熊蜂的人工饲养与授粉应用技术

本文阐述了人工饲养熊蜂的饲养室、饲养箱、交配箱等饲养设备和一般饲养管理技术，论述了人工饲养熊蜂中根据需要调控熊蜂的滞育期和休眠期、控制交配、以及熊蜂蜂王贮存等特殊饲养技术，介绍了授粉期间熊蜂蜂群的饲养管理技术和所需授粉熊蜂数量估算方法等应用熊蜂授粉技术。     

熊蜂（Bombus terrestris）为温室黄瓜授粉的效果研究

通过对温室黄瓜应用熊蜂授粉和空白对照的比较研究,结果表明,熊蜂组的坐果率增加了33.5%,产量提高了29.4%,果实把柄长度降低了20.2%;而果实大小和含糖量、Vc含量、硝酸盐含量和亚硝酸含量,2组之间差异不大.说明熊蜂授粉可以促进温室黄瓜坐果,提高产量,降低果实把柄长度,但对果实的营养品质影响不大.     

熊蜂的生物学特性及其授粉应用前景

通过对我国两个本土熊蜂Ｂｏｍｂｕｓｌｕｃｏｒｕｍ 和Ｂｏｍｂｕｓｉｇｎｉｔｕｓ 及引进熊蜂种Ｂｏｍｂｕｓｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉｓ 的野外观察及室内饲养,分析了熊蜂的生物学特性和授粉应用前景,为我国工厂化熊蜂群的生产和温室蔬菜授粉应用打下了一定的基础。     

几种重要授粉蜜蜂的特性及授粉应用

1 引言世界上授粉昆虫种类很多 ,蜜蜂类是在生产中应用最广的授粉昆虫 ,其中西方蜜蜂和中华蜜蜂在为农作物授粉中起着主导作用。但是 ,野生蜜蜂在为作物授粉中也起着不可忽视的作用。它们分布广 ,适应性强 ,在某些特定条件下所起的作用远远超过家养蜜蜂。2 几种重要授粉昆虫简介2 1　中华蜜蜂 (ApisceranaceranaFabr .)简称中蜂 ,是东方蜜蜂的一个亚种。广泛分布于我国华南、西南、中南、西北、华北及东北等地。是我国南方主要饲养的土著蜂种。由于中蜂活框饲养技术的成功推广 ,使中蜂成为南方省份的一个重要的授粉蜂种。研究表明 ,中蜂…     

利用蜜蜂蜂群饲养熊蜂的理论探讨

1引言 现代设施农业的迅速发展,对授粉昆虫的需求日益增长。蜜蜂和熊蜂都是理想的授粉昆虫,熊蜂由于其独特的生物学特性,比蜜蜂更适应温室环境为果、蔬作物授粉。因此,熊蜂的研究利用受到国内外的重视,许多国家已进行熊蜂大规模饲养和商品化出售。     

“熊蜂的周年繁育技术与温室蔬菜授粉应用”成果通过鉴定

由中国农科院蜜蜂研究所主持的“上海科技兴农”、国家 94 8、院重点攻关项目“熊蜂的周年繁育技术与温室蔬菜授粉应用”研究成果 ,通过由上海市科技兴农重点攻关项目管理办公室组织的专家鉴定。专家组在听取汇报、观看录像、查阅有关档案资料的基础上 ,经质凝、答辩与讨论一致认为 :该研究项目瞄准国际上利用熊蜂为温室作物授粉的新技术 ,经过三年的攻关 ,在国内首次研究并报道了本土熊蜂种的生物学特性 ,摸清了越冬蜂王早春出巢飞翔活动的规律 ,捕捉驯养成功两个有授粉价值的野生熊蜂种。首次研究并设计了熊蜂人工繁育室、交配室 ,设计并…     

熊蜂为温室蔬菜授粉技术应用

大面积的反季节栽培蔬菜，如何提高其产量和质量，授粉技术尤为重要。过去，大多数地方采用喷施激素和人工震动等方法。激素处理，不但费工费时，劳动强度大，而且畸形果率高，果实品质差，更重要的是还会造成激素污染，影响消费者健康，这种方法在一些发达国家已被禁止使用；震动……     

切叶蜂的人工饲养与授粉应用

切叶蜂是蜜蜂总科切叶蜂科切叶蜂亚科切叶蜂属(Megachile Latreille)的昆虫.该属世界性分布超过2000种.我国各地广泛分布着百余种切叶蜂,为果树、蔬菜和牧草等植物传粉.欧美一些国家广泛利用的苜蓿切叶蜂(M.rotundata F.)已商品化.近年来,中国农业大学曾引进切叶蜂为苜蓿授粉并饲养成功,农业部推广总站也曾于1999年引进切叶蜂为牧草授粉获得成功.     

熊蜂微孢子虫感染熊蜂(Bombus spp.)试验

从引进蜂种(B.terrestris)和国内蜂种(B.lucorum)分别提取微孢子虫,在两寄主工蜂的幼虫,蛹和成蜂间进行交叉感染.结果显示两种来源的微孢子虫能相互感染其寄主蜂,且幼虫、蛹和成蜂两两间无显著差异;用国内蜂种(Blucorum)提取的微孢子虫感染四种熊蜂(B.lucorum,B.pyrosoma,B.ignitus,B.terrestris),结果显示出同一种寄主提取的微孢子虫感染不同蜂种,对原寄主的感染率高于异源寄主,但死亡率低于异源寄主,不同来源的微孢子虫对不同寄主熊蜂感染程度的不同,是不同基因型的寄主群和不同基因型的寄生群间相互影响的结果.     

苜蓿与传粉昆虫的互作

苜蓿Medicago spp.是一种豆科模式植物,其种子繁育主要依赖于昆虫的传粉,因而关注苜蓿与传粉昆虫之间的关系是探究豆科植物传粉生物学的重要组成部分.通过对苜蓿花部构造的探讨、苜蓿弹花机理的剖析、苜蓿与传粉昆虫的互作以及影响昆虫传粉生态因子的研究,探究苜蓿传粉生物学的研究进展,以期揭示苜蓿与传粉昆虫之间的生态学关系,为阐明植物的繁殖策略与动物行为之间的协同机理提供依据,并对苜蓿传粉生物学未来的发展作出展望.     

熊蜂和蜜蜂为日光温室草莓授粉效果的比较

通过熊蜂和蜜蜂在日光温室中为草莓授粉的比较试验得出,熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉的草莓畸形果率(分别为11.52%和17.74%)更低,差异显著(P<0.05);平均单果重(分别为33.9171g和33.1156g)较重,差异不显著(P>0.05);VC平均含量(分别为0.6660mg/g和0.5970mg/g)较高,差异显著(P<0.05);可溶性糖平均值(分别为4.93%和6.03%)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05);可滴定酸平均含量(分别为0.1235mmol/g和0.1265mmol/g)较低,差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结果进一步说明了熊蜂比蜜蜂更适合为日光温室草莓授粉。     

熊蜂和蜜蜂为塑料大棚西瓜授粉对比试验

熊蜂和蜜蜂为塑料大棚西瓜授粉试验得出,熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉的平均单瓜重较重,差异不显著(P>0.05);单位面积产量较多,差异不显著(P>0.05);瓜型更周正,差异显著(P<0.05);VC含量较高,增加0.14%;总糖较高,增加2.22%;糖酸比较高,增加2.23%;可溶性固形物较低,降低2.04%;硝酸盐相同;说明熊蜂授粉比蜜蜂授粉产量略高,瓜较重,外观较好,VC含量较高,糖含量较高,口感相差不大,均可达到有机食品标准。证实了熊蜂授粉技术可以代替蜜蜂授粉技术。     

精选熊蜂在热带地区设施栽培西红柿与草莓的授粉潜力评估

熊蜂是相当有效率的授粉昆虫,经常在温带地区设施栽培西红柿、草莓园内被用来当成授粉的媒介,唯在热带地区应用的例子并不多。精选熊蜂(Bombus eximius Smith)广泛分布于东亚至东南亚的副热带气候区域,其生物特性与族群数量有潜力成为热带区域设施栽培作物的授粉昆虫。研究以西红柿与草莓为对象,评估精选熊蜂在热带地区网室栽培园的授粉效果。比较熊蜂授粉与植物生长调节剂处理的牛西红柿,熊蜂授粉处理组的果实种子数发育佳,且畸形果、空洞果或瘢瘤果少,每颗果实平均重量167.2g,较对照组120.6g重。比较熊蜂授粉处理与无授粉处理的草莓,熊蜂授粉处理组的瘦果发育较完整,畸形果少,果实平均重量4.9g,较无授粉处理的草莓2.3g为重,熊蜂授粉处理的草莓平均瘦果数100.4个,较对照组32.4个多。本研究评估在热带地区的设施栽培西红柿园内利用精选熊蜂授粉,具有节省劳力及促进西红柿品质的效果;而精选熊蜂对提高草莓果实品质,亦有显著效果。     

Interference competition between sunbirds and carpenter bees for the nectar of Hypoestes aristata

Interference competition for nectar sources has been repeatedly described between hummingbirds and various insects, but rarely recorded in other nectari-vorous birds. We observed aggressive behaviour by African sunbirds (Cinnyris reichenowi and Cinnyris bouvieri) defending the nectar plant Hypoestes aristata against carpenter bees (Xylocopa caffra and Xylocopa inconstans) in the Bamenda Highlands, Cameroon. During 200 hours of observation, we recorded 38 cases of the sunbirds attacking carpenter bees; all these intrusions occurred only in the flower-richest patches of the plant. We predict that similar aggressive interactions will occur between other Old World nectarivorous birds and insects. Such interference competition between distantly related taxa could have an important impact on the evolution of pollination systems.     

Nosema spp. infection and its negative effects on honey bees (Apis mellifera iberiensis) at the colony level

Nosemosis caused by the microsporidia Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are among the most common pathologies affecting adult honey bees. N. apis infection has been associated with a reduced lifespan of infected bees and increased winter mortality, and its negative impact on colony strength and productivity has been described in several studies. By contrast, when the effects of nosemosis type C, caused by N. ceranae infection, have been analysed at the colony level, these studies have largely focused on collapse as a response to infection without addressing the potential sub-clinical effects on colony strength and productivity. Given the spread and prevalence of N. ceranae worldwide, we set out here to characterize the sub-clinical and clinical signs of N. ceranae infection on colony strength and productivity. We evaluated the evolution of 50 honey bee colonies naturally infected by Nosema (mainly N. ceranae) over a one year period. Under our experimental conditions, N. ceranae infection was highly pathogenic for honey bee colonies, producing significant reductions in colony size, brood rearing and honey production. These deleterious effects at the colony level may affect beekeeping profitability and have serious consequences on pollination. Further research is necessary to identify possible treatments or beekeeping techniques that will limit the rapid spread of this dangerous emerging disease.     

Potential demand for a mixed public-private animal health input: evaluation of a pour-on insecticide for controlling tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis in Ethiopia

The new pour-on insecticides that can be used to control tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiasis confer benefits to the owners of the cattle given treatments and other people keeping cattle in areas affected by the control. A study was conducted in southwest Ethiopia to assess farmers' perceptions of the public and private benefits of the pour-on and identify the household-level factors affecting its demand. Ninety-seven percent of the 166 survey respondents had received pour-on treatments when they were free and 67% paid for treatments the month before the survey. Farmers noted public and private benefits from using the pour-on, the most important of which were less trypanosomiasis, fewer problems with biting flies (including tsetse), and fewer problems with ticks. The probit model estimated to quantify the effects of different variables indicates that proportions of cows and oxen, distance to the treatment centre, and seasonal factors were significant determinants of demand.     

提高结缕草草坪冬季坪用质量的措施

结缕草属Zoysia草坪草是我国大面积栽培应用的暖地型草坪草,但存在着冬季枯黄、坪用质量差等问题。对近几年国内外有关延长结缕草草坪绿期和提高其冬季坪用质量的措施进行综合分析,提出适时施肥、修剪和生长调节剂的喷施等配套措施应作为今后一段时间的重点研究方向。     

昆明市3种草坪草根际镰孢菌的分离鉴定

运用稀释平板法和单孢分离方法,得到了昆明市高羊茅(Festuca elata)、多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)的根际镰孢菌(Fusarium spp.),并依据形态学特征,参照柏斯镰刀菌分类系统对其进行了初步鉴定。结果表明:高羊茅根际镰孢菌有黄色镰孢(Fusarium culmorum)和茄病镰孢(F.solani);多年生黑麦草根际有茄病镰孢和尖孢镰孢(F.oxysporum);草地早熟禾根际有茄病镰孢和雪腐镰孢(F.nivale);茄病镰孢为草坪草根际的常见种,且在不同种草根际间其分生孢子间存在一定的差异。