能量与NPY基因对文昌鸡开产性状的影响

为了研究日粮能量水平与神经肽Y(neuropeptide,NPY)基因对文昌鸡开产性状的影响,运用PCR-RFLP方法检测3组试验鸡群(Ⅰ组,低能组;Ⅱ组,中能组;Ⅲ组,高能组)NPY基因Dra Ⅰ酶切位点的多态性,共得到3种基因型,并对其与开产性状间进行了方差分析.结果表明,日粮能量水平对开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重无显著影响(P＞0.05),但是由高能到低能,开产日龄呈现由早到晚的趋势,开产蛋重呈现由低到高的趋势.NPY基因型对开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重无显著影响(P＞0.05).     

能量与NPY基因对文昌鸡开产性状的影响

为了研究日粮能量水平与神经肽Y（neuropeptide,NPY）基因对文昌鸡开产性状的影响,运用PCR- RFLP方法检测3组试验鸡群（Ⅰ组,低能组;Ⅱ组,中能组;Ⅲ组,高能组）NPY基因DraⅠ酶切位点的多态性,共得到3种基因型,并对其与开产性状间进行了方差分析。结果表明,日粮能量水平对开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重无显著影响(P＞0.05),但是由高能到低能,开产日龄呈现由早到晚的趋势,开产蛋重呈现由低到高的趋势。NPY基因型对开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重无显著影响(P＞0.05)。     

日粮能量水平与NPY基因对文昌鸡产蛋性能的影响

为研究日粮能量水平与NPY基因对文昌鸡产蛋性能的影响,600只文昌鸡随机分为3组(Ⅰ组,低能组;Ⅱ组,对照组;Ⅲ组,高能组),每组设置5个重复,每个重复40只试验鸡.运用PCR-RFLP方法检测3组试验鸡群NPY基因Dra Ⅰ酶切位点的多态性,并与产蛋性能进行方差分析.结果表明:不同能量水平之间的文昌鸡300日龄体重差异显著(P<0.05);日粮能量水平与NPY基因对300日龄产蛋数产生明显的互作效应(P<0.05),从基因型300日龄产蛋数在高能组比在低能组和对照组分别少20.02个和28.45个.     

优质黄鸡矮小型母系繁殖性能的遗传参数估计

为了测定广东温氏南方家禽育种有限公司黄羽矮小型母系N303品系第三世代鸡群的8周龄体重、开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重、300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重、300日龄产蛋数,试验计算了各性状的遗传力、表型和遗传相关。结果表明:除开产蛋重、300日龄体重、300日龄产蛋数外,其他性状的遗传力估计值为中等偏上,各性状遗传力估计水平与正常型品系相一致;开产日龄和300日龄产蛋数之间为中等程度的负表型和遗传相关,而开产体重和300日龄体重之间、300日龄蛋重之间为中等程度的正表型和遗传相关。     

丝羽乌骨鸡新品系产蛋性能的选育效果分析

通过分析丝羽乌骨鸡白羽母系(BM)选育第六、七世代开产后20周内周平均产蛋量、300日龄产蛋量(EGN)、开产日龄(AFE)、开产体重(BWT)、开产蛋重(EWT),描绘两世代产蛋曲线300日龄产蛋量、开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重之间相关分析和两世代产蛋性能的均数差异显著性检验.结果表明,开产日龄与300日龄产蛋量成负相关(-0.00456),开产体重与300日龄产蛋量成正相关(0.00244),开产体重与开产蛋重成正相关(0.21078),开产蛋重与300日龄产蛋量成负相关(-0.10614),开产蛋重与开产日龄成正相关(0.32942),两世代产蛋性能有显著差异.     

乌骨鸡新品系产蛋性能选育效果及相关分析

本文统计和分析了丝羽乌骨鸡新品系四个世代的产蛋性状,采用SAS系统中GLM模型进行冬世代间产蛋性能的多重比较,用Excel软件描绘了父母系各世代产蛋曲线,并在各开产性状间进行了相关分析。结果表明,各产蛋性状各世代间大部分差异显著;开产日龄与开产体重和开产蛋重呈极显著表型正相关(0.39565,0.19906),与300日龄产蛋量呈极显著负相关(-0.24193);开产体重与开产蛋重呈极显著正相关(0.28654),与300日龄产蛋量和300日龄蛋重呈极显著负相关(-0.64308,-0.28698);开产蛋重与300日龄产蛋量呈极显著负相关(-0.64308)。开产日龄是影响产蛋性能的一个重要因素。     

二郎山山地鸡一世代产蛋性能选育效果研究

通过比较二郎山山地鸡SD02和SD03品系一世代的产蛋性能,并进行产蛋性状间的相关分析,为二郎山山地鸡配套系的后续选育提供科学依据。结果表明,品系间大部分产蛋性状差异显著,SD03品系开产日龄早于SD02品系,开产体重、蛋重均极显著高于SD02品系(P0.01)。此外,鸡群300日龄时,SD03品系产蛋数、体重、蛋重均显著高于SD02品系(P0.05)。相关性分析结果显示,开产日龄与300日龄产蛋数呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与开产蛋重呈极显著正相关(P0.01);300日龄体重与300日龄蛋重呈极显著正相关(P0.01);300日龄产蛋数与300日龄体重、300日龄蛋重呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与开产第1、2、3、4、5月的产蛋数均呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。综上所述,SD03品系产蛋性能优于SD02品系,开产日龄是影响产蛋性能的一个重要因素。     

饲粮不同能量水平对产蛋初期肉种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和蛋组分的影响

本研究旨在研究饲粮不同能量水平对爱拔益加（ＡＡ）肉种鸡产蛋初期产蛋性能、蛋品质以及蛋组分的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,选用 ２０周龄体重相近的 ＡＡ肉种母鸡 ３００羽,随机分为 ３组,每组 ５个重复,每个重复 ２０羽。在产蛋率达 ５％（２６周龄）后开始正式试验（２７～４０周龄）,对照组饲喂玉米 －豆粕型基础饲粮,高能组、低能组饲喂能量水平分别为基础饲粮能量 １２０％和 ８０％的饲粮,各组均限饲,且饲喂量相同,试验期为 ９８ｄ。结果表明：１）与对照组相比,高能组和低能组的产蛋率、蛋重显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,低能组合格率显著高于对照组和高能组（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且随着饲粮能量水平降低,破蛋率显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）。２）与对照组相比,高能组肉种鸡 ３５、４０周龄的蛋黄颜色有显著提高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,低能组无显著变化（Ｐ＞０．０５）,且能量水平对其他蛋品质指标无显著影响（Ｐ＞０．０５）。３）与对照组相比,在 ３５周龄时,高能组的蛋黄相对重和蛋黄粗脂肪、蛋黄总胆固醇含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,蛋黄粗蛋白质、蛋清粗蛋白质、蛋清粗脂肪含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）;低能组的蛋清相对重、蛋黄总胆固醇含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,蛋清粗蛋白质含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）,各组蛋壳相对重和蛋清干物质、蛋黄干物质含量均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。在 ４０周龄时,高能组的蛋清相对重、蛋壳相对重、蛋黄粗脂肪含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,蛋黄相对重、蛋黄粗蛋白质含量显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）;低能组的蛋清相对重显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）,蛋黄相对重显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）;各组蛋清干物质、蛋黄干物质、蛋清粗蛋白质、蛋清粗脂肪、蛋黄总胆固醇含量均无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。上述结果表明,在肉种鸡产蛋初期,高能组较高的饲粮成本却导致了肉种鸡较差的产蛋性能,低能组的产蛋率虽然低于对照组,但合格率却有明显的优势,而且蛋品质及蛋组分不受影响。因此,低能量饲粮可能更有利于生产实践。     

不同能蛋水平日粮对28～56日龄信鸽生长性能与血清生化指标的影响

试验采用3×3双因子完全随机试验设计,将540只28日龄信鸽随机分成9组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只信鸽,每组分别饲喂9种不同能蛋水平的全价颗粒日粮.56日龄时,测定9组信鸽生产性能及血清生化指标.试验结果表明:平均日增重最大的为高能高蛋白与高能中蛋白试验组,其次是中能高蛋白试验组.采食量最少的是高能低蛋白组,其次是高能高蛋白组.料重比最小的是高能高蛋白试验组,其次是中能高蛋白及高能中蛋试验组.提高饲粮中能量与蛋白质水平可以明显提高试验鸽成活率.日粮能蛋水平影响试验鸽血清中总蛋白含量,总胆固醇含量,尿素氮含量和碱性磷酸酶活性,提高日粮中能量与蛋白质水平可促进信鸽生长发育.     

饲粮能量水平对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲粮能量水平对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率及血清生化指标的影响。试验选用健康的7～8月龄德州公驴36头,体重(123.9±5.0) kg,随机分为3个组,每组3个重复,每个重复4头驴。各组饲粮消化能水平分别为10.43 (低能组)、11.03 (中能组)和11.90 MJ/kg(高能组),粗蛋白质水平相近。预试期20 d,正试期40 d。结果表明：1)中能组和高能组的平均日增重显著高于低能组(P<0.05),且高能组的平均日增重显著高于中能组(P<0.05)。中能组和高能组的料重比显著低于低能组(P<0.05),且高能组的料重比显著低于中能组(P<0.05)。2)中能组和高能组的干物质、有机物和碳水化合物消化率显著高于低能组(P<0.05),且高能组的干物质、有机物和碳水化合物消化率显著高于中能组(P<0.05)。3)高能组的血清总蛋白、甘油三酯含量显著高于中能组和低能组(P<0.05)。中能组和高能组的血清白蛋白含量显著高于低能组(P<0.05),且高能组的血清白蛋白含量显著高于中能组(P<0.05)。中能组和高能...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -