共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
2.
In this paper, we explore the entrepreneurial leadership strategies and routine work of actors located across a diverse array of organizational settings (i.e., farmers’ markets, community farms, community-supported agriculture programs, food and seed banks, local food print media) that combine to shape and sustain the Southern Arizona (AZ) local food system (LFS). We use the theoretical principles of institutional entrepreneurship and logic multiplicity to show how the strategies and routine work of local food actors at the organizational level combine to negotiate system-level meaning and structure within and across the Southern AZ LFS, which is an otherwise seemingly fragmented and contentious social space. We illustrate how the entrepreneurial work performed within multiple organizations and organizational types converge to form a hybrid (or blended) local food logic. Implications are discussed and recommendations for practice are proposed. 相似文献
3.
This paper focuses on examining the dynamic nature of community supported agriculture (CSA) and the real-world experiences
which mark its contours, often making it distinct from the early idealized CSA “model.” Specifically, our study examines the
narratives of the farmers of Devon Acres CSA over its duration, in tandem with a survey of recent shareholders in order to
understand and explain its evolution. The framework we develop here shows that this CSA is largely characterized by instrumental and functional beliefs and practices, with some elements in the collaborative mode. A key contribution of this research is the development of a framework which helps to highlight the relative fluidity
and patchwork quality of CSA participant positions over time. At Devon Acres, the real-world factors and issues influencing
CSA evolution are seen to be products of both the local and larger contexts, evident in such areas as shifts in farmer learning
and adaptation, differences between beliefs and practices in member volunteer efforts, and changes in farm and resource conditions.
With respect to CSA more broadly, we argue that the reality of dominant food system context and site-specific influences on
CSA development compels us to rework our attachment to early idealized “model” traits. Expansion in CSA numbers, evidence
of adaptation and situated learning, and retention of the local and organic as core traits, speak to the pragmatic yet transformative potential of CSA contribution to food system change.
Robert Feagan PhD, is a faculty member in the interdisciplinary Contemporary Studies Program at the Brantford Campus of Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, Canada. His research and teaching interests are in local and regional food systems—farmers’ markets, CSAs, etc., in university–community partnerships, in community development, and in the green-burial movement. Ideas and objectives of “sustainability” underlie his many research directions. Amanda Henderson earned a Masters Degree from the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University in Toronto. She lives and works on a communal eco-farm in rural Ontario, Canada. 相似文献
Robert FeaganEmail: |
Robert Feagan PhD, is a faculty member in the interdisciplinary Contemporary Studies Program at the Brantford Campus of Wilfrid Laurier University in Ontario, Canada. His research and teaching interests are in local and regional food systems—farmers’ markets, CSAs, etc., in university–community partnerships, in community development, and in the green-burial movement. Ideas and objectives of “sustainability” underlie his many research directions. Amanda Henderson earned a Masters Degree from the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University in Toronto. She lives and works on a communal eco-farm in rural Ontario, Canada. 相似文献
4.
Farmers’ markets have enjoyed a resurgence in the past two decades in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. This
increase in popularity is attributed to a host of environmental, social, and economic factors, often related to the alleged
benefits of local food, alternative farming, and producer–consumer interactions. Steeped in tradition, there are also widely
held assumptions related to the type of food and food vendors that belong at a farmers’ market in addition to the type of
experience that should take place. There remains a need to explore and analyze these fundamental aspects of the farmers’ market
and to consider how they influence their formation and function. This paper argues that discourses of authenticity are central
to the identity of the farmers’ market, and that they are constructed differently “from above” by those seeking to regulate
farmers’ markets in particular jurisdictions and “from below” by managers, producers, and consumers at individual markets.
A literature-based discussion is complemented and grounded by consideration of institutional statements regarding authenticity
and of key results from a survey of managers, food vendors, and customers at 15 farmers’ markets in Ontario, Canada. It is
demonstrated that while the general discourse about authenticity at the farmers’ market is built around strict, almost ideological
assumptions about the presence of “local food” and those who produce it, community-level responses reflect considerable diversity
in the interpretation and composition of the farmers’ market. It is suggested that a binary view of authenticity, where some
farmers’ markets are cast as “real” and others presumably not, is highly problematic as it tends to ignore a large and important
middle ground with multiple identities. 相似文献
5.
Scaling up: Bringing public institutions and food service corporations
into the project for a local,sustainable food system in Ontario 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Harriet Friedmann 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(3):389-398
This paper reports on a relationship between the University of Toronto and a non-profit, non-governmental (“third party”)
certifying organization called Local Flavour Plus (LFP). The University as of August 2006 requires its corporate caterers
to use local and sustainable farm products for a small but increasing portion of meals for most of its 60,000 students. LFP
is the certifying body, whose officers and consultants have strong relations of trust with sustainable farmers. It redefines
standards and verification to create ladders for farmers, Aramark and Chartwells (the corporations that won the bid), and
the University, to continuously raise standards of sustainability. After years of frustrated efforts, other Ontario institutions
are expressing interest, opening the possibility that a virtuous circle could lead to rapid growth in local, sustainable supply
chains. The paper examines the specificities of the LFP approach and of the Toronto and Canadian context. Individuals in LFP
acquired crucial skills, insights, experience, resources, and relationships of trust over 20 years within the Toronto “community
of food practice,” located in a supportive municipal, NGO and social movement context.
Harriet Friedman
PhD, is Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto Mississauga and at the Centre for International Studies University
of Toronto. Her research is in international and local politics of food and agriculture, focusing on contested transitions
between food regimes. Her current research is on politics of standards and certification.
Thanks to Lori Stahlbrand, Mike Schreiner, and Rod MacRae of LFP and Debbie Field and Zahra Parvinian of FoodShare for sharing
time and insights at length, and to Wayne Roberts of TFPC, David Clandfield of New College, Josee Johnston, and Amber McNair
for helpful conversations about our “community of practice.” Thanks to Yossi Cadam for the ladder metaphor. 相似文献
6.
Daniel R. Block Michael Thompson Jill Euken Toni Liquori Frank Fear Sherill Baldwin 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(3):379-388
Engagement happens when academics and non-academics form partnerships to create mutual understanding, and then take action
together. An example is the “value web” work associated with W. K. Kellogg Foundation’s Food Systems Higher Education–Community
Partnership. Partners nationally work on local food systems development by building value webs. “Value chains,” a concept
with considerable currency in the private sector, involves creating non-hierarchical relationships among otherwise disparate
actors and entities to achieve collective common goals. The value web concept is extended herein by separating the values
of the web itself, such as the value of collaboration, from values “in” the web, such as credence values associated with a
product or service. By sharing and discussing case examples of work underway around the United States, the authors make a
case for employing the value webs concept to represent a strategy for local food systems development, specifically, and for
higher education–community partnerships, generally.
Daniel R. Block is an associate professor of geography and coordinator of the Frederick Blum Neighborhood Assistance Center at Chicago State University. His current research focuses on food access issues in urban environments, particularly in Chicago. Michael Thompson is an assistant professor at Oregon State University, and a Seafood and Fisheries specialist for Oregon Sea Grant Extension. Primary areas of research include fisheries management, seafood quality/handling, and seafood product development. Jill Euken is an industrial specialist for biobased products for Iowa State University Extension/CIRAS, and deputy director, ISU Bioeconomy Institute. She was part of the steering team for the Iowa Value Chain Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture and led the Bioeconomy Working Group. Toni Liquori is a nutritionist, teacher and food activist with a long time interest in the design, implementation, and evaluation of school-based intervention programs and coalition building for activism around food related issues, as well as teaching and training in public health. Frank Fear is senior associate dean, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and professor, in the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resources Studies; and Senior Outreach Fellow at Michigan State University. He is lead author of Coming to Critical Engagement (University Press of America, 2006), an analysis of the engagement movement in higher education; and recently completed two terms as president of the Greater Lansing Food Bank. Sherill Baldwin is ecology director at Mercy Center at Madison, Connecticut, a spiritual retreat and conference center. She previously provided consulting services to CitySeed, Inc. in New Haven (CT) and to Frank Fear and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation for a community learning project related to sustainable food systems. She has an MS in Resource Development from Michigan State University and a BA in Solid Waste Management from the University of Massachusetts. 相似文献
Daniel R. BlockEmail: |
Daniel R. Block is an associate professor of geography and coordinator of the Frederick Blum Neighborhood Assistance Center at Chicago State University. His current research focuses on food access issues in urban environments, particularly in Chicago. Michael Thompson is an assistant professor at Oregon State University, and a Seafood and Fisheries specialist for Oregon Sea Grant Extension. Primary areas of research include fisheries management, seafood quality/handling, and seafood product development. Jill Euken is an industrial specialist for biobased products for Iowa State University Extension/CIRAS, and deputy director, ISU Bioeconomy Institute. She was part of the steering team for the Iowa Value Chain Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture and led the Bioeconomy Working Group. Toni Liquori is a nutritionist, teacher and food activist with a long time interest in the design, implementation, and evaluation of school-based intervention programs and coalition building for activism around food related issues, as well as teaching and training in public health. Frank Fear is senior associate dean, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources; and professor, in the Department of Community, Agriculture, Recreation and Resources Studies; and Senior Outreach Fellow at Michigan State University. He is lead author of Coming to Critical Engagement (University Press of America, 2006), an analysis of the engagement movement in higher education; and recently completed two terms as president of the Greater Lansing Food Bank. Sherill Baldwin is ecology director at Mercy Center at Madison, Connecticut, a spiritual retreat and conference center. She previously provided consulting services to CitySeed, Inc. in New Haven (CT) and to Frank Fear and the W. K. Kellogg Foundation for a community learning project related to sustainable food systems. She has an MS in Resource Development from Michigan State University and a BA in Solid Waste Management from the University of Massachusetts. 相似文献
7.
There has been widespread academic and popular debate about the transformative potential of consumption choices, particularly
food shopping. While popular food media is optimistic about “shopping for change,” food scholars are more critical, drawing
attention to fetishist approaches to “local” or “organic,” and suggesting the need for reflexive engagement with food politics.
We argue that reflexivity is central to understanding the potential and limitations of consumer-focused food politics, but
argue that this concept is often relatively unspecified. The first objective of this paper is to operationalize reflexivity
and advance understanding of reflexivity as an important tool for understanding the lived experience of food shopping. Our
second objective is to explore the range of reflexivity observed in a mainstream “shopping for change” market sector. To do
this, we draw from in-depth interviews with shoppers at Whole Foods Market (WFM)—a retail venue with the stated goal of making
consumers “feel good about where [they] shop.” This group is chosen because of our interest in investigating the reflexivity
of consumer engagement with the corporatized arm of ethical consumption—a realm of concern to food scholars as alternative
agricultural initiatives are absorbed (both materially and symbolically) into corporate institutions. Our analysis suggests
that shopping at venues like WFM is primarily motivated by traditional consumer pleasures, even for politicized consumers,
a finding that poses serious limitations for a consumer-regulated food system. 相似文献
8.
Keiko Tanaka 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(4):567-580
Using the case of food safety governance reform in Japan between 2001 and 2003, this paper examines the relationship between
science and trust. The paper explains how the discovery of the first BSE positive cow and consequent food safety scandals
in 2001 politicized the role of science in protecting the safety of the food supply. The analysis of the Parliamentary debate
focuses on the contestation among legislators and other participants over three dimensions of risk science, including “knowledge,”
“objects,” and “beneficiaries.” The metaphor of “seven samurai” and the relationally situated roles of “samurai,” “bandits,”
and “beneficiaries” are used to show that in the process of policy making certain moral and ethical expectations on a new
expert institution for food safety were contested and negotiated to frame responsibilities and commitments of social actors for creating the food
system based on trust.
相似文献
Keiko TanakaEmail: |
9.
This paper examines the discourses and practices of pedigree livestock breeding, focusing on beef cattle and sheep in the
UK, concentrating on an under-examined aspect of this—the deselection and rejection of some animals from future breeding populations.
In the context of exploring how animals are valued and represented in different ways in relation to particular agricultural
knowledge-practices, it focuses on deselecting particular animals from breeding populations, drawing attention to shifts in
such knowledge-practices related to the emergence of “genetic” techniques in livestock breeding which are arguably displacing
“traditional” visual and experiential knowledge’s of livestock animals. The paper situates this discussion in the analytical
framework provided by Foucault’s conception of “biopower,” exploring how interventions in livestock populations aimed at the
fostering of domestic animal life are necessarily also associated with the imperative that certain animals must die and not
contribute to the future reproduction of their breed. The “geneticization” of livestock breeding produces new articulations
of this process associated with different understandings of animal life and the possibilities of different modes of intervention
in livestock populations. Genetic techniques increasingly quantify and rationalize processes of selection and deselection,
and affect how animals are perceived and valued both as groups and as individuals. The paper concludes by emphasizing that
the valuation of livestock animals is contested, and that the entanglement of “traditional” and “genetic” modes of valuation
means that there are multiple layers of valuation and (de)selection involved in breeding knowledge-practices. 相似文献
10.
Robin Jane Roff 《Agriculture and Human Values》2009,26(4):351-363
Third-party certification is an increasingly prevalent tactic which agrifood activists use to “help” consumers shop ethically,
and also to reorganize commodity markets. While consumers embrace the chance to “vote with their dollar,” academics question
the potential for labels to foster widespread political, economic, and agroecological change. Yet, despite widespread critique,
a mounting body of work appears resigned to accept that certification may be the only option available to activist groups
in the context of neoliberal socio-economic orders. At the extreme, Guthman (Antipode 39(3): 457, 2007) posits that “at this political juncture… ‘there is no alternative.” This paper offers a different assessment of third-party
certification, and points to interventions that are potentially more influential that are currently available to activist
groups. Exploring the evolution of the Non-GMO Project—a novel certification for foods that are reasonably free of genetically
engineered (GE) material—I make two arguments. First, I echo the literature’s critical perspective by illustrating how certification
projects become vulnerable to industry capture. Reviewing its history and current context, I suggest that the Non-GMO Project
would be better suited to helping companies avoid mounting public criticism than to substantially reorient agrifood production.
Second, I explore the “politics of the possible” in the current political economy and argue that while neoliberalization and
organizers’ places within the food system initially oriented the group towards the private sector, the choice to pursue certification
arose directly from two industry partnerships. Consequently, current trends might favor market mechanisms, but certification
is only one possible intervention that has emerged as a result of particular, and perhaps avoidable, circumstances. The article
offers tentative delineation of alternatives ways that activists might intervene in agrifood and political economic systems
given present constraints. 相似文献
11.
Harriet Friedmann 《Agriculture and Human Values》2009,26(4):335-344
All authors in this symposium use a food regime perspective to ask questions about the present which—as these articles demonstrate—have
several possible answers. History suggests a time perspective of 25–40 year cycles so far—a food regime 1870–1914, an experimental
and chaotic era 1914–1947, and a food regime 1947–1973. It has been less than 40 years since 1973, when food regime analysts
agree that a contested and experimental period began. There is no consensus on whether it has already ended or how it might
issue into a new food regime. The conversation is more fruitful than the conclusions. I intend these comments as an invitation
to join in. 相似文献
12.
The concept of scale is useful in analyzing both the strengths and limitations of community food security programs that attempt
to link issues of ecological sustainability with social justice. One scalar issue that is particularly important but under-theorized
is the scale of social reproduction, which is often neglected in production-focused studies of globalization. FoodShare Toronto's
good food box (GFB) program, engages people in the politics of their everyday lives, empowering them to make connections between
consumption patterns and broader political-economic, cultural, and political-ecological issues. Community food security (CFS)
projects such as the GFB are currently limited in their scope and reach and have been criticized for their inability to deliver
food to a larger segment of marginalized, hungry people. A central dilemma for CFS projects is how to engage the majority
of urban consumers who still eat “inside the box” of the industrial food system. We argue that the concept of scale helps
clarify how CFS projects must “scale out” to other localities, as well as “scale up” to address structural concerns like state capacity, industrial agriculture, and unequal distribution of wealth. This requires
the state and the third sector to recognize the importance of multi-scaled food politics as well as a long-term pedagogical
project promoting ecological sustainability, social responsibility, and the pleasures of eating locally.
Josée Johnston is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Toronto. She is interested in the radical potential
of food politics in the context of neo-liberal globalism.
Lauren Baker is a doctoral candidate in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University in Toronto, Canada. Her research interests
include food politics, alternative food networks, and place-based social movements. Lauren worked with FoodShare Toronto as
a program coordinator for five years and continues to be active in the community food security movement. 相似文献
13.
Molly D. Anderson 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(4):593-608
Food security, health, decent livelihoods, gender equity, safe working conditions, cultural identity and participation in
cultural life are basic human rights that can be achieved at least in part through the food system. But current trends in
the US prevent full realization of these economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) for residents, farmers, and wageworkers
in the food system. Supply chains that strive to meet the goals of social justice, economic equity, and environmental quality
better than the dominant globalized food value networks are gaining popularity in the US. However, achieving important human
rights has become conflated with other goals of food system reform over the past decade, such as being “community-based,”
local, and sustainable. This conflation confuses means, ends, and complementary goals; and it may lead activists trying to
help communities to regain control of their food system choices into less productive strategies. This paper introduces a new
concept, rights-based food systems (RBFS), and explores its connection with localization and sustainability. The core criteria
of RBFS are democratic participation in food system choices affecting more than one sector; fair, transparent access by producers
to all necessary resources for food production and marketing; multiple independent buyers; absence of human exploitation;
absence of resource exploitation; and no impingement on the ability of people in other locales to meet this set of criteria.
Localization and a community base can help achieve RBFS by facilitating food democracy and reducing environmental exploitation,
primarily by lowering environmental costs due to long-distance transportation. Sustainability per se is an empty goal for
food system reform, unless what will be sustained and for whom are specified. The RBFS concept helps to clarify what is worth sustaining and who is most susceptible to neglect in attempts
to reform food systems. Localization can be a means toward sustainability if local food systems are also RBFS.
Molly D. Anderson consults on science and policy for sustainability in the food system through Food Systems Integrity. She manages a national project based in the Henry A. Wallace Center at Winrock International to establish indicators of good food, and is a contributor to the International Assessment of Agricultural Science & Technology for Development. She was a 2002–2004 Food & Society Policy Fellow and a University College of Citizenship & Public Service Faculty Fellow at Tufts University. She was appointed as a Wallace Fellow in 2007. She earned a PhD in Ecology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has dedicated her professional life to exploring how society can encourage changes in human behavior to promote ecological integrity and social justice simultaneously. 相似文献
Molly D. AndersonEmail: |
Molly D. Anderson consults on science and policy for sustainability in the food system through Food Systems Integrity. She manages a national project based in the Henry A. Wallace Center at Winrock International to establish indicators of good food, and is a contributor to the International Assessment of Agricultural Science & Technology for Development. She was a 2002–2004 Food & Society Policy Fellow and a University College of Citizenship & Public Service Faculty Fellow at Tufts University. She was appointed as a Wallace Fellow in 2007. She earned a PhD in Ecology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and has dedicated her professional life to exploring how society can encourage changes in human behavior to promote ecological integrity and social justice simultaneously. 相似文献
14.
Farm to school programs are at the vanguard of efforts to create an alternative agrifood system in the United States. Regionally-based,
mid-tier food distributors may play an important role in harnessing the potential of farm to school programs to create viable
market opportunities for small- and mid-size family farmers, while bringing more locally grown fresh food to school cafeterias.
This paper focuses on the perspectives of food distributors. Our findings suggest that the food distributors profiled have
the potential to help institutionalize farm to school programs. Notably, their relationships with farmers may be a critical
element in expanding the scale and scope of local school food procurement. Their ability to catalyze local school food procurement
however, is limited by the structural context in which farm to school programs operate. Specifically, the oppositional school
year and agriculture production cycle, and tight food service budget constraints disembed and limit the potential of farm
to school programs to decrease the “marketness” of school food procurement and to shift it from a process based largely on
price to one that is more territorially embedded. As farm to school programs continue to gain support, regionally-based food
distributors that have the meaningful relationships necessary to re-embed the school food service market back into the larger
society may be critical to enabling advocates to achieve their goals. 相似文献
15.
Over the course of the 1990s, donor enthusiasm for participation came to be institutionalized in a variety of ways. One particular
methodology—Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)—came to enjoy phenomenal popularity. New aid modalities may have shifted donor
and lender concern away from the grassroots towards “policy dialogue.” But “civil society participation,” “social accountability,”
and “empowerment”—some of the issues PRA grapples with—retain a place in the new aid discourse. PRA and its variants also
continue to be used by government agencies, non-governmental, and community-based organizations in local-level assessment,
planning, monitoring, and evaluation, as well as in national-level poverty assessments. It has sometimes been conflated, by
donors and critics alike, with doing participatory development, and has elicited critiques that often go far beyond the bounds
of the methodological. Yet these critics have tended to be academics with little experience as practitioners or facilitators.
In this article, we draw on an action research project with PRA practitioners. We explore, through their critical reflections,
some of the conundrums and contradictions faced by those who were active as PRA practitioners in the early 1990s. We suggest
that the story of PRA’s success and of subsequent concerns about abuse and misuse by mainstream development institutions offers
broader lessons with continued salience for development. 相似文献
16.
Lesley Hunt 《Agriculture and Human Values》2010,27(4):415-426
In order to implement environmental policies for sustainable and resilient land use we need to better understand how people
relate to their agricultural land and how this affects their practices. In this paper I use an inductive, qualitative analysis
of data gathered from interviews with kiwifruit orchardists and observations of their orchards to demonstrate how their interpretation
of their relationship with their orchards affects their management practices. I suggest that these orchardists experience
their orchards as having agency in four different ways—as wild, challenging, needy, and passive—and that these different perspectives
result in practices which produce orchards that impact differently on sensory faculties—sight, touch, hearing, taste, and
smell. This finding implies that land use policies that seek to change sensory aspects of the land which are in conflict with
producers’, farmers’, or growers’ sense of relationship with the land—and how the land “should be”—are unlikely to succeed.
That these orchardists produce fruit which is compliant with two comprehensive audit systems—one of which is organic—and also
serve an international market, indicates that the constraints of such systems still allow orchardists to exercise autonomy,
express their identity, and make sense of their orchard activities in different ways, indicating a potentially resilient and
sustainable production system. 相似文献
17.
Hugh Campbell 《Agriculture and Human Values》2009,26(4):309-319
Early food regimes literature tended to concentrate on the global scale analysis of implicitly negative trends in global food
relations. In recent years, early food regimes authors like Harriet Friedmann and Philip McMichael have begun to consider
the sites of resistance, difference and opportunity that have been emerging around, and into contestation with, new food regime
relations. This paper examines the emerging global-scale governance mechanism of environmental food auditing—particularly
those being promoted by supermarkets and other large food retailers—as an important new dynamic in our understanding of the
politics and potentials of food regimes. Commencing with an examination of Friedmann’s corporate environmental food regime,
two key dynamics are identified as being pivotal in the rise and decline of global-scale regimes: securing social legitimacy
for food relations and the importance of ecological dynamics in global food relations. By extending McMichael’s notion of
‘Food from Nowhere’ versus ‘Food from Somewhere’, the paper interrogates the emergence of a cluster of relations that comprise
‘Food from Somewhere’ and examines whether this cluster of relations has the potential to change some of the constituent ecological
dynamics of food regimes. These ecological dynamics have historically been problematic, amply demonstrating Marx’s metabolic
rift as the early food regimes solidified relationships between ‘ecologies at a distance’. By using socio-ecological resilience
theory, ‘Food from Somewhere’ is characterized as having denser ecological feedbacks and a more complex information flow in
comparison to the invisibility and distanciation characterizing earlier regimes as well as contemporary ‘Food from Nowhere’.
The conclusion of this article is that while ‘Food from Somewhere’ does provide one site of opportunity for changing some
key food relations and ecologies, the social legitimacy of this new form of food relations does rely on the ongoing existence
of the opposite, more regressive, pole of world food relations. The key question for resolving this tension appears to be
whether new food relations can open up spaces for future, more ecologically connected, global-scale food relations. 相似文献
18.
This paper focuses on the environmental and ethical attributes of food products and their production processes. These two aspects have been recently recognized and are becoming increasingly important in terms of signaling and of consumer perception. There are two relevant thematic domains: environmental and social. Within each domain there are two movements. Hence the paper first presents the four movements that have brought to the fore new aspects of food product quality, to wit: (1) aspects of environmental ethics (organic agriculture and integrated agriculture), and (2) social ethics (fair trade and ethical trade). Next, it describes how the actors in the movements (producers, retailers, NGOs, and governments) are organized and how consumers perceive each of the movements. From the perspective of the actors in the movements themselves, the movements are grouped into two “actors’ philosophies.” The first is a “radical” philosophy (the organic production and fair trade movements that arose in radical opposition to conventional agriculture or unfair trade relations), and the second is a “reformist” philosophy (the integrated agriculture and ethical trade movements that arose as efforts to modify but not radically change conventional agriculture). From the point of view of consumers, the classification of the movements is based on perceptions of the “domain” of the movements. That is, consumers tend to perceive the organic production movement and the integrated agricultural movement as a single group because they both deal with the environment. By contrast, consumers tend to group the fair trade movement and the ethical trade movement together because they both deal essentially with social ethics. Recently, key players such as large retailers and agribusinesses have adopted as part of their overall quality assurance programs both environmental and ethical attributes. Their involvement in and adoption of the goals of the movements have, however, generated tensions and conflicts. This is particularly true within the radical movements, because of concerns of cooptation. Finally, the paper identifies challenges faced by those promoting food products with environmental and social/ethical attributes as they attempt to communicate coherent signals to consumers at this crucial moment in the emergence of a mass market for these products.
Jean
-Marie Codron
is a Senior Researcher at INRA and co-director of MOISA, a public joint research laboratory involved in the social sciences. His research interests focus on three main lines of research: economics of contracts, economics of the firm, and economics of market institutions, with applications to “complex” food sectors, where product quality is difficult to measure and/or to signal to the consumer.
Lucie Sirieix
is Professor of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour at SupAgro Montpellier, France, a national higher education establishment under the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Within the MOISA research unit, her main research topics are variety seeking, risk and trust, environmental and ethical consumer concerns, and sustainable consumption. Her specific research areas include organic products, fair trade, and regional products.
Thomas Reardon
is Professor of Agricultural Economics at Michigan State University. His work focuses on globalization, consolidation in the retail and processing sectors, and their effects on agrifood systems and trade as well as on the economics of private quality and safety standards. 相似文献
19.
Sustaining local agriculture Barriers and opportunities to direct marketing between farms and restaurants in Colorado 总被引:1,自引:2,他引:1
Amory Starr Adrian Card Carolyn Benepe Garry Auld Dennis Lamm Ken Smith Karen Wilken 《Agriculture and Human Values》2003,20(3):301-321
Research explored methods for shortening the food links or developing the local foodshed by connecting farmers with food service buyers (for restaurants and institutions) in Colorado. Telephone interviews were used to investigate marketing and purchasing practices. Findings include that price is not a significant factor in purchasing decisions; that food buyers prioritize quality as their top purchasing criterion but are not aware that local farmers can provide higher quality, that institutions are interested in buying locally; that small farms can offer comparable or higher quality produce andservice; and that farmers need to show buyers what the quality of produce and service they can provide. 相似文献
20.
Stefano Ponte 《Agriculture and Human Values》2007,24(2):179-193
Contemporary regulation of food safety incorporates principles of quality management and systemic performance objectives that
used to characterize private standards. Conversely, private standards are covering ground that used to be the realm of regulation.
The nature of the two is becoming increasingly indistinguishable. The case study of the Ugandan fish export industry highlights
how management methods borrowed from private standards can be applied to public regulation to achieve seemingly conflicting
objectives. In the late 1990s, the EU imposed repeated bans on fish imported from Uganda on the basis of food safety concerns.
However, the EU did not provide scientific proof that the fish were actually “unsafe.” Rather, the poor performance of Uganda’s
regulatory and monitoring system was used as justification. Only by fixing “the system” (of regulations and inspections) and
performing the ritual of laboratory testing for all consignments for export to the EU did the Ugandan industry regain its
status as a “safe” source of fish. Yet, gaps and inconsistencies abound in the current Ugandan fish safety management system.
Some operations are by necessity carried out as “rituals of verification.” Given the importance of microbiological tests and
laboratories in the compliance system, “alchemic rituals” provide an appropriate metaphor. These rituals are part and parcel
of a model that reassures the EU fish-eating public that all is under control in Uganda from boat to point of export. As a
consequence, actual non-compliance from boat to landing site allows the fishery to survive as an artisanal operation.
Stefano Ponte
is Senior Researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies, Copenhagen. His research focuses on the role of standards,
regulation and quality conventions in the governance of agro-food value chains, with particular focus on Africa. He is co-author
of Trading Down: Africa, Value Chains and the Global Economy and The Coffee Paradox: Global Markets, Commodity Trade and the
Elusive Promise of Development. 相似文献