化酶活性的影响。经过56 d的养殖实验,结果表明:(1)随着蛋白水平的升高,所有斑节对虾家系的特定生长率均有所增加,F1、F2、F4、F7、F12、F13、F15等7个家系的特定生长率在34%、38%、42%3种蛋白水平组未见显著性差异(P>0.05),其余家系在3种或者其中的2种饲料之间有显著性差异(P<0.05);(2)斑节对虾特定生长率在家系和饲料蛋白质水平这两个因素间交互作用不显著(P=0.974);(3)所有斑节对虾家系的蛋白酶活性均随着饲料蛋白含量的增加而增加,淀粉酶活性有所下降,但规律不明显;(4)13个斑节对虾家系的肝脏蛋白酶活性、14个家系的胃蛋白酶活性均与家系特定生长率有着极显著的相关性(P<0.01),淀粉酶活性和特定生长率的相关性远小于蛋白酶活性。     

断奶应激对仔猪血清抗氧化功能指标的影响

随机选取体重相近的12头断奶仔猪,分别采取仔猪断奶时,断奶后第七天、第十四天和第二十八天的血液进行抗氧化功能指标的测定。结果发现:断奶应激对仔猪血清SOD的活性影响不大,而血清GSH-Px活性第七天和第十四天的极显著低于断奶时的和第二十八天的(P<0.01)。第七天的MDA含量高于断奶时、断奶后第十四天和第二十八天的差异显著(P<0.05)。