鸭疫里默氏杆菌菌体蛋白双向电泳技术的建立

为了建立鸭疫里默氏杆菌菌体蛋白的双向电泳技术,获得分辨度高、重复性好的双向电泳图谱。利用适当的裂解液处理鸭疫里默氏杆菌,提取全菌蛋白;采用pH值4～7,24cm干胶条,0.8 mg菌体蛋白进行双向电泳;硝酸银染色后获得的双向电泳图谱,并利用I mage MasterTM2D Platinum5.0图象分析软件进行分析,所得的数据用SPSS 15.0软件进行统计分析。结果得到了(800±26)个蛋白斑点,蛋白主要集中在pI值4.13～7.40之间,重复胶的匹配点数为(600±20),匹配率为75.2%。建立了鸭疫里默氏杆菌菌体蛋白双向电泳技术,2-DE图谱中蛋白位点的分辨率和重复性比较高,为进一步研究其蛋白质组学奠定了基础。     

朗德鹅C/EBPα基因的克隆及不同处理对其在肝脏中表达的影响

为研究C/EBPα基因与朗德鹅肝脏脂肪代谢的关系,本研究克隆了朗德鹅C/EBPα基因,预测其蛋白结构和功能,并通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测了朗德鹅肝脏C/EBPα基因在对照组和填饲、填饲+T3、填饲+T3+甜菜碱、填饲+甜菜碱等4个不同处理组中的表达情况。结果发现:朗德鹅C/EBPα基因序列长为1 401bp,开放阅读框(ORF)为975bp,编码324个氨基酸的蛋白质,两侧分别是210bp的5′-UTR和397bp的3′-UTR;预测朗德鹅C/EBPα蛋白位于细胞核中,不含有信号肽,不含有跨膜区,含有bZIP功能结构域;不同填饲处理组肝脏组织中C/EBPα基因的表达显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),其中填饲+T3+甜菜碱处理组显著高于其它3个填饲处理组(P<0.05),与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01)。推测C/EBPα基因在朗德鹅肝脏脂肪代谢过程中发挥作用。     

双向电泳分析鸡羽髓蛋白组学方法的建立

为建立双向电泳方法研究鸡羽髓蛋白组学,以进一步了解病毒与宿主相互作用的新机制,从SPF鸡羽根挤出羽髓,提取其中蛋白进行双向电泳,并对不同裂解液、IPG胶条pH值范围、一向等电聚焦条件、二向SDS-PAGE凝胶浓度等影响因素进行优化.结果显示,采用17cm,pH 5～8 1PG胶条,400μg羽髓蛋白进行的双向电泳,图谱用PDQuest8.0.1分析,可分辨的蛋白点约为700左右,不同样本间的匹配率大于80%.可见,本研究建立的双向电泳方法分辨率及重复性均较高.     

鹅IDH1基因的分离、序列分析及表达特征研究

为阐明鹅肥肝形成的机制,使用mRNA差异显示技术研究朗德鹅和淑浦鹅在超饲养和正常饲养条件下肝脏基因表达差异.基因IDH1被证实在2个品种鹅肝脏中表达受到显著抑制(P<0.05).结果,得到了该基因1269 bp的CDS序列,与鸡IDHI有95%的同源性.序列分析表明,该序列含有1个1 248 bp的开放读码框(ORF),编码含415个氨基酸的蛋白质,该蛋白质序列存在1个保守结构域Icd,与其它物种该蛋白的同源性分别为:鸡99%、大鼠89%、人90%、猿90%、牛88%、小鼠88%.应用生物信息学的方法对该蛋白质的功能和结构进行了分析.组织表达分析表明,鹅IDH1基因在肝脏中表达丰富,在脾、肾和肌胃中中等表达,在其它组织中表达量较低.研究结果显示,超饲可以抑制鹅肝脏IDH1基因mRNA的表达.     

家蚕雌性附腺及其分泌物的蛋白质双向电泳分析

家蚕雌性附腺由分泌部和贮存部组成,化蛾前期分泌大量胶状粘液蛋白,产卵时胶状粘液蛋白将蚕卵固定在外界物质上。对雌性附腺分泌部及胶状粘液的蛋白质进行提取,并用双向电泳进行分离和分析,结果表明用裂解缓冲液可以得到丰度较高的蛋白质混合物,利用双向电泳技术可以获得高分辨率、高重复性的蛋白质图谱。     

雏鸡法氏囊蛋白质组学双向电泳技术的建立及其初步分析

为了建立并优化鸡法氏囊蛋白质组学的双向电泳技术体系,以不同日龄雏鸡的法氏囊组织为研究对象,用固相pH梯度胶条进行等电聚焦、SDS-PAGE垂直电泳,采用不同的样品制备方法,对上样量、水化、等电聚焦、胶条平衡和凝胶染色方法等进行一系列优化,并应用PDQuest8.0.1软件对图谱进行初步分析.结果显示法氏囊组织在pH 5～8范围、17 cm的2-DE胶上可以得到很好的分离,胶体考染后经PDQuest软件分析,在正常法氏囊组织可检测到800个以上蛋白点,不同2-DE图谱间蛋白点平均匹配率为83.5%,不同日龄雏鸡法氏囊存在有明显表达差异的蛋白质点37个,其中表达上调蛋白点17个,表达下调蛋白点11个,新增蛋白点5个,消失蛋白点4个,试验建立的鸡法氏囊组织蛋白质组双向电泳技术为法氏囊发育进化及其免疫功能的研究提供了新技术和方法.     

牦牛卵泡液差异蛋白质组双向电泳图谱的构建与质谱分析

从蛋白质水平了解牦牛季节性繁殖规律,利用双向电泳与质谱鉴定技术分析牦牛卵泡液与血浆蛋白质组分变化。以青海高原牦牛卵泡液与血浆为研究对象,采用双向电泳技术构建牦牛卵泡液与血浆蛋白质双向电泳图谱,银染后利用Image Master 2D Platinum软件分析并采用MALDI-TOF-MS进行质谱鉴定。用试剂盒ProteoExtract Albumin/IgG Removal Kit去除高丰度蛋白质后,利用2-DE技术获得了分辨率较高的卵泡液与血浆蛋白质电泳图谱,卵泡液与血浆蛋白质图谱对比分析共发现了24个差异表达蛋白质点,其中2个蛋白质点表达上调,22个蛋白质点表达下调。经质谱分析,最终成功鉴定出8个蛋白质点、5个未知蛋白质点。本研究成功构建了蛋白质图谱及分离鉴定的差异蛋白质,为从蛋白质水平揭示牦牛卵泡发育规律及了解卵母细胞发育的微环境提供了试验依据。     

兔子宫内膜组织的双向电泳

为了有效地研究胚泡附植的分子机制．本研究建立了一套适合兔子宫内膜蛋白分析的双向电泳技术体系．包括蛋白质含量测定、第1向IEF—PAGE和第2向SDS—PAGE的凝胶配方及电泳参数的选择、电极溶液的选择，并运用该技术体系分析了未孕兔和受孕2、4、6、9d兔子宫内膜蛋白。结果表明，在给定的时期内，兔子宫内膜蛋白质的含量有变化，但差异不显著；用所建立的双向电泳体系分析子宫内膜蛋白质后发现，双向电泳图谱的重复性好，蛋白质点的分辨率高，共同蛋白质点多。差异蛋白质点少。     

牛皮蝇幼虫蛋白表达谱及一种高表达蛋白的分离纯化

研究分析了牦牛皮蝇幼虫蛋白表达谱,为牛皮蝇的基础研究和蛆病防控提供数据。试验提取了从牦牛皮下采集的中华皮蝇(H.sinense)幼虫总蛋白,SDS-PAGE分析幼虫蛋白表达谱,用分子筛和离子交换层析对一种高表达蛋白进行纯化,并对表达谱中差异极大的两个样品进行双向电泳和质谱分析。结果显示,幼虫个体间蛋白表达谱存在不同程度差异,约23%的个体中含有一种分子质量约为78ku的高表达蛋白,纯化并获得了该蛋白质;双向电泳分别获得了312±24和284±13个蛋白点,但对其中的4个蛋白点进行质谱分析,未得到分数高的匹配结果。研究获得了牛皮蝇幼虫蛋白表达谱和纯化的蛋白质,为进一步研究牛皮蝇幼虫的基因表达特征、蛋白质功能等奠定了基础。     

鹅LXRα基因的克隆及填饲对其mRNA水平的影响

为了研究填饲对LxRα mRNA表达水平的影响,本试验以四川白鹅和朗德鹅为试验对象,通过RT-PCR方法克隆了鹅肝脏X受体α(LXRα)基因部分序列,并采用SYBR-Green法研究了填饲对LXRα基因在肝脏和脂肪组织中转录水平的影响.结果获得了1005 bp的鹅LXRα部分序列,且与其它物种有较高的相似性,但存在8个氨基酸变异位点.LXRα基因在肝脏、腹脂和皮脂中都有表达,但在肝脏中的表达量最高.填饲引起鹅皮脂、腹脂和肝脏的LXRα mRNA表达丰度的显著增加.对照组中,LXRα在朗德鹅肝中的表达量高于四川白鹅(P<0.05),而在皮脂、腹脂中朗德鹅的表达量低于四川白鹅(P<0.05).填饲组,在肝和腹脂中LXRα的表达量四川白鹅显著高于朗德鹅(P<0.05),皮脂中表达量品种间差异不显著.填饲后LXRα mRNA表达丰度与皮脂、腹脂和肝脏的相对质量呈显著正相关,并且朗德鹅的相关性要强于四川白鹅.结论:填饲引起鹅肝脏和脂肪组织的LXRα mR-NA表达丰度的显著增加,填饲对LXRα mRNA表达的影响存在显著的品种差异.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein