应用动物模型REML法估计金华猪生长性状遗传参数

资料取自金华猪场 1979～ 1999年金华后备猪生长发育测定记录。采用动物模型约束性最大似然法 (REML) ,对该猪群的遗传参数进行估计。测定 14 18头金华后备猪的生长发育记录。结果表明 :4月龄、6月龄的体质量、体长、体高、胸围、腿臀围、膘厚、2～ 6月平均日增体质量的遗传力分别为 0 .4 8± 0 .12、0 .4 7± 0 .12、0 .4 9± 0 14、0 4 8± 0 .14、0 .4 3± 0 .12、0 .4 1± 0 .11、0 .4 8± 0 .14、0 .30± 0 .13,与国内外文献报道结果相近。初生与 6 0日龄、6 0日龄体质量与 4月龄体质量、6 0日龄体质量与 6月龄体质量、4月龄体质量与 6月龄体高、6月龄体质量与 6月龄体高的遗传相关分别为0 .5 3、0 .5 8、0 .4 2、0 .4 8和 0 4 3,为中高强度相关。而 4月龄体质量与 6月龄体质量 (rA0 .84、rp0 .78)、4月龄体质量与 6月龄体长 (rA0 .88、rp0 .71)、4月龄体质量与 6月龄胸围 (rA0 .6 1、rp0 .5 5 )、6月龄体质量与 6月龄体长 (rA0 .84、rp0 .82 )、6月龄体质量与 6月龄胸围 (rA0 .74、rp0 .82 )均呈强的正相关     

应用动物模型REML方法估计猪遗传参数的研究

本文以北京花猪为材料,采用动物模型非求导约束最大似然法（ＤＦＲＥＭＬ）对该猪群的遗传参数进行了估计。初生重、２１日龄体重、平均日增重、料重比、达１００ｋｇ日龄、６月龄体重、屠宰率、总产仔数、产活仔数和出生窝重的遗传力的估计值分别为０．２５、０．２１、０．３３、０．３１、０．３１、０．３４、０．４２、０．１４、０．１７和０．２１。出生重与出生窝重和２１日龄重、平均日增重与６月龄体重、出生窝重与产仔数、总产仔数与产活仔数之间存在着较强的遗传正相关;平均日增重与耗料增重比、达１００ｋｇ日龄与６月龄体重之间存在着较强的遗传负相关,出生重与产仔数之间存在着中等遗传负相关。     

金华猪繁殖性状的统计学分析

采用金华猪场1979～1999年金华猪的繁殖性能生产记录,测定了2355头金华母猪(纯繁)和金华猪(K)与约克夏(Y)、长白(L)、杜洛克(D)、汉普夏(H)杂交后代的繁殖性状。综合考虑各性状的各种固定效应,并建立各性状的固定效应模型,对其进行方差分析,计算各性状的最小二乘均数(LSM),对影响较大的固定效应在各观察水平上的LSM进行分析与比较。固定效应分析结果表明:品种、胎次、季节、年份对产活仔数、60日龄头数的影响极显著(P<0.01)。而产仔数受胎次、季节、年份的影响极显著(P<0.01)。金华猪纯繁组以及LK×D、K×L杂交组的产仔数、产活仔数较高,K×L、K×Y杂交组合的60日龄头数较高。而其他外来品种之间杂交组合的繁殖性状显著低(P<0.01)。说明金华猪具有高产的优良特性。金华猪产仔数、产活仔数随胎次逐渐递增,6～7胎达到高峰。金华猪夏季产仔数最高为15.72±1.66,显著高于秋、春、冬(P<0.01)。产活仔数春、夏、秋季无差异(P>0.05),但高于冬季(P<0.05)。1982～1987年间金华猪无论是产仔数还是产活仔数整体都维持较高的水平。     

梅山猪繁殖性状遗传参数及其影响因子分析

以纯种梅山猪25年的信息资料为基础,首次对梅山猪进行总体遗传结构的分析,用数量遗传学原理计算该品种的繁殖性状。结果显示,产仔性能的遗传力小于0.1,窝重的遗传力与同类研究相同。母体效应随仔猪的出生时间而下降,但产仔性能母体效应的比重达到10%。混合模型中固定因子普遍呈现显著差异,其中年度因子变化使产仔数25年间下降3头,其原因是遗传和环境的双重影响。     

撒坝猪繁殖性状的表型和遗传参数分析

对 6个世代共 2 31头撒坝母猪的繁殖性能数据资料进行了分析。在建立混合线性模型的基础上 ,采用HARVEY程序估计了总产仔数、活产仔数、初生窝重、 2 0日龄窝重、 60日龄断奶仔数和断奶窝重等 6个繁殖性状的表型和遗传参数。结果表明 ,撒坝猪繁殖性能在选育过程中有一定程度的提高 ,但速度平缓 ;上述 6个性状的遗传力分别为 0 0 37,0 0 75,0 1 1 1 ,0 1 55 ,0 1 0 3和 0 31 0 ,多为低遗传力性状 ;各性状间的遗传相关介于 0 532～ 0 773之间 ,表型相关和环境相关分别在 0 30 3～ 0 946和 0 442～ 0 972之间     

深县猪繁殖性状遗传参数的估计

应用动物个体模型和ASReml软件分析109头深县母猪繁殖性状的遗传参数,结果表明:总产仔数、产活仔数、初生窝重、断奶窝重、初生重和断奶重的遗传力分别是0.165、0.024、0.21、0.086、0.018和0.121,性状之间的遗传相关程度差别较大,遗传相关系数在-0.24~0.98之间,表型相关系数在-0.15~0.89之间。结果说明,深县猪的繁殖性能优良,产仔数高但差别大,尚需进一步探究影响繁殖性状的环境和遗传因素。     

估计猪早期生长性状和繁殖性状的动物模型比较

分析了三种模型对出生重，21、60、90日龄重，总产仔数，以及出生窝重性状遗传参数估计中的加性遗传效应、母体效应、窝效应和残差效应的方差组分、遗传力及其变化趋势。结果表明，出生重、21日龄重和60日龄重采用包含加性遗传效应、母体效应、窝效应和残差效应的模型进行估计比较适宜。90日龄重、总产仔、产活仔和出生窝重性状采用包含加性遗传效应、母体效应和残差效应的模型进行估计效果较好。     

猪繁殖性状的遗传改良策略

猪繁殖性能的提高将为养殖业带来巨大的经济效益，目前多数育种者将提高猪的繁殖力作为主要有种目标，并用数学遗传学方法和分子育种技术对繁殖性状进行改良。     

用REML法估测奶牛主要经济性状的遗传参数

应用多性状方差分量估计模型和典范转化的REML算法,估测了西安市草滩农场、西安市一奶场、二奶场和三奶场的7个牛群1980～1989年间2985头初产母牛的泌乳天数、泌乳期产奶量、305天产奶量、标准乳产量、乳脂量,乳蛋白量,乳脂率,乳蛋白率,乳糖含量以及非脂固形物等10个重要经济性状的遗传力、遗传相关、表型相关及环境相关系数,结果是、10个性状的遗传力分别为0.21、0.27、0.29、0.31、0.41、0.26、0.58、0.50、0.40和0.31;通过净遗传相关分析,揭示了305天产奶量、乳脂量、乳蛋白量、乳脂率和乳蛋白率之间的真实遗传相关关系,表明选择乳脂量可同时提高产奶量、乳蛋白量及乳脂率,因而是一举多得的选择方法,这要比单纯的产奶量选择法或约束乳脂率选择法效果更好。     

Estimation of dominance genetic variances for reproductive traits and growth traits of calves in Japanese Black cattle

The dominance genetic effects for reproductive and calf growth abilities in the practical Japanese Black populations were examined using average information (AI) algorithm restricted maximum likelihood (REML) under animal models. The reproductive traits were observed in Japanese Black cattle maintained at Tottori and Okinawa prefectures, and growth traits of calves were observed in cattle at Okinawa. The average of dominance relationships in Tottori ranged from 0.2 to 0.4%, while the level in Okinawa was lower and sparse compared with Tottori. The proportions of the dominance variances to sum of additive and dominance variances () were all 0.02 for reproductive traits in Tottori. In contrast, the proportion was 0.02–0.64 in Okinawa regardless of the level of dominance relationships. These proportions suggested that the dominance might affect the expression of calving interval, days open and gestation length in Okinawa, where breeding units were spread over many islands. Although the dominance variances could not estimate birthweight, w as 0.34 for calf market weight and 0.27 for average daily gain from birth to calf market in Okinawa. These values also suggested that the dominance might affect the early growth of calves. In the near future, genetic relationships will become more complicated with continuation of the current selection and mating systems. Therefore, genetic evaluation accounting for dominance effects would be necessary for particular traits and populations.     

Estimation of genetic parameters for reproductive traits in connectedness groups of Duroc,Landrace and Yorkshire pigs in China

The objective of this study was to estimate group- and breed-specific genetic parameters for reproductive traits in Chinese Duroc, Landrace, and Yorkshire populations. Records for reproductive traits between April 1998 and December 2017 from 92 nucleus pig breeding farms, which were involved in the China Swine Genetic Improvement Program, were analysed. Due to weak genetic connectedness across all farms, connectedness groups consisting of related farms were used. Three, two and four connectedness groups for Duroc, Landrace and Yorkshire were firstly established according to the genetic connectedness rating among farms. For each connectedness group a five-trait animal model was implemented, and via restricted maximum likelihood procedure the genetic parameters were estimated for five reproductive traits i.e., total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), litter weight at farrowing (LWF), farrowing interval (FI) and age at first farrowing (AFF). The average of heritabilities among connectedness groups ranged from .01 (for FI in Yorkshire) to .30 (for AFF in Duroc). Estimates of repeatability for litter traits ranged from .14 to .20 and were consistent for each breed, and for FI, the estimates varied from .01 to .11 across breeds and groups. The estimated genetic correlations among litter traits (i.e., TNB, NBA and LWF) were all significantly high (>.56) and similar across breeds. Averaged genetic correlations over three breeds were −.25, −.27, −.18, −.04, −.10, −.02, and .28 for FI-TNB, FI-NBA, FI-LWF, AFF-TNB, AFF-NBA, AFF-LWF and FI-AFF, respectively. The standard errors of the estimates were all very low (<0.01) in most situations. Results from this study suggest that selection based on TNB which is currently used in dam line selection index can improve NBA and LWF simultaneously. However, care should be taken on FI and AFF as they are both greatly influenced by non-genetic factors such as management and measurement.     

Purebred-crossbred genetic parameters for reproductive traits in swine

For swine breeding programs, testing and selection programs are usually within purebred (PB) populations located in nucleus units that are generally managed differently and tend to have a higher health level than the commercial herds in which the crossbred (CB) descendants of these nucleus animals are expected to perform. This approach assumes that PB animals selected in the nucleus herd will have CB progeny that have superior performance at the commercial level. There is clear evidence that this may not be the case for all traits of economic importance and, thus, including data collected at the commercial herd level may increase the accuracy of selection for commercial CB performance at the nucleus level. The goal for this study was to estimate genetic parameters for five maternal reproductive traits between two PB maternal nucleus populations (Landrace and Yorkshire) and their CB offspring: Total Number Born (TNB), Number Born Alive (NBA), Number Born Alive > 1 kg (NBA > 1 kg), Total Number Weaned (TNW), and Litter Weight at Weaning (LWW). Estimates were based on single-step GBLUP by analyzing any two combinations of a PB and the CB population, and by analyzing all three populations jointly. The genomic relationship matrix between the three populations was generated by using within-population allele frequencies for relationships within a population, and across-population allele frequencies for relationships of the CB with the PB animals. Utilization of metafounders for the two PB populations had no effect on parameter estimates, so the two PB populations were assumed to be genetically unrelated. Joint analysis of two (one PB plus CB) vs. three (both PB and CB) populations did not impact estimates of heritability, additive genetic variance, and genetic correlations. Heritabilities were generally similar between the PB and CB populations, except for LWW and TNW, for which PB populations had about four times larger estimates than CB. Purebred-crossbred genetic correlations (rpc) were larger for Landrace than for Yorkshire, except for NBA > 1 kg. These estimates of rpc indicate that there is potential to improve selection of PB animals for CB performance by including CB information for all traits in the Yorkshire population, but that noticeable additional gains may only occur for NBA > 1 kg and TNW in the Landrace population.     

Estimation of Variances and Covariances of Milk Traits by REML with an Individual Animal Model

Abstract

Records form Finnish Ayrshire cattle were used to estimate variances and covariances of milk traits by the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method using the individual animal model (IAM). Two data sets were analyzed. The first data set consisted of 1423 sires and 16363 cows, of which 11911 had records on first lactation. The heritabilities estimated from this data set for milk yield, protein yield, protein content and fat content were 0.40, 0.31, 0.63 and 0.68, respectively. The second data set was a subset of first data set with herds with less than ten observations excluded and consisted of 1335 sires and 11262 cows with 8140 first, 5688 second and 3717 third lactation records. The heritability estimates from the second data set under a repeatability model for milk yield, protein yield, protein content and fat content were 0.30, 0.26, 0.59 and 0.66, respectively. The repeatability estimates for the same traits were 0.53, 0.51, 0.67 and 0.76, respectively. The second data set was also used to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlations among milk traits in first lactation. Both genetic and phenotypic correlations among protein yield and protein and fat content traits were small. The genetic correlation between milk yield and protein content was -0.61, between milk yield and fat content -0.50 and between protein content and fat content 0.67. Absolute values of phenotypic correlations for the same pairs of traits were somewhat smaller than respective genetic correlations.     

Estimation of genetic parameters for farrowing traits in purebred Landrace and Large White pigs

Genetic parameters were estimated for six reproductive traits related to farrowing events in Landrace and Large White pigs; total number born (TNB), number born alive (NBA), number stillborn (NSB), total litter weight at birth (LWB), mean litter weight at birth (MWB), and gestation length (GL). We analyzed 62,534 farrowing records for 10,637 Landrace dams and 49,817 farrowing records for 8,649 Large White dams. Estimated heritabilities of TNB, NBA, NSB, LWB, MWB, and GL by single‐trait repeatability model analyses were 0.12, 0.12, 0.08, 0.18, 0.19, and 0.29, respectively, in Landrace, and 0.12, 0.10, 0.08, 0.18, 0.16, and 0.34, respectively, in Large White. Genetic correlation between NBA and NSB was unfavorable: 0.20 in Landrace and 0.33 in Large White. Genetic correlations of GL with the other five traits were weak: from ?0.18 with NSB to ?0.03 with NBA in Landrace, and from ?0.22 with NSB to ?0.07 with NBA in Large White. LWB had a highly favorable genetic correlation with NBA (0.74 in both breeds), indicating the possibility of using LWB for the genetic improvement of NBA.     

日粮代谢能水平对母猪生理状态及繁殖性能的影响

本研究旨在研究不同代谢能水平日粮对妊娠和哺乳期母猪生理状态、繁殖性能及血清生化指标的影响.试验将60头妊娠28 d、平均体重为(131.96±0.52)kg的头胎二元母猪随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头.T1～T3组妊娠母猪分别饲喂代谢能水平为3150、3250和3350 kcal/kg的日粮,粗蛋白质水平均为...     

波尔山羊繁殖性状遗传参数的估计

对 2 4 8窝波尔山羊的胎产羔数、羔羊初生重和 2月龄体重的资料进行了遗传分析。结果表明 :公羊和胎次均对母羊产羔数具有显著的影响(P <0 0 5)。不同产羔季节对羔羊初生重和 2月龄体重也具有显著影响。产羔数的遗传力为 0 1 52 ,属低遗传力 ,而羔羊初生重和 2月龄体重 2个性状 (0 433 ,0 347)有中等或较高的遗传力。波尔母羊胎产羔数与羔羊初生重、 2月龄体重之间存在显著或极显著的表型相关 ,但是它们之间却存在显著或极显著的负遗传相关 (P <0 0 5或 P<0 0 1 )。羔羊的初生重和 2月龄体重间 ,无论是表型相关还是遗传相关 ,都呈极显著的正相关(P <0 0 1 )。     

泌乳期母猪的饲喂频率对其体况、生产和繁殖性能的影响

文章评估了哺乳期间母猪的饲喂频率(2或3次/d)对母猪体况、繁殖性能及仔猪生长性能的影响。试验选择68头母猪,随机分为8组(每组8~10头母猪),哺乳期间其中4组母猪每天饲喂2次,另外4组每天饲喂3次,母猪分为青年母猪(<2胎次)和老龄母猪(≥3胎次),试验结束后记录母猪体况评分、肩部组织病变、发情率、母猪生产及仔猪生长性能。结果显示:每天饲喂3次的母猪比饲喂2次的母猪采食量高(P<0.05),肩部组织病变低(P<0.05)。在每天饲喂3次的母猪中,青年母猪返情率为0%,老龄母猪返情率为29%,而在每天饲喂2次的母猪中,青年母猪发情率为20%,老龄母猪为5%。综上所述,在哺乳期,母猪每天饲喂3次较每天饲喂2次提高了采食量,对母猪体况评分和肩部组织病变有改善作用,同时也降低了年轻母猪的返情率。