唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性

为研究唑螨酯在环境中的行为特性,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了唑螨酯在土壤中的降解及淋溶特性,通过降解半衰期和比移值Rf来评价其在土壤环境中的安全性。结果表明:唑螨酯在3种土壤中的降解符合一级动力学方程,好气条件下,在黄壤、水稻土和石灰土的降解半衰期分别为81.5、96.3和84.5 d,唑螨酯在水稻土中较难降解,在黄壤和石灰土中中等降解;厌气条件下的半衰期分别为154.0、56.3和43.3 d,水稻土和石灰土中中等降解,黄壤中较难降解。唑螨酯在黄土、水稻土和石灰土中比移值Rf均为0.083,唑螨酯在3种土壤中均不移动,正常条件下不会对地下水造成污染。综上所述,唑螨酯在土壤环境中具有较强的稳定性,因此应严格掌握其使用量和使用时期,同时建议加强对唑螨酯残留的跟踪监测。     

Nitrate Leaching from Compost-Amended Soils

Nitrate in ground water was measured for three years beneath a sandy terrace soil with high conductivity which had been amended yearly with spent mushroom compost (SMC) and chicken manure compost (CMC) at rates of 25 and 50 T/A. The compost provided all the fertilizer requirements for intensive vegetable production. Nitrate concentrations in ground water from beneath all compost-amended plots remained below 10 ppm during the course of the study while concentrations beneath the fertilized control climbed to 14.7 ppm in an unusually wet spring. After heavy rains, control plots were more susceptible to nitrate leaching than compost-amended plots in the first two years of the study. The overall mean of the control (4.2 ppm) was significantly higher than all the other compost-amended plots except SMC amended at 25 T/A (3.4 ppm). Nitrate concentrations in ground water from CMC plots amended at 50 T/A peaked at 9.2 ppm after three consecutive years of compost application indicating a cumulative effect in the soil that was substantiated by soil analysis. The results indicate that composts can be applied for three successive years at rates high enough to supply the fertilizer requirement of most vegetables without excessively contaminating the ground water with nitrate. Because of the cumulative effect, it appears that lower rates could be applied in subsequent years to lessen nitrate leaching, especially with nitrogen-rich composted chicken manure.     

~（95）Zr在土壤中的淋溶和迁移分布

采用模拟土柱法研究了95Zr在2种淹水土壤（小粉土、红黄壤）中的淋溶和垂直迁移。结果表明：（1）淋溶后收集到的全部淋溶液中95Zr的含量较少,小粉土淋溶液中95Zr为总活度的3.05%,黄红壤淋溶液中95Zr为总活度的3.00%;（2）滞留于土壤中的95Zr绝大部分分布在土壤表层0～1.0cm范围内,小粉土中有67.80%～80.18%的95Zr滞留于0～1.0cm土层范围内,黄红壤中有74.05%～86.95%的95Zr滞留于0～1.0cm土层范围内;（3）土壤中95Zr比活度与距土壤表层深度分布呈单项指数规律。     

Degradation and Leaching of Simazine in Arctic Sandy Soils

Abstract

Degradation and leaching of ¹⁴C-labelled simazine in coarse sandy soils at 15 + 1°C were investigated using radiometric and mass-spectrometric methods. During 6 months incubation approx. 4–7% of the applied ¹⁴C-simazine was evolved as ¹⁴CO₂. 4–9% of the simazine still remained in the soil. Addition of hen manure or acidification by addition of peat did not clearly influence the rate of degradation of simazine, whereas mechanical treatment significantly increased its degradation. In a nitrogen atmosphere the rate of degradation of simazine was reduced.

9–15% of the simazine or its radioactive metabolites leached through a 33 cm sandy moraine soil column (diameter 6 cm) in ca. 1770 mm of precipitation over a 4 month period, and 2% was leached from a fine sand soil under the same conditions.     

Leaching of Terbuthylazine and Bromacil Through Field Soils

A field experiment was designed to provide data on the effect of soil heterogeneity on the distribution of herbicides following leaching by irrigation and rain water. Terbuthylazine and bromacil, two nonconservative herbicides, together with CaBr₂, a conservative chemical, were used in the reported experiment. The experimental field consisted of a noncultivated 175-m² plot in which 20 observation points were randomly selected. A hundred and ten centimeters of irrigation and rainwater were applied and the field was periodically sampled for chemical distributions. The spatial variability of the field was determined by measuring the K_s (saturated conductivity) and α (Gardner parameter). Auxiliary laboratory experiments were performed to define the adsorption-desorption of the chemicals studied in these field soils. Results on the adsorption-desorption of terbuthylazine and bromacil and on the redistribution of these chemicals in the field to a depth of 120 cm during leaching are shown. Bromacil leached to a greater extent than terbuthylazine. The differences among the concentrations of herbicides in the various cores studied may be explained in terms of properties of the chemicals and soil spatial variability. The residual concentrations of terbuthylazine and bromacil were also determined to a depth of 400 cm after the leaching of 110 cm of water. In some of the cores, two zones showing a relatively high concentration of terbuthylazine and bromacil were observed at depths of 40–60 and 200–300 cm, respectively. This redistribution pattern of the herbicides could be explained by the preferential flow of the solute in the cores studied.     

异丙隆在土壤中的淋溶迁移及其影响因素研究

采用室内土壤淋洗柱法,以黄褐土、砂姜黑土和水稻土为供试土壤,研究了异丙隆在土壤中的淋溶迁移行为,探讨了淋溶水量、淋溶水pH值、施药量和添加外源木炭等因素对异丙隆在土壤中淋溶迁移的影响。结果表明,不同土壤中异丙隆淋出率为黄褐土〉砂姜黑土〉水稻土;淋溶水量与异丙隆的淋出率呈正相关,且对淋溶后异丙隆在土层中的分布有明显影响;用不同pH值的淋溶水时,异丙隆的淋出率为pH5〉pH9〉pH7;施加不同药量时,异丙隆的淋出率为10mg〉5mg〉20mg;异丙隆的淋出率随外源木炭添加量的增大而减小,而异丙隆在土壤柱中的滞留量则随着木炭添加量增大而增大,提示添加外源木炭可明显减少异丙隆在土壤中的淋出率,降低异丙隆在土壤中的淋溶深度。     

热带亚热带酸性土壤硝化作用与氮淋溶特征

通过室内好气培养和土柱模拟淋洗培养试验,研究了氨基氮肥加入对热带亚热带4种不同性质和利用方式酸性土壤硝化、氮及盐基离子淋溶、土壤及淋出液酸化的影响。4种土壤分别为采自花岗岩发育的海南林地砖红壤(HR)、玄武岩发育的云南林地砖红壤(YR)、第四纪红黏土发育的江西旱地红壤(RU)和第四纪下蜀黄土发育的江苏旱地黄棕壤(YU)。结果表明:4种土壤硝化作用大小表现为YU>RU>YR>HR。HR主要以可溶性有机氮(DON)和NH₄⁺-N形态淋失,YU土壤的氮淋溶形态以NO₃^–-N为主,YR和RU土壤的氮淋溶形态NO₃^–-N、NH₄⁺-N和DON兼而有之。盐基离子总淋失量与NO₃^–-N淋失量显著正相关,但各盐基离子淋失由于离子本性和土壤性质差异并不完全一致。Ca²⁺在缓冲外源NH₄⁺-N硝化致酸和平衡...     

咸水淋洗改良滨海盐渍土的潜力研究

通过室内土柱模拟试验,研究了不同矿化度咸水对砂壤质滨海盐碱土土壤入渗特征的影响,以及咸水淋洗土壤水盐变化规律和节水潜力。研究结果表明,高矿化度咸水略微降低土壤入渗性能,但当淋洗水矿化度高于15.61g/L时,土壤入渗性能不再继续降低;不同矿化度水处理淋出液矿化度都经历快速下降、较快下降、缓慢下降3个阶段,土壤盐分随咸水淋洗水量的增加先上升,再经历急剧下降、快速下降、缓慢下降,土壤经咸水淋洗后盐分含量明显下降;根据水盐平衡预估咸水淋洗具有较高的节水潜力,5.35g/L和10.36g/L的咸水淋洗节水潜力分别约为48.08%,38.46%,海水淋洗节水潜力最小,约为24.04%。     

2，4-二氯苯氧基乙酸在土壤中的吸附淋溶特性

农药在土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性是评价其环境行为的重要指标,特别是决定了其在土壤中的迁移性。本文分别利用振荡平衡法和柱淋溶法研究了2,4-二氯苯氧基乙酸（2,4-D）在不同土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性及其影响因素。结果表明,2,4-D在3种供试土壤上的吸附特性能较好地用线性吸附等温线拟合,吸附常数心在0．95-1．54L·kg^-1之间,很难被土壤吸附。影响2,4-D在土壤中吸附的因素主要是土壤pH值,其次是有机质含量。土壤pH值增高,离子态的2,4-D量增加,吸附减弱;2,4-D在土壤中具有较强的淋溶性,影响其淋溶性能的主要因素是土壤pH值,pH值越高,淋溶性能越强。     

我国4种土壤磷素淋溶流失特征

磷素是水体富营养化的主要限制因子,地表水磷的污染负荷主要来源于农业面源污染。采集黑土、潮土、红壤和水稻土4种土壤,采用土柱模拟的试验方法,研究磷素在4种土壤剖面中空间分布特征,以及土壤渗漏液中TP、TDP的含量、动态变化以及流失量特征。结果表明:(1)不同类型土壤全磷和有效磷含量差异性显著,由高到低依次为水稻土潮土黑土红壤;黑土、红壤和水稻土土壤全磷和有效磷含量都表现出,随土壤深度的增加,不断降低;而潮土剖面呈上下层高,中间低的分布格局。(2)4种土壤渗漏液中占主导的磷形态不一致,潮土以MRP占主导,黑土和水稻土以DOP为主,而红壤则以PP为主。土壤磷素动态变化方面,潮土表现为TP含量先减后增再减,TDP含量先增后减;黑土表现为TP含量先增后减,TDP含量持续下降;红壤和水稻土TP和TDP含量变化不显著。(3)相关分析表明,4种土壤中Olsen-P与渗漏液中TP呈指数关系,具有极显著相关性。(4)4种土壤TP、TDP下渗流失量都以潮土最高,其次是黑土和水稻土,红壤流失量最小,磷素流失以TDP为主。     

Leaching Methods Can Underestimate Mineralization Potential of Soils

Aerobic incubations to estimate net nitrogen (N) mineralization typically involve periodic leaching of soil with 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂), so as to remove mineral N that would otherwise be subject to immobilization. A study was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of leaching for analysis of exchangeable ammonium (NH₄⁺)-N and nitrate + nitrite (NO₃^?+ NO₂^–)-N, relative to conventional extractions using 2 M potassium chloride (KCl). Ten air-dried soils were used, five each from Illinois and Brazil, that had been amended with NH₄⁺-N (1 g kg^?1) and NO₃^–-N (0.6 g kg^?1). Both methods were in good agreement for inorganic N analysis of the Brazilian Oxisols, whereas leaching was significantly lower by 12–48% in recovering exchangeable NH₄⁺-N from Illinois Alfisols, Mollisols, and Histosols. The potential for underestimating net N mineralization was confirmed by a 12-wk incubation experiment showing 9–86% of mineral N recoveries from three temperate soils as exchangeable NH₄⁺.     

新农药哌虫啶在三种典型土壤中的吸附与淋溶研究

采用实验室模拟方法研究了烟碱类新农药哌虫啶在土壤生态系统中的降解动态及其对土壤微生物的影响.结果表明,哌虫啶的降解过程符合一级反应动力学方程,浓度为1、5和10 mg kg-1的哌虫啶在土壤中的降解半衰期为11.28 ~7.30 d.哌虫啶对土壤微生物的毒性作用与浓度正相关.施药后哌虫啶对土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量具有激活作用,3 d后,哌虫啶开始抑制土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,施药后5 d内,哌虫啶促进了真菌的生长繁殖,10 d后表现为抑制真菌数量,有先促进后抑制细菌、真菌和放线菌的趋势.哌虫啶施入土壤后对土壤酶活性具有一定的影响,土壤碱性磷酸酶较酸性磷酸酶更敏感,哌虫啶具有抑制酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶的作用,这种抑制作用一直延续至试验的第20天;施药处理组对脲酶活性均有显著的抑制作用,并且浓度越大,抑制作用越强烈;哌虫啶对土壤脱氢酶具有显著的激活作用,哌虫啶对土壤过氧化氢酶影响作用较弱.总之哌虫啶在土壤中降解半衰期较短,属于易降解农药,10 mg kg-1浓度的哌虫啶对土壤微生物具有一定的毒性作用.     

新农药哌虫啶在三种典型土壤中的吸附与淋溶研究

应用振荡平衡法和柱淋洗法研究了哌虫啶在红壤、棕壤和黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附和淋溶特性,并探讨了3种土壤改良剂对其淋溶的影响。结果表明:哌虫啶在黑土、红壤和棕壤中的吸附平衡时间分别为12、12和9 h,分配系数Kd分别为23.16、11.24和4.68,吸附常数Kf分别为22.03、11.69和5.05,KOC值分别为1 619、2 094和495,吸附自由能值分别为-16.96、-17.59和-14.02 k J mol-1,Freundlich和线性等温吸附模型均能较好地描述哌虫啶在土壤中的吸附过程,其吸附能力顺序分别为黑龙江黑土福建红壤山东棕壤。哌虫啶在3种供试土壤中淋溶性存在差异,在棕壤中迁移性最强,随着施药量的增加,其淋出率也略有提高,但3个不同水平施药量差异不显著。在黑土中迁移性最弱,红壤和黑土中的哌虫啶残留量随着土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。土壤中添加0.5%的活性炭、腐殖酸和草炭能显著地降低农药哌虫啶在土壤中的淋溶性,减少对地下水的污染风险。     

Prediction of Chemical Element Contents in Soils

Assuming that the regularity for the dynamic changes of the chrono-sequences of chemical element contents in tree rings follows a k-order constant coefficient differential equation and substituting the differential with the difference,we could obtain the inferred value ym k 1 by the formula:ym k 1=c1ym 1 c2Ym 2 …ckym kEach coefficient ci in the formula may be ascertained by use of the measured data in the chrono-sequences,Extending the chrono-sequences on the assumption that the regularity of dynamic changes wouldn‘t change in the near future,the contents of chemical elements in the soils may be predicted in terms of a logarithmic linear correlation model.Also,this extension method could be used for the reproduction of the contents of chemical elemets in soils during different periods of time in the past.     

Solubility and Leaching of Boron from Borax and Colemanite in Flooded Acidic Soils

Boron (B) is a micronutrient essential for adequate plant growth. Borax (Na₂B₄O₇·10H₂O) and colemanite (Ca₂B₆O₁₁·5H₂O) are common B fertilizer materials, the former being widely used worldwide. Boron is completely water soluble and subjected to leaching. In this study, the dissolution kinetics of both borax and colemanite in deionized water and at pH 3.8, 5.2, 6.5, and 8.2 were determined. Soils incubated with minerals for 40 days and 80 pore volumes of leachates from repacked soil column treated with either surface-applied borax or colemanite (powdered and granular) were collected and analyzed for B contents. Two different soils, Chempaka (Typic paleudult) and Tepus (Typic Kandiaquult) series, taken from paddy-growing areas were used in leaching and incubation studies. Dissolution rate of borax was greater than that of colemanite, and complete dissolution was observed after 100 min, whereas complete dissolution of colemanite was not reached even after 300 min. There was no effect of pH on dissolution rate of borax and colemanite. Boron released from borax was hasty, and after 5 weeks no more B was released. In the case of colemanite, B released was steadily increased until the end of the incubation study. At the end of the study, there was no significant difference in B levels of both borax- and colemanite-applied soils. Particle size had a significant effect on the solubility and dissolution rate of colemanite. Boron dissolution rate and solubility from colemanite powder were significantly greater than those from granular colemanite. Leaching losses from borax were much greater than from colemanite as indicated by the breakthrough curves, which were earlier for borax than colemanite. After 60 pore volumes, no more B was leached out from borax, and in the leachates of colemanite some concentration was detected even after 80 pore volumes. Boron content in soil of columns after the completion of the experiment was greater in case of colemanite. Borax and colemanite fertilizers showed the same trend of leaching and B releasing in both Tepus and Chempaka soil series.     

不同土壤钾素淋溶特性的初步研究

通过室内土柱淋溶试验,研究降雨情况下不同土壤钾素的淋溶特性及其与土壤性质的关系,结果表明:未施钾的自然土壤,在降雨量较小时(87 mm),决定钾素淋溶状况的主要土壤因子是土壤质地,质地越轻,K+淋溶量越大;降雨量较大时(435 mm),决定钾素淋溶状况的主要因子则为速效钾,田间速效钾含量愈大,淋溶风险愈大。外源钾施入土壤后,在降雨量较小时(87 mm),钾素淋溶状况主要受土壤粉粒和缓效钾的影响,粉粒含量和缓效钾越大,淋溶量越小;降雨量较大时(435 mm),钾素淋溶状况主要受全钾和缓效钾的影响,其值越大淋溶量越小。在降雨量充足、田间排水不畅的情况下,短时间内(2 h)土壤钾肥表观淋出率仅与粉粒含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤的质地是影响钾淋溶主要因子;长时间(24 h)淋溶后钾肥表观淋出率则与土壤pH、粉粒、全钾、缓效钾和长石含量均呈显著负相关关系,其中全钾和粉粒的影响作用最大。     

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Mobility in Biosolids-Amended Soils Using Leaching Column Tests

Leaching column tests were conducted to determine the mobility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in biosolids-amended soils. Deionized water was introduced from the bottom of a glass leaching column containing a 14-mm layer of biosolids-amended soils (210 g) under 42 mm of agricultural soil (600 g). After 4 weeks of leaching, 3.75 L of deionized water had passed through the 210-g biosolids?Csoil layer and 600 g soil, corresponding to 34 volumes of the leachate per volume of solid. The agricultural soil was divided into three 14-mm layers to determine the PBDE distribution along the flow path of the infiltrating water. PBDEs were found to leach from the biosolids-amended soils layer and migrate through the soil. The predominant congeners BDE47, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209 decreased to 3?C98% of their initial concentrations in the biosolids-amended soil, whereas the total concentration of these eight congeners decreased by 38%. PBDE concentrations in the first 14-mm soil layer increased from not detected (nd) to up to 234?×?10³ pg/g dry weight basis (dw). Concentrations in the second and third soil layers increased from nd to 20 and 25 pg/g dw. PBDE in the leachate increased from nd to 310?×?10³ pg/L. Mobilization of PBDEs is likely associated with dissolved organic matter and colloids in the infiltrating water.     

Leaching Behavior of Heavy Metals In Biosolids Amended Sandy Soils

Use of biosolids in agriculture to improve crop production and soil quality have created concerns due to content of heavy metals that may affect surface or ground water quality. A column leaching study was conducted to evaluate the leaching potential of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), cdmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) from two typical agricultural sandy soils in South Florida (Spodosol and Alfisol) with increasing application of pelletized biosolids (called PB) at the rates of 0, 1.25, 5.0, 10.0 g kg^?1, respectively together with chemical fertilizer (CF). Elevated PB rate resulted in reduced leaching loss of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Co, Ni from Spodosol, but resulted in increased loss of Pb, Zn, Cd, and Co from Alfisol. Significant reduction in Cu loss occurred in both soils, which can be attributed to the strong binding of Cu with organic matter from the applied PB. Percentage of Cd loss as of total Cd was 13% – 41%, the highest in all the heavy metals, whereas loss of Pb as of total Pb was less than 6.6%, though the concentrations of Pb, Cd, Co, and Ni in leachate were mostly above the limits of U.S. EPA drinking water standards or the national secondary drinking water standards. These results indicate that soil properties, PB application rates, and chemical behavior of elements jointly influence the leachate total loads of heavy metals in sandy soils applied with biosolids. Application of CF together with BP at a rate higher than 10.0 g kg^?1 for sandy soils may pose potential threats to water quality due to enhanced leachate loads of Cr and Ni in Spodosol and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Ni in Alfisol.     

Preliminary Study on Element Leaching and Current Soil-Forming Process of Red Soils

The leaching characteristics and the element concentration in soil solution of red soils derived from sandstone,granite,Quaternary red clay and basalt have been studied in the Red Earth Ecological Experimental Station,Academia Sinica,using 12 lysimeters.Results obtained show that the element leaching process of red soils occurs mainly from January to the beginning of July annually.The elements with higher concentration in leaching solution of red soils are Si,Ca,Na,K,Mg,and N.The desilication and the leaching process of base cations occur simultaneously in the red soils.Using the first order differential equation and measured parameters of Si leaching,the leaching models of Si for red soils derived from different parent materials are constructed.The leaching process of Si is simulated with the models.Both the absolute and relative ages of red soils derived from different parent materials are discussed based on the simulation result.On the basis of element leaching,composition of soil solution and thermodynamics,the current soil-forming process is discussed.According to the phase diagram,the kaolinization is prevailing in the current formation of different red soils.