蓄流灌溉技术试验分析

介绍了蓄流灌溉技术原理和灌溉方法,通过田间对比试验,分析了蓄流灌溉与果树常规沟灌的用水量、土壤水分、土壤湿度、果树生长量,以及与滴灌比较的节水节能分析。分析表明,果树蓄流灌溉方式下土壤湿度适宜,用水经济,节水增产,节能低耗,提高水温,防止病虫害等;灌溉系统田间供水畅通,无深层渗漏水量损失,田间水利用效率和灌水质量提高;灌溉管理操作简单,灌水时间和轮灌周期缩短,灌水作业劳动强度降低。     

极端干旱区成龄葡萄深层坑渗灌技术研究

针对吐哈盆地葡萄的灌溉,在调研国内外果树灌溉方法基础上,提出了小管出流结合坑灌的葡萄深层坑渗灌技术,对葡萄深层坑渗灌的技术要素包括灌水器管径、埋深、间距和灌水定额及小管供水流量进行了初步研究.结果表明,灌水器的埋设深度主要取决于作物吸水根系分布范围、土壤质地和灌水定额;灌水器管径和间距主要取决于作物吸水根系分布范围、土...     

专利信息

专利信息移栽裸根大树的方法它是一种以灌水→填土→展根→灌水→填虚土为特点的移栽裸根大树的方法。该方法不受移栽季节的限制，成活率高，生长快，优于传统的“踩土法”。具有省水、省工、省心的优点。适用于山区、农村、城市移栽绿化林木、果树、花果。应用此法不仅可...     

关中西部畦灌优化灌水技术要素组合的初步研究

在杨凌区砂壤土、中壤土的冬小麦和果树地,进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对水流推进和消退过程、灌水效率与灌水均匀度影响的田间试验,利用地面灌溉水流运动数学模型对畦灌条件下的最佳灌水技术要素组合进行了模拟和分析。结果表明,零惯量模型可以很好的模拟畦灌灌水过程中水流运动规律;畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌水均匀度具有明显影响,对所研究的砂壤土冬小麦地在1‰、3‰田面坡度条件下,单宽流量以7L/(s·m)为宜,最大畦长应分别以40m、90m;对中壤土果树地1‰、3‰、5‰坡度条件下的畦长和单宽流量组合为分别以50m和6.0L/(s·m)、90m和6.0L/(s·m)、90m和5.0L/(s·m)左右为宜。同时为达到较高的灌水效率和灌水均匀度,畦田坡度不宜过大。     

采取综合措施提高滴灌滴水均匀度

滴水均匀度影响灌水质量、灌溉水的利用率和滴灌工程的经济效益。滴水均匀度是滴灌的基本技术要求,也是设计中的一个重要参数,在果树依人承包,按树筹集滴灌费用的情况下,它又影响到工程的使用和管理,滴灌是解决果树灌溉的有效途径,但滴水必须均匀才能获取更高的经济效益,这项先进的灌水技术也才能有生命力。     

畦田水流特性及灌水质量的分析

在陕西杨凌区的冬小麦及果树地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对水流推进和消退过程、灌水效率及灌水均匀系数影响的田间试验，结果表明，文中给出的地面灌溉模型可较好地模拟畦田水流运动。根据灌水前、后土壤体积含水量计算了入渗水深均匀系数。结果表明，入渗水深均匀系数随畦宽的变化趋势与灌水效率相同，但可以达到0.75以上。对地面灌溉来说，高均匀系数并不一定意味着高灌水效率(田间水利用系数)。     

果树行间套播作物微灌技术的选择

为提高土地利用率,在果树行间套播棉花、小麦、玉米和苜蓿。本文根据各类作物的需水规律和灌水要求,选择与之相适应的微灌技术,通过分析比较,选择可以兼顾果树和套播作物的微灌技术进行设计。     

蓄水坑灌下不同灌水上限对苹果树吸水根系和产量的影响

为了探究蓄水坑灌下不同灌水上限对苹果树吸水根系、产量和灌溉水利用率的影响,以12 a生矮砧红富士苹果树为研究对象,设置3个灌水处理(灌水下限均为田持的60％,蓄水坑灌处理T1、T2的灌水上限分别为田持的100％和80％,地面灌溉处理CK的灌水上限为田持的80％),对全生育期果树吸水根系根长密度、根表面积密度以及果实产量...     

不同作物需水特性的比较研究

分析了供应作物水分的来源与农田水分的输出,从作物的田间需水量、地表蒸发量、对雨水的利用、田间灌水量等方面综述了果树与其他作物的差异.提出果树是调整种植结构、发展节水型农业的良好选择.     

大寨苹菓滴灌取得明显效果

在昔阳县委,大寨党支部直接领导下,一年来,我们和老农、农水技术人员一起在康家岭果园进行了滴灌试验。我们从大寨大队生产实际需要出发,对苹果等果树进行了滴灌和当地传统灌水方法的对比试验。从试验的结果看来,果树滴树的增产效果是非常明显的。现将有关苹果的试验资料介绍如下:     

我国北方苹果树水分消耗与灌溉问题的探讨

随着我国北方果树的发展,研究果树的耗水规律,以实现科学灌溉,显得更加重要而迫切。本文根据实测资料,分析了苹果树生长期内的耗水过程以及高峰期耗水的日变化过程,探讨了耗水规律,并在此基础上综合北方一些地区的试验成果,初步提出了苹果生长期灌溉制度的建议,供从事果树研究及果园管理人员参考。     

Summer deficit-irrigation strategies in a hedgerow olive orchard cv. ‘Arbequina’: effect on fruit characteristics and yield

Maximum production in hedgerow olive orchards is likely not achieved with maximum evapotranspiration over the long term. Thus, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) should be considered as a management option. Four irrigation treatments were evaluated during the summer, when olive is most drought resistant. Control (CON) was irrigated to maintain the root zone close to field capacity. Severe water deficit was applied by irrigating 30% CON from the end of fruit drop to end July (DI-J) and from end July until beginning of oil synthesis (DI-A). Less severe water deficit was applied during July and August (DI-JA) by irrigating 50% CON. Flowering, fruiting, abscission, fruit development, fresh and dry weight of fruits, and oil production were evaluated. There were not significant differences in number of buds initiated, number of fruits per inflorescence and fruit drop. Oil production was significantly different between irrigation treatments in all experimental years. CON produced more oil and fruit with higher oil % than DI-A and DI-JA. Oil production of DI-J was not significantly reduced compared with CON and oil% was greater. DI-J was the most effective RDI strategy; with 16% less applied water relative to CON. Average loss in oil production of 8% was not significantly different to CON. While DI-JA saved most water (27%), oil production was reduced by 15%. Greatest loss in oil production (21%) was observed in DI-A with water saving of 22%.     

压砂地西瓜不同补灌技术筛选研究

通过不同的补灌方式对压砂地西瓜进行了补水技术研究,结果表明,补灌技术对西瓜纵径和横径具有相同的影响效果,灌水定额和灌水方式对西瓜产量影响显著,灌水定额较灌水方式更为显著,而灌水次数无显著影响。三因素三水平的最优组合为滴灌方式、灌水定额为90 m3/hm2、灌水次数为4次。     

Long-term growth and yield responses of olive trees to different irrigation regimes

The aim of this work was to evaluate long-term effects of different irrigation regimes on mature olive trees growing under field conditions. A 9-year experiment was carried out. Three irrigation treatments were applied: no irrigation, water application considering soil water content (short irrigation), or irrigation without considering soil water reserves and applying a 20% of extra water as a leaching fraction (long irrigation). Leaf water content, leaf area, vegetative growth, yield and fruit characteristics (fruit size, pulp:stone ratio and oil content) were determined yearly. Results showed that growth parameters did not show significant differences as a consequence of applied water. Yield was increased in irrigated trees compared to non-irrigated ones, but little differences between short and long irrigation were observed, only when accumulated yield from 1998 to 2006 was considered. Irrigation did not cause significant differences in fruit size or pulp:stone ratio either. Irrigation regimes similar to those applied in this experiment, under environmental conditions with relatively high mean annual precipitation, does not increase growth, yield or fruit characteristics when compared to rain-fed treatment, and consequently, the installation of a irrigation system could be not financially profitable.     

蓄水坑灌条件下果树水分测定探头布设优化研究

为了在准确把握土壤墒情信息的前提下,简化土壤剖面水分的测量,减少传感器的埋设数量,对蓄水坑灌果园水分测点优化布设进行研究。结果表明:不过坑且距离果树30cm处监测点(b30)的体积含水率和整个试验区10个监测点体积含水率的加权平均值有着显著的相关性,并且两者之间的关系可用线性公式表示,进一步利用相同处理的不同果树的相关数据进行验证,结果表明所建立的线性公式具有较高的预测精度。因此,可以利用b30测点的体积含水率来估算蓄水坑灌条件下整个果树周边土壤的含水率情况。     

Long-term evaluation of yield components of young olive trees during the onset of fruit production under different irrigation regimes

A four-year study was conducted on young Olea europaea L. trees to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation starting from the onset of fruit production. Subsurface drip irrigation was used to supply 100% (FI), 46–52% (DI), or 2–6% (SI) of tree water needs. Tree growth was reduced by deficit irrigation, whereas, return bloom was not. Per tree fruit yield of DI trees was 68% that of FI, but fruit yield efficiency based on tree size was similar between treatments. Fruit set and the number of fruits of FI trees were similar to those of DI trees and significantly higher than in SI trees. No significant differences in fruit fresh weight were found between FI and DI. The oil yield and oil yield efficiency of the DI treatment were 82 and 110% that of FI trees, respectively. A level of about 50% deficit proved sustainable to irrigate trees for oil production.     

温室梨枣树土壤水分和品质对调亏灌溉的响应

为探明调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率及梨枣品质的影响,以日光温室生长的9年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材,试验设置充分供水处理(处理1(CK)),萌芽展叶期重度亏水处理(处理2),萌芽展叶期中度亏水处理(处理3)和果实膨大期中度亏水处理(处理4)。结果表明,亏水处理有利于提高梨枣树的根系吸水能力,促进根系向土壤深处生长,同时显著降低棵间蒸发;与CK相比,处理2和处理3对梨枣品质的所有指标都起到了提高和改善的作用,其中处理2最佳,处理3次之;综合考虑不同生育期调亏灌溉对梨枣树各项指标的影响,萌芽展叶期中度亏水能较好的改善果实品质,是实施调亏灌溉的最佳阶段。     

调亏灌溉和灌溉方式对香梨树吸收根系重分布的影响

于2009—2010年开展了田间试验,研究了调亏灌溉对成龄库尔勒香梨树吸收根系重分布的影响。灌溉方式为地表滴灌与漫灌,滴灌试验包括轻度与重度水分胁迫处理(在新梢及果实生长缓慢期分别按蒸发量的60%与40%灌溉,在其他生育期按蒸发量的80%灌溉),对照处理为充分灌溉,在整个生育期按蒸发量的80%灌溉。每年4—8月份,漫灌每月灌溉1次,灌水定额为300 mm。所有处理在2009年之前均为漫灌。研究结果表明,成龄库尔勒香梨树的吸收根系主要分布于地表以下20~60 cm。梨树需要2 a时间调整吸收根系的分布以适应灌溉方式由漫灌转为滴灌。土壤水分胁迫减小了梨树吸收根系的根长,抑制了梨树的营养生长,其后恢复充分灌溉可促进根系的生长。梨树新梢及果实生长缓慢期的土壤水分胁迫对根系生长的抑制效果超过了对新梢生长的抑制;但吸收根系的生长与果实产量之间并无显著的相关性。     

Postharvest regulated deficit irrigation in ‘Summit’ sweet cherry: fruit yield and quality in the following season

We examined, over the postharvest seasons of 2005–2007, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) for its potential of saving water and maintaining fruit yield and quality in ‘Summit’ sweet cherry. The postharvest irrigation treatments were: full irrigation (Control), receiving 80% of water in Control (RDI-80%), and receiving 50% of water in Control (RDI-50%). Midday stem water potential (Ψ_stem) was used for assessing plant water status. In 2006, trees produced a large crop and commercial fruit thinning had to be applied, whereas 2007 was a low crop year. The RDI treatment, first applied in 2005, reduced fruit set in 2006 and also reduced root winter starch concentration. In 2006, fruit set was lower in RDI-50% than in Control. But fruit thinning had still to be done with the final yield being the same among treatments. In 2007, RDI-50% produced more fruit and higher yields than Control. Relationship between postharvest Ψ_stem and crop load in the following season varied according to the year. They were negatively correlated in 2006 and positively correlated in 2007. Fruit firmness did not vary with irrigation treatments in any of the years. Fruit soluble solid concentration (SSC) and fruit relative dry matter (RDM) for RDI-50% was the highest in 2006 when RDI-50% trees had the lowest fruit set. In 2007, SSC and RDM for RDI-50% were the lowest with the trees having the highest fruit set and crop load at harvest. This study indicates that RDI-50% firstly applied in an “off” year, after crop has been harvested, can maintain fruit yield at similar levels to fully irrigated trees while saving water by 45%. Correction of biennial bearing and partial saving of thinning costs are additional advantages of this treatment.