葛根素对去卵巢小鼠乳腺及子宫发育的影响

目的：观察葛根素对去卵巢小鼠乳腺及子宫的影响,研究其雌激素样作用。方法：将21日龄昆明系雌性小白鼠50只随机分成5组,每组10只。①正常对照组,正常＋蒸馏水;②阴性对照组,去势＋蒸馏水;③阳性对照组Ⅰ,去势＋己烯雌酚;④阳性对照组Ⅱ,去势＋己烯雌酚＋黄体酮;⑤试验组,去势＋葛根素。做乳腺标本和乳腺及子宫的常规切片,光镜观察。结果：摘除卵巢后的小鼠乳腺及子宫发育停止,乳腺导管和腺泡数（P〈0.01）、子宫系数（P〈0.01）、子宫壁腺体数（P〈0.05）与正常对照组比较差异显著或极显著。试验组的各项指标与阴性对照组比较差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但高于阴性对照组。结论：葛根素有微弱的雌激素样作用,对去卵巢小鼠乳腺和子宫发育有显著的影响。     

葛根水煎液对未性成熟小白鼠子宫和卵巢组织形态结构的影响

选取21日龄的未性成熟雌小白鼠14只,体重为19.13±2.23 g,各窝随机分为对照组和实验组.给实验组灌胃葛根水煎液0.25 ml,相当于每毫升含生药0.5 g;对照组灌胃蒸馏水0.25 ml ,其他条件均一致.每组每天灌药或蒸馏水一次,连续16 d,停药后切断颈动脉将小白鼠处死,剖腹取出子宫、卵巢并称重.结果证明,葛根水煎液对小白鼠的体重没有明显的增重作用,但对小白鼠子宫、卵巢有一定的增重作用.在组织形态学上,葛根水煎液对小白鼠的子宫腺体数量和卵巢的卵泡数量有明显增多作用.结果表明,葛根能促进未性成熟小白鼠的子宫、卵巢的发育.     

中药葛根素对小白鼠乳腺组织形态结构的影响

该试验用23只28日龄的未性成熟雌性小白鼠,每窝的小白鼠尽量均匀分布到对照组、试验Ⅰ组及试验Ⅱ组。从30日龄开始,每天给对照组腹腔注射0.2mL葡萄糖注射液、给试验Ⅰ组腹腔注射0.2mL/d(20mg/kg·d)葛根素葡萄糖注射液、给试验Ⅱ组腹腔注射0.4mL/d(40mg/kg·d)葛根素葡萄糖注射液,至45日龄时将小白鼠安乐死并取材检测。结果表明,①试验Ⅱ组所用剂量的葛根素对小白鼠乳腺发育可能有抑制倾向,其机理可能是超剂量的葛根素反馈抑制所致。②葛根素对小白鼠的体重以及乳腺比重无明显作用。     

移植BMSCs对3～9月龄奶山羊乳腺发育显微结构的影响

为了分析探究移植骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)对萨能奶山羊乳腺组织发育的影响,试验选取2月龄且体重接近的健康萨能奶山羊16只,随机分为对照组和试验组,将扩增至P6代的BMSCs按体重5×105个/kg经颈静脉注射至奶山羊体内,对照组注射等量生理盐水,在相同饲养管理条件下饲养,分别在3,5,7月龄进行乳腺组织样品采集,制备乳腺组织冰冻切片,在显微镜下观察3,5,7月龄奶山羊乳腺组织形态及各组乳腺组织导管数和腺泡数。在7,8,9月龄测定乳房线性性状包括乳房宽度、乳房深度、乳房围、乳房高度、乳房纵沟深、乳头长度、乳头直径、乳头左右间距、乳房曲深、乳房附着高度、乳房附着宽度共计11个指标。结果表明:奶山羊移植BMSCs后,3月龄时试验组与对照组差异不显著(P0.05);5月龄时试验组乳腺导管变粗,腺泡增多,试验组导管数、腺泡数均显著高于对照组(P0.05);7月龄时试验组乳腺发育明显快于对照组,导管生长更明显,且试验组导管数、腺泡数均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。试验组各项乳房线性性状均高于对照组。其中乳房宽度、乳房深度试验组8月龄和9月龄显著高于对照组(P0.05)。说明注射BMSCs能促进奶山羊乳腺导管延伸、变粗,增加腺泡数,促进乳腺组织发育。     

移植骨髓间充质干细胞对萨能奶山羊乳腺组织发育及血清激素水平的影响

试验旨在研究移植骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）对萨能奶山羊乳腺发育的影响。选取体重接近的2月龄健康萨能奶山羊16只,随机分为对照组和试验组。将扩增至P6代的BMSCs经颈静脉注射至奶山羊体内,对照组注射等量生理盐水,两组间饲养管理均相同。每月进行空腹采血,并分别在3、5和7月龄采集乳腺组织样品,制备乳腺组织冰冻切片,观察记录各组乳腺组织导管数和腺泡数。结果显示,移植BMSCs后,5和7月龄时,试验组奶山羊的导管数、腺泡数均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。在5、7、8、9月龄时,试验组奶山羊血清中雌激素（E₂）水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;在5~9月龄时,试验组血清中孕酮（P）水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;在7~9月龄时,试验组血清中催乳素（PRL）和胰岛素（INS）水平均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;8、9月龄时,试验组血清中促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH）水平显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;整个试验过程中试验组血清中瘦素（LEP）、促肾上腺皮质激素释放激素（CRH）和促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）水平均高于对照组,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上所述,注射BMSCs能增加奶山羊乳腺导管数和腺泡数,提高血清中激素水平,从而促进乳房发育。     

奶牛乳房发育与泌乳机理

<正>1乳房发育幼畜在6月龄前乳腺没有发育,雌、雄两性的乳腺也无明显的差异。犊母牛到6月龄后,乳腺腺体组织和脂肪组织开始增长。到初情期时,乳腺的导管系统开始发育,形成分支复杂的细小导管系统,但此时腺泡尚未形成,随着乳腺腺体组织和脂肪组织增长,乳房的体积开始增大。当母牛妊娠后,乳腺组织发育速度开始加快,乳腺导管数量增加,每个导管末端开始形成没有分泌腔的腺泡;到妊娠中期,腺泡形成分泌腔;妊娠后期,腺泡的分泌上皮细胞开始具有分泌     

出生后发育时期济宁青山羊乳腺中ERα和PR的分布及其mRNA表达

本研究旨在探讨济宁青山羊出生后发育过程中乳腺组织内雌激素受体α(ERα)和孕激素受体(PR)免疫阳性细胞的分布及平均光密度和mRNA分子水平的表达规律.应用SP免疫组化法和图像分析方法检测ERα和PR在济宁青山羊乳腺内的分布;以GAPDH为内参基因,qRT-PCR方法检测ERα和PR mRNA的相对表达量.结果表明,ERα和PR阳性染色主要见于乳腺组织内的血管内皮细胞、基质细胞和腺管上皮细胞的细胞核中,偶见胞浆阳性着色,180日龄在腺泡上皮细胞亦可见PR阳性表达;ERα和PR平均光密度自出生～性成熟期呈现逐渐上升的趋势,且性成熟期显著高于出生当天和初情期(P＜0.05),但与180日龄相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).qRT-PCR结果显示,ERα mRNA的表达量自出生～性成熟期呈现逐渐上升趋势,性成熟期最高,极显著高于出生当天和初情期(P＜0.01),180日龄略有下降.PR mRNA表达量自出生当天～性成熟期较低且组间差异不显著(P＞0.05),180日龄的表达量最高且极显著高于其他的3组(P＜0.01).济宁青山羊出生后发育过程中,ERα对腺管伸长和上皮分化以及PR对腺管分支和腺泡发育起促进作用.     

中药促孕液对小白鼠生殖器官发育和结构的影响

以苯甲酸雌二醇为阳性对照,生理盐水为阴性对照,观察了中药促孕液对21日龄雌性小白鼠卵巢发育、对成年去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮结构以及阴道上皮脱落细胞角化率的影响.结果表明,促孕液能显著促进幼鼠卵巢发育,使其提早出现性成熟后的形态学特征;也能促进去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮增生、分泌,提高阴道上皮脱落细胞的角化率,但其作用强度明显弱于雌二醇,提示促孕液具有微弱的雌激素样作用.这种作用是促孕液治疗母畜卵巢静止和持久黄体性不孕症的机理之一.     

2007年《中兽医医药杂志》总目录（第142～147期）

.调查研究.中药复方对高温中鸡肠黏膜杯状细胞数量的影响……………………………………………徐光科,陈韩英,朱晓宇,等(1-5)穿山甲、王不留行对卵巢摘除小白鼠乳腺实质发育的影响研究………………巴音吉日嘎拉,松元光春,西中川骏,等(1-7)实验性脾虚证大鼠肝脏和肌肉组织中糖原变化的组织学研究…………………………………张霞,程富胜,魏彦明(1-9)怀山药多糖对鸡免疫功能的影响……………………………………………………………张红英,崔保安,邱妍,等(1-11)经分子修饰后的人参皂苷-Rh2对小鼠免疫功能的影响…………………………………郭志廷,…     

中药促孕液对小白鼠生殖发育结构和影响

以苯甲酸雌二醇为阳性对照，生理盐水为阴性对照，观察了中药促孕液对21日龄雌性小白鼠卵巢发育、对成年去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮结构以及阴道上皮脱落细胞角化率的影响。结果表明，促孕液能显著促进幼鼠卵巢发育，使其提早出现性成熟后的形态学特征；也能促进去卵巢小鼠子宫内膜和阴道上皮增生、分泌，提高阴道上皮脱落细胞的角化率，但其作用强度明显弱于雌二醇，提示促孕液具有微弱的雌激素样作用。这种作用是促孕液治疗母畜卵静止和持久黄体性不孕症的机理之一。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -