单因素实验设计在缓冲包装材料制备中的应用

采用单因素实验设计方案确定配方中各组分用量,在已确定木质剩余物缓冲包装材料原料配方的基础上,通过单因素实验分别单独考察不同组分用量、配比等对材料表观性能的影响,实验结果表明,木纤维含量在32-36 g,淀粉/PVA复配胶黏剂的比例在1∶1和3∶1之间,发泡剂在3-7 g,丙三醇含量在10-20 ml及滑石粉为5 g时材料的表面质量得到显著改善,分层、发泡程度及弹性均较适宜,得出木质剩余物缓冲包装材料的最佳原料配方范围为：木纤维32 g、34 g和36 g,淀粉/PVA比例1∶1、2∶1和3∶1,发泡剂3 g、5 g和7 g,丙三醇10 ml、15 ml和20 ml,滑石粉5 g,为制备具有良好的生物可降解性与环境协调性的木质剩余物纤维发泡缓冲包装材料奠定基础。     

基于仿真理论确定缓冲特性曲线方法的研究

本论文探索了一条确定缓冲特性方法的新途径，通过测定缓冲材料的静态特性与一次动态；中击数据为基础，建立数学模型，利用最小二乘法进行误差分析，并使用Madab/Simulink软件仿真出缓冲特性曲线。这种方法得出的缓冲特性曲线准确性高、试验周期短，待理论成熟必将成为今后缓冲材料特性测试的主要方法。     

可降解木塑复合缓冲包装衬垫材料的研究综述

可降解木塑复合发泡材料的研究可提高木质剩余物的利用率,缓解资源短缺的压力,同时可以减少通用塑料发泡缓冲材料对环境的污染,具有重要的社会意义和经济效益.从天然纤维及其性质、增韧改性、界面相容性等方面对国内外可降解木塑复合发泡材料的研究现状进行分析,指出木塑复合发泡缓冲材料存在的问题,并对可降解木塑复合缓冲材料的发展趋势作出展望.     

改性工业木质素-木纤维复合材料制备工艺及结合性能表征

以木质纤维为基体,Fenton试剂化学改性后的工业木质素为黏结相,采用“高速混合-平板热压”的工艺技术路线制备环保型木质基复合材料.采用正交试验设计及极差分析,探索性能优良的环保型材料的制备工艺,通过傅里叶变换红外吸收光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、动态热机械分析(DMA)、环境扫描电镜(SEM)对材料的化学组分、聚集态结构、动态热机械性能以及微观形貌特征进行表征.结果表明:1)在氧化改性工业木质素填加量25％、板坯含水率20％、热压时间7 min、热压温度170℃的工艺条件下,木质基复合材料的理化性能能够满足GB/T 11718-2009中干燥状态下使用的普通型中密度纤维板(MDF-GP REG)的要求;2)氧化改性工业木质素与木质纤维在热压过程中形成了较理想的化学键结合;木质纤维素的晶形结构保持不变,相对结晶度有所提高;复合材料的刚度和韧性良好,热稳定性降低;复合材料组分之间分布均匀,交织致密,界面相容性良好.该材料在建筑隔板、木质装饰板、产品包装等领域具有广阔的应用前景.     

家具包装常用缓冲材料的性能研究与应用

对家具包装常用的可发性聚乙烯、可发性聚苯乙烯和蜂窝纸板这3种缓冲材料进行静态压缩试验,测试其力-应变曲线及相应的残余应变。然后,将力-应变曲线转换为应力-应变曲线和缓冲系数-最大应力曲线,并结合残余应变柱状图,比较了3种缓冲材料缓冲性能的异同点。基于上述3种材料的缓冲特性,结合家具产品的造型特点和结构特征,对家具包装缓冲材料的应用提出了选择方法。     

木质纤维/塑料复合材料的发展现状及应用

木质纤维/塑料复合材料是以木质纤维材料为基本体,与塑料通过不同的复合途径制成的一种新型复合材料,综合了木质纤维与塑料的性能特点,因而用途广泛.作者介绍了木质纤维/塑料复合材料的复合工艺、界面特性和改性处理以及产品的应用前景.     

发泡型植物纤维缓冲包装材料研究现状及发展趋势

发泡型植物纤维缓冲包装材料,是以植物纤维为主要原料制成的一种新型材料。不仅原料来源广、成本低,而且缓冲性能好,可自然降解,对环境无污染。该材料是目前替代EPS泡沫塑料,减少白色污染,提高利用率的一种有效途径。对该材料的国内外研究现状、专利情况和未来发展趋势进行详细介绍。     

起重机弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元件缓冲性能研究

提出一种用于起重机的新型缓冲元件：弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元件.利用珠海三思计量仪器有限公司生产的高性能智能电子万能实验机,对不同缓冲元件的性能进行测试.结果表明：弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元件集成了弹簧与橡胶用于缓冲材料的优点,较弹簧缓冲元件大幅度提高了最大缓冲力和缓冲容量;虽然弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元的缓冲效率低于弹簧缓冲元件的缓冲效率,但其衰减系数却远远大于弹簧缓冲元件;弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元件的衰减系数略高于橡胶缓冲元件的衰减系数.综合考虑最大缓冲力及缓冲容量,弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元件的缓冲性能优于弹簧缓冲元件;橡胶种类和厚度是影响弹簧-橡胶复合缓冲元件缓冲性能的两个主要因素.     

某笔记本电脑纸浆模塑缓冲衬垫缓冲性能研究

对某笔记本电脑纸浆模塑缓冲衬垫进行了静态及动态缓冲性能测试,分析了其缓冲性能。     

木质阻尼复合结构隔声性能的研究现状

利用木质复合材料作为室内隔声材料,是控制室内噪声的重要手段。与钢质板材料的隔声性能相比较,木质材料的隔声性能较差。然而隔声性能好的高分子阻尼材料由于刚度较低不能单独使用,因此将木质材料与高分子阻尼材料复合制成层合复合材料,研究结果表明:通过提高木质和阻尼材料的厚度、密度或者改变木质板材与阻尼层合的层数,均可以提高复合材料的隔声性能,这种材料被应用在木质门、木质墙等室内装修中,是未来的一个发展方向。     

预处理对废旧人造板再生材料化学特性的影响

对粉碎后的废旧人造板原料进行冷水、热水、1％NaOH处理，通过测定预处理后材料的pH值、缓冲容量、胶固化时间，探讨预处理对废旧人造板材料化学特性的影响。试验结果表明：（1）相对于冷水和热水处理来说，1％NaOH处理使得3种木质材料的pH值极显著升高，最高可达10．41；（2）酸碱缓冲容量、UF胶固化时间在3种预处理方式间均有较显著差异，即随酸缓冲容量的增加UF胶固化时间缩短，而随碱缓冲容量的增加固化时间则延长。     

Buffer Zones as a Conservation Strategy

Abstract

Buffer zones serve as zones outside a protected area from which people can derive material or economic benefit, but which also provide wildlife habitat and ecosystem services. “Integrated conservation and development programs” (ICDPs) established in buffer zone communities promote sustainable patterns of economic development. However, they have been widely criticized for poor implementation. In this paper, I examine Conservation International's AMISCONDE program in Costa Rica as a case study of the role of ICDPs in buffer zones. The study suggests that varying and poorly defined conceptions of buffer zones among ICDP workers and participants can contribute to the failure of ICDPs to implement effective buffer zone-based conservation strategies. Alternative approaches to buffer zone delineation are examined. Recommendations include the clarification of competing buffer zone definitions; construction of a buffer zone definition that can be shared by all conservation participants in the region; and systematic assessment of the conceptual linkages between ICDP activities and conservation goals.     

长白山典型林区主要河流两岸森林资源变化研究

本文对两期遥感图像进行解译，并在GIS支持下提取露水河林业局主要河流两岸各缓冲区森林资源信息，经分析得到各类地物在1985年及1999年的变化趋势。结果表明：在河流沿岸对森林的采伐强度1999年较1985年明显减小，整体生态环境较1985年有所改善。在缓冲区1，2，3除中龄针叶林大幅度增加外，其它地物类型面积均减少，由此可以看出，在这三个缓冲区内针叶林得到了较好的恢复。在缓冲区4内，中龄针叶林、成熟针叶林、成熟阔叶林形成一个林龄梯队，有利于森林生态系统的稳定与功能的发挥，十五年间缓冲区4受到的干扰相对较小。湿地数量在四个缓冲区内均有所减少，虽然在缓冲区4内森林生态系统恢复的较好，但湿地面积仍有所减少，说明保护及恢复湿地资源是一件非常艰巨的任务，必须引起高度重视。图5表2参12。     

限制性内切酶在PCR缓冲液中酶切活性的研究(英文)

选取6 种常用的限制性内切酶(Acc I、Ban II、EcoR I、Hind III、Sac I、Sca I)用于检测其直接在PCR 缓冲液中完全酶切DNA 的活性。结果表明:在PCR 缓冲液中,需要加入MgCl2作为激活因子的前提条件下,除了EcoR I 表现出星状活性外,其他酶均能完全酶切无甲基化λDNA,其结果与在酶生产厂商推荐的反应缓冲液中进行的酶切反应结果一致;在完成PCR 扩增的PCR 缓冲液中,所有酶(包括RcoR I)均能功能正常地对PCR 产物完全酶切,表明可在PCR 扩增完毕后的反应体系中直接加入限制性内切酶进行酶切反应,无需对PCR 产物进行预先纯化;镁离子浓度在2.5 mmol·L-1至10 mmol·L-1范围内对PCR 缓冲液中的限制性内切酶的活性无显著影响。上述方法可用于限制性片段长度多态(RFLP)以及单链构像多态(SSCP)研究中,但能否用于分子克隆有待进一步实验。图3 表1 参7。     

Forest resources variation along with the main rivers in typical forest region of Changbai Mountain

The restoration of the riparian vegetation disturbed by human activities is one of the hotspots of watershed ecology. Through interpreting the images of Remote Sensing in 1985 and 1999, the basic information of forest resources of Lushuhe Forest Bureau, which is a typical forest area of Chanbai Mountain was obtained with support of GIS. By dividing Land covers of Lushuihe area into 10 types (water body, residential land, stump land, farming land, wetland, mature conifer forest, midlife conifer forest, mature broadleaf forest, midlife broadleaf forest, and man-made young forest) and dividing the riparian zone into four buffers (in turn 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 m away from the river), the changes of riparian forest resources during 1985–1999 were analyzed. The results showed that the deforestation intension has obviously decreased and the whole environment has been evidently improved, but the riparian ecosystem was still flimsy. In buffer 1, 2, 3 the area of midlife conifer forest increased largely, but the areas of other types of land covers all decreased. Midlife conifer forest had a comparatively good status in the three buffers. In buffer 4, midlife conifer forest, mature conifer forest, and mature broadleaf forest formed a forest-age rank that is helpful to stabilize the forest ecosystem and exert its functions. Area percentage of wetland decreased in buffer 1, buffer 2, and buffer 3, even in buffer 4 in which forest ecosystem rehabilitated comparatively well, so protecting and rehabilitating wetland is a very difficult task. Foundation item: This study is supported by major projects of Knowiedge Innovation Program. Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KZCX2-SW-320-3) and Institute of Applied Ecology (a grant SCXZD010-01), CAS. Biography: HAO Zhan-qing (1962-), Male, Ph. Doctor, Professor in Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenyang 1100016, P.R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

碳纤维布加固桥梁结构新技术的研究

碳纤维布补强加固混凝土结构技术作为一种新兴的、技术含量高的建筑物补强加固方法，具有很高的研究、推广价值和巨大的社会经济效益。碳纤维是一种新型建材，因其质轻、耐腐蚀、片材很薄、抗拉强度高而被广泛应用。本文对碳纤维布补强加固混凝土结构的受力特性和破坏机理进行了深入分析，并对碳纤维材料与粘接剂的材料性能、碳纤维布约束混凝土的受力特性、碳纤维布加固设计计算、施工工艺等各个方面进行了全面阐述。     

Dynamic riparian buffer widths from potential non-point source pollution areas in forested watersheds

Efforts to manage National Forests in the USA for wood production, while protecting water quality, are currently constrained by models that do not address the temporal dynamics of variable non-point source (NPS) areas. NPS areas are diffuse sources of contaminants contributed mostly by runoff as a result of different land use activities. Riparian vegetative buffers are often used to control contaminants from NPS areas but defining suitable widths require different policy considerations. In this study, the approach for defining suitable buffer widths is to apply a distributed process-based model that predicts potential NPS areas prone to generating runoff in relation to overland flow distances. A case study of the concept was applied to the 72 km² Pete King watershed located in the Clearwater National Forest (CNF) in central Idaho, USA. This grid modeling approach is based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) and it integrates the soil moisture routing (SMR) model with probabilistic analysis. The SMR model is a daily water balance model that simulates the hydrology of forested watersheds using real or stochastically generated climate data, a digital elevation model, soil, and land use data. The probabilistic analysis incorporates the variability of soil depth and accounts for uncertainties associated with the prediction of NPS areas using Monte Carlo simulation. A 1-year simulation for the case study location was performed to examine the spatial and temporal changes in NPS areas prone to generating runoff. The results of the simulation indicate that the seasonal variability of saturated areas determines the spatial dynamics of the potential NPS pollution. Use of this model for the design of riparian buffer widths would increase the effectiveness of decision-making in forest management and planning by mapping or delineating NPS areas likely to transport contaminants to perennial surface water bodies.