近江牡蛎雄核发育单倍体的人工诱导

利用紫外线诱导近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)单倍体,来用强度为1 820 μW/(cm2·s)的紫外线(254 nm)分别照射卵子0 s、10 s、20 s、30 s、40 s、50 s、60 s、70 s、80 s和90 s后,使之与正常精子进行授精实验.结果发现,照射50 s的卵子能够保持较高的受精率(63.5%),该处理组的D形幼虫发生率为0,染色体检查结果显示此时单倍体率最高(50.4%),并出现"Hertwig"效应.由于有效地诱导雄核发育需要卵子遗传物质失活和保证较高的受精率,因此在强度为1 820 μW/(cm2·s)的紫外线下照射50 s是获得近江牡蛎雄核发育单倍体的最佳条件.研究还表明,受精率和D形幼虫发生率随照射时间的增加而下降,遗传失活的卵子与正常精子受精后其胚胎发育至D形幼虫前期停止.     

人工诱导栉江珧雌核发育的初步研究

利用紫外线诱导进行栉江珧(Atrina pectinata)雌核发育单倍体的研究,用强度为2 561μW/(cm2.s)的紫外线(254nm)照射不同时间的精子与正常卵子受精展开实验。结果发现随照射时间的增加,卵裂率、早期胚胎存活率和D型幼虫发生率总体呈下降趋势,遗传失活的精子与正常卵子受精后其胚胎发育至D型幼虫前期停止。经紫外线照射的精子受精后所产生的单倍体胚胎发育速度慢于正常受精所产生的二倍体胚胎,各照射组均出现非整倍体。40 s照射组中卵裂率达到51.2%,D型幼虫发生率为0,单倍体率最高,达到36.8%,出现“Hertwig效应”。由于雌核发育单倍体的有效诱导既需要精子遗传物质失活、又需要保证较高的卵裂率,因而在强度2 561μW/(cm2.s)的紫外线下照射40 s是获得栉江珧雌核发育单倍体的最佳条件。     

紫外线照射对光棘球海胆精子遗传失活和授精能力的影响

用不同照射剂量的紫外线照射光棘球海胆的精子,然后与正常的成熟卵子授精。在照射强度为0 75mW/(h·cm2),温度22℃的条件下,照射时间为0～180s,授精率随照射时间的增加而下降,但是在110～130s内又略有回升。用遗传失活精子授精可激活卵子,其早期胚胎的成活率随照射剂量的增加依次为57%、49%、41%、20%、12 5%、48 6%、61%、30 5%、16%。从早期胚胎成活率上可以看出"Hertwig效应"的存在。观察精子遗传失活和授精激活卵子的情况,其结果是在紫外线照射强度为0 75mW/(h·cm2),照射时间为130s,精液厚度为0 1mm的条件下,精子可以完全遗传失活,用这种失活精子授精可激活卵子进行胚胎发育。     

人工诱导栉孔扇贝雄核发育早期的荧光显微镜观察

利用荧光显微镜观察栉孔扇贝(Chlamysfarreri)正常卵子与雄核发育卵子在减数分裂、受精过程和卵裂早期中的核相变化。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8mW/(cm2·s)的紫外线照射20s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。结果表明,尽管紫外线照射并没有影响卵子的成熟分裂及雌性、雄性原核的形成,但它们的发生过程滞后。在第1卵裂中期,雄核发育卵子中雌性原核并不像雄性原核一样形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体(DCB)。第1卵裂后期,DCB不参与核分裂。第1卵裂结束时,DCB位于2个分裂球其中之一的细胞质内或在赤道板处被分割成两部分。实验结果首次提供了栉孔扇贝雄核发育的细胞学证据。     

雄核发育技术及其在鱼类遗传育种中的潜在应用

获得鱼类雄核发育后代有2种方法。一种是用正常精子使经过遗传失活的卵受精，得到雄核发育单倍体胚胎，然后通过抑制第1次卵裂的发生诱导核内有丝分裂，使单倍体胚胎的染色体加倍发育为纯合二倍体个体；另一种方法是用四倍体个体的精于使遗传失活的卵子受精。直接得到正常发育的二倍体雄核发育后代。介绍了雄核发育技术的基本原理和基本技术手段，探讨了雄核发育技术在鱼类遗传育种研究中的应用现状。     

紫外辐射对栉孔扇贝精子遗传失活及形态结构的影响

报道了紫外辐射对栉孔扇贝精子遗传失活及形态结构的影响。采用光照强度为800μW/cm2·s的紫外线辐射40～50s的栉孔扇贝精子,与正常的卵子受精可以得到雌核发育的单倍体胚胎。随着辐射时间的增加,受精率明显下降,且受精卵极少发育到D形幼虫。扫描电镜观察发现,辐射后部分精子的顶体膜破裂,顶体丝伸出,辐射时间越长顶体受到的破坏越严重,证明紫外辐射可以诱导精子的顶体反应;精子的鞭毛在紫外辐射过程中也会受到破坏,随着辐射时间的增加鞭毛脱落的比例也逐渐增加。推测紫外辐射导致精子结构的破坏是受精率下降的原因之一。     

异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育二倍体适宜参数的探索

采用照射强度为1500μw/cm2的紫外线对长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)精子照射60s,将处理后的精子分别与长牡蛎和栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)的卵子进行受精试验,受精后11.5h用浓度为60mg/L的6-DMAP对栉孔扇贝受精卵分别持续处理15、20、25、30min,运用热滴片法对各实验组进行倍性检测。结果表明,长牡蛎同源单倍体组中单倍体率为75.6%;栉孔扇贝异源单倍体组中单倍体率为14.7%,最佳药物持续处理时间为20min,其二倍体率为24.1%;异源诱导栉孔扇贝单倍体组和二倍体组中胚胎均可以发育到D形幼虫期,其单倍体组中的D形幼虫率为5.0%,20min药物加倍二倍体组D形幼虫率最高为6.1%。本实验结果为异源精子诱导栉孔扇贝雌核发育提供了诱导参数依据。     

栉孔扇贝雄核发育二倍体的人工诱导

研究了利用6-二甲基氨基嘌呤(60μg/mL;6-DMAP)抑制第1卵裂诱导栉孔扇贝[Chlamys farreri(Jones et Pre-ston)]雄核发育二倍体的条件。雄核发育单倍体是将强度为2.8 mW/(cm2.s)的紫外线照射20 s的卵子与正常精子受精后得到的。6-DMAP不仅可以有效地抑制减数分裂,还可以有效地抑制有丝分裂;抑制第1卵裂的适宜起始时间为受精后80 min,诱导率为21.0%~22.6%。细胞学观察显示,6-DMAP抑制第1卵裂产生的雄核发育二倍体主要来源于第1卵裂中期的受精卵,由于阻止了染色体分离和原核移动,导致一个融合的二倍性雌性原核的形成;经紫外线照射的卵核在第1卵裂中期没能形成染色体,而是形成1个浓缩的染色质小体,没有参与第1卵裂后期的核分裂。尽管倍化率和D形幼虫发生率较低,但本研究证实了栉孔扇贝雄核发育二倍体人工诱导的可行性。[中国水产科学,2006,13(4):585-590]     

鱼类的雌核发育、雄核发育和杂种发育

绝大多数鱼类为两性精卵结合生殖,但有少数几种鱼类为雌核发育或杂种发育,偶然有雄核发育的现象。雌核发育鱼类为单一雌性或含有少量雄性的群体。这种方式因为仅需要精子激活卵子,精子并不参与遗传而称为雌核发育或雌核生殖。与雌核发育相反,卵子在发育中失活,只由雄核发育为一个个     

冷休克诱导大鳞副泥鳅雄核发育单倍体

为探索诱导鱼类雄核发育单倍体的新方法及形成机制,以大鳞副泥鳅为研究对象,无须卵子失活,仅用冷休克诱导雄核发育单倍体,并对其后代的早期胚胎发育、染色体数目、分裂胚细胞学观察等进行了系统分析。早期胚胎发育结果显示,0℃与3℃处理组的孵化率分别为0.83%和57.42%,二者之间孵化率差异显著(P0.05),0℃和3℃处理组均表现出单倍体综合征。染色体倍性鉴定结果显示,0℃处理组染色体分布为18~27,单倍体率为81.40%,3℃处理组染色体分布为20~30,单倍体率为68.97%。分裂胚细胞学观察结果显示,3℃处理组受精后60 min,卵核和第二极体位于胚表面,有一同释放迹象。结果表明,对大鳞副泥鳅受精卵进行3℃冷休克处理60 min,可以成功诱导雄核发育单倍体,研究推测冷休克诱导大鳞副泥鳅雄核发育的细胞学机制是雌核和第二极体一同释放。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.