桑树景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶基因的克隆、原核表达与植物表达载体的构建

景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶(SBPase)是卡尔文循环过程中的关键酶.利用RACE技术得到景天庚酮糖-1,7-二磷酸酶基因全长cDNA,命名为MSBPase(GenBank登录号;DQ995346).MSBPase全长为1 527 bp,该序列含有1个1 179 bp的完整开放读码框,编码393个氨基酸,蛋白质理论分子质量约为42.6 ku,等电点为5.85,其氨基酸序列与其他植物中已分离的SBPase有很高的同源性.对MSBPase编码的蛋白质(命名为MSBPase)进行结构预测分析表明,该蛋白富含无规卷曲(coil),高达64.29%,其次是α-螺旋(helix),为22.19%,而β-折叠(strand)只有13.52%.将MSBPase编码区插入原核表达载体pET30a( ),并转化到大肠杆菌菌株 BL21中,经过IPTG诱导,MSBPase融合蛋白在BL21菌株中成功表达.将得到的MSBPase编码区插入植物表达载体pBI121中,构建了MSBPase植物表达载体pBI121.SBP.     

美洲黑杨木质素合成关键基因的克隆及反义表达载体的构建

以美洲黑杨Populus deltoides新萌叶片为材料,通过自行设计引物,用RT—PCR的方法克隆了美洲黑杨木质素合成关键基因4CL和CAD基因部分序列。测序结果表明:这两个基因片段长度分别为859 bp和493 bp。此外,人工合成了4CL基因木质部特异表达启动子4CLp,长度为1 180 bp。分别用限制性内切酶Hind III/BamH I、BamHI/Sma I和Sma I/Sac I对4CLp、4CL和CAD基因序列进行双酶切,同时用Hind III/Sac I对pBI121表达载体进行双酶切,回收了目的片段。酶切回收后用T4DNA连接酶克隆到植物表达载体pBI121中,并转化至大肠杆菌感受态细胞DH5α。经质粒PCR和双酶切分析,确定获得了pBI—4CLp—a4CL—aCAD反义植物表达载体。     

马尾松纤维素合成酶基因PmCesA2的克隆及其植物表达载体的构建

为了探究马尾松木材形成的分子机制,以马尾松嫩枝的总RNA反转录得到的cDNA为模板,利用反转录PCR和RACE技术克隆得到马尾松CesA2基因的全长cDNA序列(命名为PmCesA2),序列长度为3 500 bp,包含一个长为3 174 bp的开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF),编码1 057个氨基酸.序列分析表明:PmCesA2序列与已报道的火炬松CesA2基因(AY789651.1)的相似性达98％.将全长基因克隆到载体pBI121质粒的SnaBI,Sacl双酶切位点之间,构建正义表达栽体pBI121-PmCesA2.     

油茶脂氢过氧化物裂解酶基因的克隆与序列分析

以油茶近成熟种子为材料,根据油茶EST文库中已知的脂氢过氧化物裂解酶EST序列,利用3’RACE与5’RACE技术,克隆到脂氢过氧化物裂解酶的全长cDNA序列。该基因全长1648bp,,包含一个1476bp开放阅读框长,编码491个氨基酸,5’与3’非编码分别为52bp、121bp。预测该蛋白相对分子量为54.7779KDa,等电点为6.77,是个叶绿体转运肽,N端包含有22个疏水氨基酸残基组成的序列,不仅具有转运肽富含的丝氨酸,还含有大量转运肽中很少存在的脯氨酸。多序列比对发现油茶脂氢过氧化物裂解酶核苷酸序列与茶的相似性达到96%,因此将该基因命名coHPL。     

麻疯树pepc基因正义、反义植物表达载体构建与功能初步分析

根据麻疯树pepc基因和植物表达载体的酶切位点特征,分别将pepc基因全长序列3 000 bp正向插入pCAMBIA2300,构建了正义表达载体pCAMBIA-Jcpepc,基因片段597 bp反向插入pBI121构建了反义表达载体pBIJcpepc.通过农杆菌介导,采用叶盘法转化烟草,通过对转基因植株的PCR和PCR...     

核盘菌arom基因的克隆与序列分析

本文用反向 PCR 方法扩增并分析了核盘菌 arom 基因,以研究核盘菌和其他真菌在该基因之间的进化关系,并为其编码蛋白(AROM)的催化机制研究、植物转基因和蛋白抑制剂设计提供基础。arom基因编码预分支酸芳香族氨基酸(苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸)合成途径中催化第二步到第六步的五功能多肽。序列分析表明核盘菌 arom 基因含有一个4773bp 的编码框,无内含子。推测的蛋白序列含有 1590 个氨基酸,与已知的所有 AROM 蛋白同源。理论分子量(Mw)和等电点(pI)分别是 172658.78D 和 6.45。核盘菌 arom 基因的GC%是 44.94%。根据搜索二级数据库 CDD 和 Prosite 的结果表明该 AROM 蛋白含有五个保守结构域:脱氢奎尼酸合成酶结构域、脱氢奎尼酸脱水酶(脱氢奎尼酸酶)结构域、莽草酸脱氢酶结构域、莽草酸激酶结构域、5 -烯醇丙酮酰莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶(EPSP 合成酶)结构域和四个模式:两个 EPSP合成酶模式、Ⅰ型脱氢奎尼酸酶活性位点模式和莽草酸激酶模式。通过比对和参照 PIR 数据库显著位点规则发现核盘菌AROM 蛋白含有四个保守碱基。在基因 5′非翻译区-23 和-77位置分别存在 TATA 盒和 CAAT 盒。在基因下游发现有两个位点可能是 polyA 加尾信号。另外还分析了 arom 基因的系统发育。图 5 参 13。     

基于油脂合成期油桐种仁转录组数据的α－亚麻酸代谢途径解析

【目的】油桐种仁中产出的桐油经济利用价值极高。桐油中α－桐酸的含量高达70%,然而植物体内α－桐酸代谢通路的研究还未见报道,这对直接筛选油桐α－桐酸代谢通路相关酶基因造成一定的困难。α－亚麻酸作为α－桐酸的同分异构体,其代谢通路的研究则较为深入,能为α－桐酸代谢通路的解析提供参考。因此,本研究期望在油桐种仁转录组数据的基础上,解析油桐的α－亚麻酸代谢途径,为油桐α－桐酸代谢机理的阐明提供理论参考。此外,通过调控这些基因的表达模式以及开发与之紧密连锁的分子标记,可大大加快油桐遗传改良和分子育种的进程。【方法】采用 RNA-Seq技术对油桐种仁3个不同油脂合成期的转录组进行比较,获得大量差异表达的Unigene,并将这些Unigene归类于128个代谢途径。在此基础上,通过GO分类和Pathway富集性分析,解析油桐α－亚麻酸代谢通路并分析通路中相关酶基因在油脂合成期的表达变化规律。【结果】通过对Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ期的油桐种仁RNA测序,共获得长度为200～3000个核苷酸的非冗余Unigene序列58439条,其中能够比对到公共数据库中已知基因序列的 Unigene共有41059条,占所有非冗余基因的70.3%。不同长度的非冗余 Unigene序列与数据库中序列匹配的效率不同,越长的序列匹配效率越高。序列长度大于2000 bp的序列匹配效率达到98.28%,而500～1000 bp和100～500 bp的序列分别只有78.86%和48.99%的匹配效率。3个种仁油脂合成期的转录组数据中共有105个 Unigene可被富集于α－亚麻酸代谢途径,占所有非冗余 Unigene的0.47%。从3个转录组数据的两两比较中鉴别出一些差异表达Unigene,其中也有一些可被富集于α－亚麻酸代谢途径。通过在KEGG数据库中进行检索后发现,105个 Unigene序列分别对应于14个α－亚麻酸代谢途径关键酶基因,这些基因在其他物种中都有同源基因与之对应。通过基因表达模式分析发现,整体上与合成代谢相关的基因在油脂合成期呈现上调的表达模式,而与分解代谢相关的基因则呈现下调的表达模式。【结论】在油桐种仁转录组数据的基础上,解析油桐α－亚麻酸代谢途径,获得与α－亚麻酸代谢相关的重要酶基因并分析它们在油脂合成期的表达模式,这对后续研究具有重要的启示作用。     

慈竹木质素合成酶基因4CL RNAi载体构建与烟草转化

根据慈竹4-香豆酸辅酶A连接酶(Na4CL)全长cDNA序列,通过RT-PCR从慈竹幼笋cDNA中扩增约600 bp的保守片段。DNAMAN多重比对分析表明,该目标片段与3条烟草4CL基因同源性达84.08%。将目标片段插入到pSK-int中间表达载体中,获得pSK-4CL-RNAi中间表达载体,然后将其转入植物双元表达载体pBI121中,构建该基因的shRNA表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导法转化烟草(K326)。对获得的抗性再生植株的PCR检测分析初步表明该基因已插入烟草基因组中。     

油桐种子FAD2基因全长cDNA序列分析

油桐种子中FAD2催化形成的亚油酸是合成桐油酸的直接原料,研究油桐种子中的FAD2基因对提高桐油酸的产量具有实际意义。将油桐对年桐近成熟种子cDNA文库中的16个FAD2克隆子进行CAP3拼接,再进行BLAST比对,并进行DNAMAN分析,结果表明所克隆的基因序列为FAD2全长cDNA序列,其长度为1 537 bp,含有1个完整的编码序列,长度为1 146 bp(106～1 255 bp),编码383个氨基酸。酶蛋白相对分子质量44 144.4 u,等电点为8.57,氨基酸序列N端有6个残基的信号肽序列,有5个跨膜结构域,N端、C端及中间各有一段表现为强亲水性,酶活性中心为3个保守的组氨酸簇。在系统进化上,油桐FAD2基因与千年桐的亲缘最近,与蓖麻、乌桕、橡胶树、麻疯树等大戟科植物的亲缘关系较近,与油橄榄、花生、芝麻等植物的亲缘较远,与油茶的亲缘关系更远。     

中间锦鸡儿fad2基因片段克隆、反义表达载体构建及遗传转化初步研究

以我国重要的生物能源灌木--中间锦鸡儿枝叶和种子为材料,根据GenBank中已经发表fad2基因的同源序列,利用PCR技术克隆得到基因片段.在GenBank中Blast(GenBank登录号AY957393)所得基因片段和同属豆科的Glycine max Gmfad2-2a同源性高达88%,位于fad2基因编码区中部.将所得片段经BamHI和SacI酶切后插入表达载体质粒pBI121,构建了反义表达载体pBI121fad2,并利用农杆菌介导法转入烟草叶片,获得了抗卡那霉素和氨苄青霉素的再生烟草植株.初步分析结果表明:与对照烟草相比,转基因烟草种子脂肪酸含量没有明显差异,而亚油酸则减少10.3%.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.