固态发酵魔芋飞粉生产酵母蛋白饲料的研究

对魔芋飞粉固态发酵生产酵母蛋白饲料进行研究。单因素试验和正交试验优化的固态发酵培养条件:豆粕添加量为20%,葡萄糖淀粉酶添加量为0.3%,培养基含水量为50%,装料量为30g,接种量为1.5%,发酵温度为25℃,发酵时间为60h。优化后的发酵产品中酵母数可达到61.43亿/g,粗蛋白质含量可达34.02%,天门冬氨酸和苏氨酸等16种氨基酸含量均明显增加。在此基础上进行浅盘扩大培养,发酵产品中酵母数可达到60.10亿/g,粗蛋白质含量可达33.77%。     

复合菌固态发酵棉籽粕工艺的初步研究

文章以枯草芽孢杆菌属、酵母菌属和乳酸菌属的6株菌为出发菌株,通过单因素试验和正交试验,确定了6株菌复合培养的最佳培养基配方为:糖蜜40 g/l、蛋白胨10 g/l、葡萄糖1 g/l、磷酸氢二钾0.5 g/l;并对复合菌固态发酵棉籽粕工艺条件进行了研究,确定了复合菌固态发酵棉籽粕的最适工艺条件为:料水比1:0.8,接种量为3%,发酵温度为30℃p,H值自然,发酵时间为48 h。在以上条件下,棉籽粕经过复合菌固态发酵后,物料的pH值降低到4.5以下,有益菌总数达到6.2×108 cfu/g,粗蛋白含量提高了1.76%,游离棉酚含量从618.52 mg/kg降低到274.16 mg/kg,降低了55.7%。     

固态热带假丝酵母菌菌剂的发酵工艺研究

试验在单因素优化试验的基础上,采用正交试验进一步对热带假丝酵母菌固态发酵工艺进行研究,包括发酵时间、接种量、料水比、碳源、氮源、无机盐等因素,最终确定热带假丝酵母菌的固态发酵工艺。发酵条件:在自然pH值条件下,发酵温度30℃、发酵时间48 h、接种量11%、料水比1∶0.75。培养基成分:麸皮与甘油8.5∶1.5 (g/g)、尿素0.5%、磷酸二氢钾0。依照此工艺进行发酵,热带假丝酵母菌活菌数最高可达32.94×10⁸个/g。     

复合菌发酵奶牛精饲料工艺条件的研究

主要探讨混菌发酵奶牛精饲料发酵条件的优化,采用枯草芽孢杆菌和酵母菌混合发酵的方法,研究种子液中腐植酸钠添加量、发酵底物中腐植酸钠添加量、麸皮含量、含水量、接种量、发酵时间和发酵温度对发酵产物中活菌数的影响。结果表明:在枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌接种比例3∶7的前提下,奶牛精饲料的最佳发酵工艺条件:种子液中腐植酸钠添加量2.0%,发酵底物中腐植酸钠添加量2.0%,麸皮5.0%,含水量50.0%,接种量5.0%,发酵时间48 h,发酵温度34℃。在此试验条件下进行发酵,测得产品中枯草芽孢杆菌数量可达48.00亿CFU/g,酵母菌数量可达4.96亿CFU/g。     

富铜酵母发酵条件优化的研究

利用酵母菌具有较强的富集微量元素的特性,试验研究了酵母菌富集微量元素铜的条件优化。从6株酵母菌中筛选出耐铜能力和富集铜能力均较强的J5作为试验菌株。试验结果显示:500ml摇瓶中装入50ml培养基,pH值为4.0～5.5,接种量为4%,30℃条件下摇床培养,最适宜的无机铜源为氯化铜,适宜氯化铜浓度120μg/ml。在此条件下培养所得酵母菌体生物量能达到1.00g/100ml以上,有机铜含量能够达到5000μg/g左右。     

利用产朊假丝酵母生产铬酵母发酵工艺的研究

对利用产朊假丝酵母生产富铬酵母进行了研究。通过在培养基中添加Cr3＋的方法制备富铬酵母,测定富铬酵母生物量及铬含量。对培养条件进行了优化,确定了最优培养条件为培养温度30℃、培养基铬添加量100μg/mL、接种量体积分数为4%～6%（V/V）、培养起始pH值为5.0、培养时间20h。在该优化条件下获得的富铬酵母生物量可达1.83g/100mL,有机铬含量可达2210μg/g。试验结果可以为富铬酵母的生产开发奠定一定的技术基础。     

粪肠球菌R-WL发酵培养基的优化

本试验旨在优化培养基提高粪肠球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)R-WL发酵液的菌体密度,为高效、优质的微生态制剂产品研制奠定基础。首先通过生长曲线的测定、培养条件和培养基成分的单因素试验,确定菌种RWL的最适培养条件为:时间14 h、pH 8.5、温度37℃、接种量3%,最适碳源为乳糖,浓度为10 g/L,最适氮源为蛋白胨+酵母膏,浓度为30 g/L。然后通过Plackett-Burman试验分析培养基中对粪肠球菌发酵影响最重要的主要因素为蛋白胨、乙酸钠和柠檬酸二铵,再通过最陡爬坡试验获得主要因素的最适范围,最后通过Box-Behnken试验和响应面分析得到主要因素的最适添加量。结果表明:最优发酵培养基配方为:乳糖10 g/L、酵母膏15 g/L、蛋白胨12.18 g/L、乙酸钠4.5 g/L、柠檬酸二铵4.5 g/L、硫酸镁0.58 g/L、硫酸锰0.25 g/L、磷酸氢二钾2 g/L、轻质碳酸钙3 g/L,初始pH 8.5。通过试验验证,优化后发酵培养基的发酵菌液活菌数可达(6.44±0.10)×109cfu/mL,比原MRS培养基活菌数提高了71.28%。     

北京地区四个规模化猪场的猪链球菌病流行病学调查

本试验从北京地区四个规模化猪场的74头疑似猪链球菌病的仔猪组织中分离培养获得56株猪源链球菌,并进行了API 20 Strep生化鉴定、16S rRNA基因序列比对和药敏试验。试验结果表明:56株猪源链球菌分别属于粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌、鸟链球菌、马链球菌兽疫亚种、豕链球菌和猪链球菌,其中以兰氏D群粪肠球菌为主(23/56,41.07%),其次为兰氏C群马链球菌兽疫亚种(14/56,25.00%);对10种临床常用抗生素均产生了耐药性,耐药比例从12.50%至92.86%不等,对红霉素的耐药比例最高(52/56,92.86%),对新霉素的耐药比例最低(7/56,12.50%),且多重耐药性现象极为严峻。     

酵母菌种子液发酵培养基的筛选

采用单因素筛选试验对酵母菌CGMCC2.119种子液培养基进行优化,结果表明:当种子液培养基的组成为麸皮15%、葡萄糖9%、MgSO40.2%、K2HPO40.5%和(NH4)2SO40.5%时,酵母菌菌数可达2.917亿/mL,高于麦芽汁液体培养基培养的酵母菌数(1.983亿/mL)。由此可见,该培养基可以替代麦芽汁液体培养基用于酵母菌菌种活化。     

微生物青贮添加剂菌种的优化

研究了乳酸菌与酵母菌的菌种特性，确定乳酸菌的最佳培养时间为12h，酵母菌为1～2d；乳酸菌的最适培养温度为30℃，酵母菌为28℃。试验还以秸秆为原料，进行了菌种复配、发酵，测定了产品的粗蛋白和粗纤维变化。确定了菌种的最佳工艺参数；乳酸菌最佳添加量为4％，乳酸菌：酵母菌最佳配比为1：3。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.