熊蜂授粉对温室草莓的影响研究

为了检验熊蜂为温室草莓授粉的效果,在温室内进行了熊蜂(Bombus lucorum)授粉试验,对照组为人工授粉.结果表明:与对照组相比,熊蜂授粉的草莓果实单果重达31.67g,比对照组增加了97.94%;果实的畸形果率为11.33%,比对照组下降了33.35%;熊蜂组的Vc含量为66.40 mg/100g,比对照组提高了19.00%,但在其它营养品质方面,两者之间的差异不显著.     

熊蜂的人工饲养与授粉应用技术

本文阐述了人工饲养熊蜂的饲养室、饲养箱、交配箱等饲养设备和一般饲养管理技术，论述了人工饲养熊蜂中根据需要调控熊蜂的滞育期和休眠期、控制交配、以及熊蜂蜂王贮存等特殊饲养技术，介绍了授粉期间熊蜂蜂群的饲养管理技术和所需授粉熊蜂数量估算方法等应用熊蜂授粉技术。     

精选熊蜂在热带地区设施栽培西红柿与草莓的授粉潜力评估

熊蜂是相当有效率的授粉昆虫,经常在温带地区设施栽培西红柿、草莓园内被用来当成授粉的媒介,唯在热带地区应用的例子并不多。精选熊蜂(Bombus eximius Smith)广泛分布于东亚至东南亚的副热带气候区域,其生物特性与族群数量有潜力成为热带区域设施栽培作物的授粉昆虫。研究以西红柿与草莓为对象,评估精选熊蜂在热带地区网室栽培园的授粉效果。比较熊蜂授粉与植物生长调节剂处理的牛西红柿,熊蜂授粉处理组的果实种子数发育佳,且畸形果、空洞果或瘢瘤果少,每颗果实平均重量167.2g,较对照组120.6g重。比较熊蜂授粉处理与无授粉处理的草莓,熊蜂授粉处理组的瘦果发育较完整,畸形果少,果实平均重量4.9g,较无授粉处理的草莓2.3g为重,熊蜂授粉处理的草莓平均瘦果数100.4个,较对照组32.4个多。本研究评估在热带地区的设施栽培西红柿园内利用精选熊蜂授粉,具有节省劳力及促进西红柿品质的效果;而精选熊蜂对提高草莓果实品质,亦有显著效果。     

熊蜂的周年繁育与授粉应用

熊蜂(Bombus spp.)隶属于膜翅目蜜蜂总科熊蜂族熊蜂属(Hymenoptera,Apidae,Bombini,Bom-bus),是一类多食性的社会性昆虫,其进化程度处于从独居蜂到高度社会性蜜蜂的中间阶段。该属已知300余种,在寒带、温带和热带均有分布,但在温带高海拔地区种类尤为丰富[1￣4]。为了解决设施农业果品蔬菜类作物授粉存在的问题,国际上许多国家掀起熊蜂人工繁育及其应用研究的热潮。近几年,一些农业发达国家已经建立工厂化繁育熊蜂的公司,生产授粉熊蜂群为温室作物授粉,取得了很好的效果。在国内,20世纪90年代末,关于熊蜂人工饲养的研究也如火如荼的展开了…     

熊蜂的生物学特性及其授粉应用前景

通过对我国两个本土熊蜂Ｂｏｍｂｕｓｌｕｃｏｒｕｍ 和Ｂｏｍｂｕｓｉｇｎｉｔｕｓ 及引进熊蜂种Ｂｏｍｂｕｓｔｅｒｒｅｓｔｒｉｓ 的野外观察及室内饲养，分析了熊蜂的生物学特性和授粉应用前景，为我国工厂化熊蜂群的生产和温室蔬菜授粉应用打下了一定的基础。     

浅谈熊蜂为温室果蔬授粉技术

由于我国熊蜂授粉起步比较晚,种植户对熊蜂授粉的意义认识不足,熊蜂授粉技术欠缺,严重制约了熊蜂授粉技术在温室果蔬中的普及和推广.为了帮助广大种植户了解和掌握熊蜂授粉技术,笔者从熊蜂的种类、生物学特性、授粉经济价值、授粉利用情况以及熊蜂授粉技术要点等方面进行了分析探讨,以期给广大种植户提供参考.     

熊蜂的生物学

本文阐述了熊蜂的外部形态特点、筑巢习性、蜂群组成、蜂群群势和生活史等生物学问题，为人工饲养熊蜂和利用熊蜂授粉提供基础知识。     

利用蜜蜂蜂群饲养熊蜂的理论探讨

1引言 现代设施农业的迅速发展,对授粉昆虫的需求日益增长。蜜蜂和熊蜂都是理想的授粉昆虫,熊蜂由于其独特的生物学特性,比蜜蜂更适应温室环境为果、蔬作物授粉。因此,熊蜂的研究利用受到国内外的重视,许多国家已进行熊蜂大规模饲养和商品化出售。     

我国熊蜂授粉的需求和推广瓶颈

一、熊蜂授粉的优势及现状自然花粉授粉中,授粉昆虫承担着主要的作用,具有授粉均匀、畸形果少、低成本、省时、省力等特点。熊蜂作为多种植物,尤其是茄科和豆科植物的重要授粉者,现已实现周年化繁育,可在任何季节为设施瓜果蔬菜进行授粉。早在20世纪末,已有专家指出我国现代温室需要熊蜂授粉。相比蜜蜂,熊蜂更耐低温,当温度达到8℃~10℃时,熊蜂就可正常活动;熊蜂趋光性较差,在设施大棚内很少撞击大棚,可专心地在温室内进行采集授粉;除此之外,熊蜂还具有独特的优势,可进行振翅授粉,非常适合番茄等茄果类植物的授粉;熊蜂体表绒毛丰富,飞行速度快,飞行距离远,授粉效率更高。因此,基于我国目前设施农业的发展速度,作物对熊蜂授粉的需求量巨大。     

地熊蜂和意大利蜜蜂为设施蓝莓授粉效果比较研究

通过对设施蓝莓应用蜜蜂授粉和熊蜂授粉2种不同授粉方式的比较研究,结果表明:熊蜂授粉的蓝莓坐果率为75.38±0.67%,比蜜蜂授粉增加了25.50%;熊蜂授粉的蓝莓平均单果重为2.25±0.02g,比蜜蜂授粉增加了23.63%;熊蜂授粉的蓝莓每株产量为5182.2±76.5g,比蜜蜂授粉增加了7.1%;熊蜂授粉和蜜蜂授粉的蓝莓几种营养物质含量无显著差异。说明利用熊蜂和蜜蜂均可为设施蓝莓授粉,不仅能够促进坐果,提高产量,而且节省劳动成本。     

夏洛来杂种羊红细胞钾型的初步研究

采用火焰光度法对海北州牧科所优良种畜繁殖场，９０只夏洛来杂种羊的红细胞钾型进行了研究，结果发现夏洛来杂种羊红细胞钾浓度存在多态性，存在ＨＫ和ＬＫ两种类型，高钾型羊３５只（３８．８９％），低钾型羊５５只（６１．１１％），Ｋｈ和ＫＬ等位基因频率分别为０．６２３６和０．３７６４。     

天峻县藏羊血清运铁蛋白多态性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳对青海省天峻县146只藏羊的血清运铁蛋白进行了分型。结果发现：被检藏羊的TF位点上有TF^A、TF^G、TF^B、TF^L、TF^C、TF^D、TF^M和TF^Q8个等位基因，其中：TF^B(0.2705)，TF^C(0.3562)和TF^D(0.1712)为优势等位基因；其有25种基因。     

不同饲养方式对鹅繁殖性能影响的比较研究

比较分析传统池塘养殖和新型戏水池养殖扬州鹅的产蛋性能和孵化性能,探讨两种饲养方式的优劣,以期证明新型戏水池养殖方式的可行性。研究结果表明,池塘养殖开产略迟（比戏水池养殖晚4d）,但高峰产蛋率达到了43.30%（比戏水池养殖高5%）,产蛋率〉35%维持的天数达到了59d,入舍母鹅产蛋数达到58.70个（比戏水池养殖入舍母鹅产蛋数56.24个高2.46个）,池塘养殖鹅群产蛋性能更好一些。受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率,池塘养殖（88.97%、89.58%、97.90%）与戏水池养殖（87.92%、87.69%、98.05%）均无显著差异。综合考虑土地利用率、节水、养殖效率等因素,新型戏水池饲养方式可以在鹅养殖业中大面积推广使用。     

3种不同饲养方式对山麻鸭生产性能的影响

为了探讨高生产性能的蛋鸭饲养模式,以替代传统饲养方式,试验研究了3种不同饲养方式（网上平养、笼养和散养）对山麻鸭产蛋期生产性能的影响。结果表明：经过231 d的饲养试验,笼养组每只山麻鸭的产蛋量和总蛋重分别为179.3枚和11.95 kg,极显著低于散养组（189.9枚和12.75 kg）和网上平养组（192.2枚和12.54 kg）（P〈0.01）,散养组与网上平养组差异不显著（P〉0.05）;网上平养组全期料蛋比为3.68,与散养组（3.58）差异不显著（P〉0.05）,二者极显著低于笼养组（4.56,P〈0.01）;网上平养组畸形蛋率为3.21%,极显著低于笼养组（5.44%）和散养组（4.12%,P〈0.01）,而笼养组极显著高于散养组（P〈0.01）。说明网上平养的饲养方式不仅不影响山麻鸭的产蛋性能,而且能降低饲料消耗,可以替代传统的饲养方式。     

Anemia of male rearing calves. 2. Duration of anemia

From 203 male rearing calves in a longitudinal study during the first rearing period in a rearing farm the time could be determined in which the hemoglobin quota, the hematocrit resp. the average corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were lower than 10,5 g/dl, 33% resp. 30.5 g Hb/dl erythrocytes. The average duration of anaemia was 45, 29.5 resp. 44 days of the total of 56 keeping days in this rearing range (80.4%, 52.7% resp. 78.6% of the keeping period). During this rearing period 89.2%, 71.4% resp. 90.6% of all animals were anaemic for a shorter or longer time. With 29.8%, 26.2% resp. 29.9% of the anaemic calves the anaemic phase exceeded 56 days.     

Estimating the costs of rearing young dairy cattle in the Netherlands using a simulation model that accounts for uncertainty related to diseases

The costs of rearing young dairy cattle are a part of the cost of the price of milk, as rearing produces the future dairy cows. As most dairy farmers are not aware of the rearing costs, the rearing of dairy replacements often does not get the attention it deserves. Calculating the distribution of the rearing costs throughout the rearing process is difficult as the costs are correlated with biological processes, such as variation in growth rate and disease uncertainty. In this study, a calf level simulation model was built to estimate the rearing costs and their distribution from 2 weeks of age until first calving in the Netherlands. The uncertainties related to calf diseases (calf scours and bovine respiratory disease) were included, in which both the probabilities of disease and the effects of diseases (growth reduction) differ at different ages. In addition, growth was modeled stochastically and in a detailed manner using a two-phase growth function. The total cost of rearing young dairy cattle was estimated as €1567 per successfully reared heifer and varied between €1423 and €1715. Reducing the age of first calving by 1 month reduced the total cost between 2.6% and 5.7%. The difference in the average cost of rearing between heifers that calved at 24 months and those calving at 30 months was €400 per heifer reared. Average rearing costs were especially influenced by labor efficiency and cost of feed. The rearing costs of a heifer that experienced disease at least once (20% of the simulated heifers) were on average €95 higher than those of healthy heifers. Hence, for an individual diseased heifer, disease costs can be rather high, while the relative contribution to the average rearing cost for a standard Dutch dairy farm is low (approx. 3%). Overall, the model developed proved to be a useful tool to investigate the total cost of rearing young dairy cattle, providing insights to dairy farmers with respect to the cost-efficiency of their own rearing management.     

桑树轻型收获及其配套技术的研究Ⅲ.5龄条桑育的成绩及其用工调查

通过4期湖桑条桑育与片叶育养蚕对比,两者的成绩没有明显差异,但可以节省5龄桑叶收获用工40.3％,给桑用工41.1%,除沙用工88.9%,饲养每张蚕种5龄总用工节省45.8%。     

稀土作添加剂对肉仔鸡生产性能的影响

选用21 日龄笼养京黄肉仔鸡240 只随机分4 组,每组60 只。对照组仅喂基础饲粮,试验1 、2 、3 组在每千克基础饲粮中分别添加400mg、600mg 有机稀土和0 .5 % 730 稀土复合饲料添加剂,进行38 天饲养试验。结果表明,三个试验组只均增重比对照组依次提高8 .6 、10.6、10.1 个百分点,成活率分别提高1.6、3.3、1.6 个百分点,每千克增重耗料( 料重比) 分别减少9 .5 、11 .4、15 .1 个百分点。经F检验和多重比较,试1 组与对照组间差异显著(P< 0 .05) 、试2 、3 组与对照组间均差异极显著(P< 0.01) 。3 个试验组经济效益均高于对照组,以试2 组鸡的最好。     

扬州鹅雏鹅早春高效笼养技术

选择12家养鹅专业户开展了早春雏鹅"平养改笼养"试点,平均成活率从平养的84.7%提高到笼养的96.6%,3周龄平均雏鹅单只重比平养提高34%,大大增强了抗病力,缩短了育成期,效果十分明显.     

The performance of laying hens fed on rearing and laying diets containing urea

In an experiment using 2880 light hybrid pullets the effect of urea on laying performance has been assessed. Birds received one of three low‐protein rearing diets from 7–20 weeks of age. The control rearing diet, containing 11.5% crude protein, was compared with two diets containing 13.2% crude protein, one in which the protein was from conventional sources and the other containing 11.5% conventional protein and urea equivalent to 1.7% crude protein. At 20 weeks birds were allocated to one of two laying diets formulated to meet essential amino acid requirements. Half the birds from each rearing treatment received a low‐protein diet (14.7%) and the remaining birds received a 16.4% protein diet which included urea equivalent to 1.7% crude protein. Laying performance was recorded for the next 30 weeks.

Body weights of birds fed on the urea‐containing rearing diet were similar to those of birds fed on the control diet (1.22 kg) and less than those on the 13.2% protein diet (1.29 kg). Urea in the laying diet caused a 2% increase in egg production and tended to cause an improved food conversion efficiency. In contrast, a 3.5% less efficient food conversion was found during laying in birds which had received urea during rearing, compared with birds which had received the low‐protein rearing diet. Birds receiving the 13.2% protein diet, containing no urea, during rearing laid smaller eggs than birds fed on the 11.2% protein rearing diet. A high mortality rate occurred during laying due to lymphoid leucosis but no differences between treatments were found.