Efficacy of toltrazuril in the prevention of coccidiosis in naturally infected lambs on pasture

The efficacy of toltrazuril (Bay Vi 9142) in preventing ovine coccidiosis due to an infection acquired immediately after turnout on pasture was evaluated by comparing the faecal consistency, weight gain, and oocyst output of treated and untreated lambs in 3 trials. The lambs were either given a single treatment with toltrazuril at 15 or 20 mg/kg, or they were given a dose of 10 mg/kg on 2 separate days. A single treatment with toltrazuril at 20 mg/kg on day 10 after turnout on pasture almost completely prevented coccidiosis in 2 trials. In a third trial the acute phase of a severe Nematodirus battus infection coincided with the outbreak of coccidiosis, and thus partly masked the clinical effect of the anticoccidial treatment. In lambs treated with toltrazuril at 15 mg/kg on day 10 after turnout, the coccidial infection caused a softening of the faeces, but the lambs were not severely affected by the coccidia. In lambs given a dose of 10 mg/kg of toltrazuril twice, either on days 10 and 11 after turnout, or on days 10 and 20, the coccidial infection caused a softening af the faeces, including some cases of diarrhoea. Oocyst production due to the initial coccidial infection on pasture was markedly reduced by all treatments with toltrazuril. The reduction was most pronounced after a dose of 20 mg/kg. Lambs treated with single doses of 15 or 20 mg/kg of toltrazuril had a better weight gain than the untreated controls in 2 of the trials. Lambs treated with toltrazuril on day 10 after turnout were partially resistant to the coccidial reinfection acquired immediately after treatment, and they had a similar level of immunity as the untreated controls to the subsequent reinfection on pasture.     

Sulfonamide and toltrazuril therapy of experimental turkey coccidiosis

Following experimental infection of caged turkeys with a mixed oocyst suspension of E. meleagrimitis, E. adenoeides and E. gallopavonis, the efficacy of sulfachlorpyrazine, sulfaquinoxaline + pyrimethamine, sulfaquinoxaline + diaveridine, and toltrazuril was investigated based on clinical and parasitological parameters. Infected turkeys developed severe clinical symptoms. Only weak symptoms were observed in those groups which were treated with the sulfa- and sulfa-DHFR-inhibitors. The toltrazuril-treated group remained free of clinical symptoms. At the 8th day after infection, the clinical lesions coincided with the intensity of the gut lesions together with parasitological findings based on microscopical examination of mucosal smears. The same coincidence was observed for parameters such as oocyst excretion and body weight development.     

Efficacy of toltrazuril against intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits

The anticoccidial effect of toltrazuril (Bay Vi 9142) against Eimeria flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. magna, E. perforans and E. stiedai was tested in experimentally-infected rabbits. Continuous administration of 10-15 p.p.m. of the drug in the drinking water was highly effective in reducing oocyst output of all five species and in preventing clinical signs and macroscopic lesions. Sporulation of excreted oocysts was not affected. After 5 weeks of medication, no negative influence was noted on zootechnic performance of growing healthy rabbits. Medication of rabbits with 25 p.p.m. only during schizogony or gamogony (2 days of treatment, repeated after 5 days) quickly reduced clinical signs and oocyst output. When administered during late schizogony or gamogony, toltrazuril allowed development of immunity against reinfection with homologous species.     

Treatment with toltrazuril in a natural outbreak of coccidiosis in calves

Treatment with toltrazuril (Baycox) in calves naturally infected with several enteropathogenic agents resulted in a reduction in the mean number of Eimeria oocysts shed. The mean faecal consistency for the treated calves also differed significantly from that of the untreated calves. There was virtually no difference in weight gain in the two groups.     

控制猪球虫病的亚临床感染

近20年来,商品化养猪场的猪群健康状况有了相当大的提高。虽然许多重要的疾病已被消灭,但仍然存在着若干较温和的地方病(如球虫病),它们会显著提高养猪生产成本。     

球虫病的药物防制

球虫病的防制方法有药物防治和球虫苗免疫接种两种。１抗球虫药的发展 早在１９３９年Ｌｅｖｉｎｅ就报道磺胺类药物具有控制和杀灭球虫的作用,从而开创了化学药物治疗球虫病的先河;后来,人们为了使用方便,又将化学药物作为一种添加剂应用到肉鸡球虫病的预防措施中。由于这种方法简单易行,时过不久被推广开来,并沿用至今。 １９７１年开始引入莫能菌素,以后研究人员又开发了另一大类广谱抗球虫药──离子载体类药物（抗生素类药物）,并成为抗球虫病的首选药物。迄今已有６种离子载体类药物上市。在大多数国家,离子载体类药物已经覆…     

Chemoprophylaxis of coccidiosis in lambs with a single oral dose of toltrazuril

The prophylactic efficacy of a single oral dose of toltrazuril against coccidiosis (mixed Eimeria infections) in naturally infected lambs was evaluated in two experiments. Toltrazuril at 20 mg kg-1, given on Day 7 or Day 10 after turnout on pasture, proved to be highly efficacious in preventing clinical coccidiosis under Norwegian conditions. Toltrazuril reduced the oocyst output to very low levels, prevented the development of diarrhoea and improved weight gain during the first 4-5 weeks after treatment. Treatment on Day 7 was superior to treatment on Day 10 with respect to improving weight gain and preventing the development of soft faeces. Lambs treated with toltrazuril on Day 7 seemed to be as immune as untreated lambs to natural reinfections with coccidia later in the grazing season. In one of the experiments, natural infections with the nematode Nematodirus battus produced a coccidiosis-like disease in some lambs simultaneously with the outbreak of coccidiosis.     

Antibiotic-free weaning of piglets

In a problem herd the losses by E. coli-infection of weaning piglets could not be reduced neither applicating an oral vaccine before 4-2 weeks to weaning nor via feed of antibiotics or sulfonamides. Therefore many feeding trials were carried out by 1247 weaning piglets which are feeded with high raw fibre rations (wheatbran coarse grained, strawmeal) beginning 2 weeks before weaning till 3 weeks afterwards. The most effective feeding additive was 25-30% wheatbran. In fact of this results the diarrhea, a problem in many herds infected with a lot of EEC (08, 045, 0138, 0139, 0141, 0147 and 0149) could be reduced effectively. Light cases of diarrhea during the trials could be stopped by two applications of TMQ (20 mg Terramycin/kg BW). Based on these results the use of the supplementing wheatbran to the normal feed during the weaning period can be recommended for such problem herds.     

The osmolality of caecal contents in piglets following weaning

Pigs weaned for five days had caecal contents with significantly lower osmolalities than those of unweaned animals of the same age. Supplementation of a standard weaning diet with therapeutic levels of oxytetracycline to suppress the normal large intestinal microbial flora did not significantly further reduce osmolarity of caecal contents after weaning. This observation suggests that microbial activity in the large intestine may not be sufficiently developed by five days after weaning to have a major influence on absorptive processes at that site. Incomplete development of the large intestinal microflora may be one more factor which acts to predispose the young pig to diarrhoea after weaning.     

慎用"乳前免疫"

最近几年时间,关于"乳前免疫"(Precolostral vaccination)(或者叫哺乳前免疫、超前免疫、零时免疫)的提法不断见诸于杂志和技术资料,其方法是在仔猪出生后哺乳前0～2小时立即给仔猪注射猪瘟疫苗.在我国,最早使用"乳前免疫"的台湾地区也已经开始反思该种免疫方法带来的负面影响.根据笔者的分析,个别文章片面夸大了乳前免疫的效果,有些场甚至推而广之应用到了猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗,给生产者造成了误导的作用,或产生了不良的免疫效果.     

松乳菇多糖对早期断奶乳猪生产性能和预防腹泻的影响

实验设3个松乳菇多糖添加剂组、1个抗生素（杆菌肽锌）添加剂组和1个基础日粮对照组,研究5种日粮对早期断奶仔猪生长性能、饲料转化率及腹泻影响,探讨松乳菇多糖作为饲料添加剂效果。结果表明,75、150 g/t添加松乳菇多糖组与基础日粮组相比日增重、料肉比和耗料量、腹泻率、腹泻指数没有显著差异;300 g/t添加松乳菇多糖粉与基础日粮组和抗生素组相比,日增重和耗料量分别提高15.06%和10.67%;料肉比和腹泻率分别降低4.05%和14.28%;降低饲料成本3.13%。     

妥曲珠利对等孢球虫病亚临床感染猪群中仔猪生长的影响

由球虫属猪等孢子球虫引起的仔猪等孢子球虫病,被认为是一个会对养猪业产生明显有害影响的疾病。虽然此病不会导致猪的高死亡率,但会降低养猪者的生产率,从而影响其经济报酬(Torres,2004)。     

Effects of toltrazuril on the growth of piglets in herds without clinical isosporosis

Isospora suis is a widely prevalent and economically important parasite. The antiprotozoal compound, toltrazuril, was given as a single treatment to piglets without clinical signs in 10 herds. The daily weight gain (DWG) and mortality between the treatment date and weaning was compared on each herd in 10 treated and 10 control litters. The faeces of control litters were examined for oocyst excretion. In six herds, no oocysts were detected and treatment had no effect on DWG or mortality. In four pig herds, oocysts were detected and toltrazuril treatment significantly improved DWG by 25 g (P=0.003). Mortality rate was not affected. The partial economic benefit of toltrazuril treatment in positive herds was 0.20 euros per piglet. A single toltrazuril treatment of piglets in herds without clinical signs of isosporosis but with oocysts detected significantly improved DWG and was considered economically justified on each farm.     

半胱胺盐酸盐在断奶仔猪日粮中的效果

为确定半胱胺盐酸盐在断奶仔猪生长性能上的功效,试验在21日龄断奶仔猪日粮中添加3个水平(0.03%、0.05%和0.07%)的半胱胺盐酸盐(强化保生灵)进行35d试验(21~56日龄)。总计192头杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪,平均体质量6.3kg,按性别和遗传平衡随机分为4个处理,每个处理3个重复,每重复12头猪。试验结果为正效果,与对照组相比,试验组的生产性能指标,如总增质量、日增质量、均匀度、饲料报酬、每千克增质量饲料成本及经济效益回报等都有改善。含强化保生灵的日粮处理对日增质量、饲料报酬和均匀度有极显著的线性效果。在断奶仔猪日粮中添加0.07%强化保生灵可获得最好的生产性能及最高的经济效益。     

重新探讨仔猪的断奶日龄,优化猪场利润

正仔猪断奶日龄不仅决定猪场的猪舍需求,还对仔猪的饲料投入、健康状况及生长速度有重要影响。目前大多数养猪生产企业将其定为21日龄,但在当前的经济气候下,本文通过重新探讨发现这一决定并非能遂人所愿,而且母猪的最大生产力与最大利润并不一致,大型猪场想要实现利润最大化需要精确地计算断奶日龄。对养猪生产企业来说,最重要的管理决策之一是平均断奶日龄或母猪的平均哺乳期。这不仅会决定猪     

Adenovirus inclusions in the ileum in coccidiosis in suckling piglets

Numerous intranuclear inclusion bodies in enterocytes were detected exclusively in the ileum of two nine-day piglets coming from a litter infected with diarrhea. The inclusion bodies were homogeneous in hematoxylin and eosine (HE), their staining was not clear enough, was amphophilic and they filled nearly the whole nucleus. They were eosinophil less often and had a halo on the periphery. Their staining was clearly orange-red in Feulgen's nuclear reaction after re-staining with G orange and bright green. Intranuclear inclusions were located exclusively on shortened villi and pseudovilli of ileum above the follicles of activated Peyer's patches. The findings of intranuclear inclusions in ileum demonstrate adenovirus enteral infections in suckling piglets.     

微生态制剂对仔猪断奶应激的影响

<正>应激反应首先是由加拿大内分泌学家HansSe-lye提出的。应激反应是机体受到强烈刺激而处于"紧急状态"时,出现的一系列神经内分泌反应,并由此引起各种机能和代谢改变,以提高机体对外环境的适应能力和维持内环境的相对稳定。应激反应过强和持续时间过久,对机体有害,会出现病理性变化。     

阿德呋啉水溶剂治疗鸡球虫病的试验研究

为了观察阿德呋啉水溶剂治疗艾美耳球虫的效果,试验设5个药物试验组、阳性及阴性对照组。70只13日龄的雏鸡随机分为7组,其中药物试验组鸡只开始给药。给药24 h后,除阴性对照组外,其余组鸡只均接种混合的球虫孢子化卵囊(5万/羽),试验后根据抗球虫指数(ACI)判断抗球虫药的疗效。结果显示所有给药组中65 mg/kg阿德呋啉水溶剂组ACI为185.54,抗球虫效果最好,为高效抗球虫药;其余阿德呋啉试验组ACI均低于180,浓度过高抗球虫效果差;妥曲珠利试验组ACI低于120,为低效抗球虫药。试验得到了最佳的使用浓度,为球虫病的防治提供了方法。