Black locust (Robinia pseudoacada L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Temporal changes in nitrogen acquisition of Japanese black pine （Pinus thunbergii） associated with black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia）

The alien woody legume, black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia), has invaded Japanese black pine(Pinus thunbergii) forests located in Japan's coastal plain and hill regions where gaps are formed in pine forests after nematode infestation. Nitrogen fixation by legumes accelerates N cycling in forest ecosystems. We studied temporal change in the annual tree-ring resolution N stable isotope composition(δ15N, a per mil deviation of δ15N/14 N ratio, relative to atmospheric N2δ15N=0‰) at two natural locations of Japanese black pine forest with black locust that differed in the time since black locust establishment(Shohnai in northeast and Kita-Kyushu in southwest Japan). Analyzed tree-rings covered the period from 1990/1992 to 2009. N acquisition by Japanese black pine from black locust N input to the soil was evidenced by temporal shifting of N stable isotope composition on the annual pine tree rings. With progressive development of the forest stand, δ15N values of earlier tree-rings δ15N of-5‰) from black pine associated with black locust shifted towards values similar to those of black locust δ15N values nearly to-1‰), which suggests acquisition of N by N2 fixation(Shohnai site). In contrast, in a forest where black locust had settled for two or three generations, in a black pine stand(Kita-Kyushu site), longer periods of N enrichment in the soil were reflected in the elevated tree-ring δ15N values of newly established black pine trees. Based on tree-ring δ15N data from the Shohnai site, we determined that about 10 years after black locust establishment, soil N had already been enriched by black locust N, this, in turn, contributed to N fertilization of surrounding trees in mixed stands.     

Establishment of a transgenic system in fast-growing black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.）

The AhDREB1 gene, cloned from Atriplex hortensis L., was transferred into black locust （Robiniapseudoacacia L.） by an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The results suggest that stems of black locust sub-cultured in vitro for 20 d are suitable for genetic transformation. The optimum concentrations of kanamycin and cefotaxime were 30 and 150 mg.L-1, respectively. Important factors affecting the transformation efficiency were studied by means of a L9（3^4） orthogonal design. An effective system for genetic transformation in black locust was developed as follows： the stems were pre-cultured for 2 d, immersed in the Agrobacterium solution （OD600 = 0.7） with 10 mg·L^-1 acetosyringone for 21 min and then co-cultured for 2 d. The selection pressures, changing from low to high, could improve transformation efficiency. The transgenic plants were identified by a PCR method. The PCR results indicated that the AhDREB1 gene had been integrated into the genome of black locust and two lines of the transgenic plants were obtained.     

Ecology,growth and management of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.),a non-native species integrated into European forests

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.),a species native to the eastern North America,was introduced to Europe probably in 1601 and currently extends over2.3×10~6 ha.It has become naturalized in all sub-Mediterranean and temperate regions rivaling Populus spp.as the second most planted broadleaved tree species worldwide after Eucalyptus spp.This wide-spreading planting is because black locust is an important multipurpose species,producing wood,fodder,and a source of honey as well as bio-oil and biomass.It is also important for carbon sequestration,soil stabilization and re-vegetation of landfills,mining areas and wastelands,in biotherapy and landscaping.In Europe,black locust is drought tolerant so grows in areas with annual precipitation as low as 500-550 mm.It tolerates dry,nutrient poor soils but grows best on deep,nutrient-rich,well-drained soils.It is a fast-growing tree and the height,diameter and volume growth peak before the age of 20.It mostly regenerates vegetatively by root suckers under a simple coppice system,which is considered the most cost-effective management system.It also regenerates,but less frequently,by stool sprouts.Its early silviculture in production forests includes release cutting to promote root suckers rather than stool shoots,and cleaning-respacing to remove low-quality stems,reduce the number of shoots per stool,and adjust spacing between root suckers.In addition,early,moderate and frequent thinning as well as limited pruning are carried out focusing on crop trees.The species is regarded as invasive in several European countries and its range here is expected to expand under predicted climate changes.     

Species composition and influencing factors of understory woody species in Robinia pseudoacacia plantations on the Loess PlateauOA

Black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)plantations have contributed significantly to soil and water conservation and ecological reconstruction on China’s Loess Plateau.Understanding the impact of stand and environment on species composition of understory woody plants will improve the stability of existing black locust plantations.Ten stands were selected in second-generation black locust plantations in tableland and gully areas of the Loess Plateau.The number of understory tree species in the tabl...     

Comparison and early selection of new clones in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus tomentosa</Emphasis>

In our study, two experimental plantations, respectively, with 24 and 32 new clones of P tomentosa, were established in Weixian County, Hebei Province and Wuzhi County, Henan Province using a completely randomized block design. A comparative study was conducted on the continuous 5-year-old height and diameter at breast height （DBH） of new clones in the two plantations. As well, based on genetic correlation over the years of testing of these clones, a preliminary study of early selection was carried out. Results indicate that the growth traits of the new clones in Weixian were better than those in Wuzhi. The traits show weak correlation between the two plantations. In some stands, the height, DBH and seedling volume of 5-year-old clones presented statistically significant differences among clones. In both plantations, the new clones showed over 0.6 repeatability of height, DBH and volume, as well as larger coefficients of variation （CV）. The fact that these clones achieved the largest repeatability and CV in the second year suggests that these traits are highly controlled by heredity. Thus, based on the growth traits of the second year, the new clones B305, B307, B303, H75, BT18, BT17 and 21J-1 were considered suitable in Weixian. In Wuzhi, the new clones had variable repeatability and CVs in various years and their correlation of growth traits among different years was not high. We conclude that early selection of new clones was not feasible in Wuzhi.     

Subsurface accumulation of CaCO_3 and Cl~- from groundwater under black locust and poplar plantations

When conditions are similar,more water evaporates from forest plantations than herbaceous vegetation,thereby affecting hydrological fluxes and ion transport in the soil.The vertical distribution of CaCO3 and Cl^-ions shifts due to afforestation.The effect of groundwater depth and clay content were studied in the Great Hungarian Plain where forest area has been increasing for decades by analyzing soil and groundwater samples from stands of black locust(Robinia pseudoacacia,11 plots)and poplar(Populus spp.,11 plots).All study sites contained one herbaceous(control)and one or more forested plots.CaCO3 and Cl^-ions accumulated in the soil profile in greater quantities under tree cover than in the controls.The scale of this process largely depended on the species and on soil and ion properties.Under black locust,Cl^-accumulated between 1.3 and 6.3 m,with a maximum difference of 0.3 pCl unit(pCl is Cl^-activity,the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the concentration of the chloride ion,determined using an ion-selective electrode,it is a dimensionless quantity.),while the difference in CaCO3 accumulation was at most 3.5%in some layers,compared to control plots.This result may be explained by the difference in the mobility of Ca+and Cl^-ions.Different mechanisms were noticeable under poplar plantations due to their higher water uptake:Cl-accumulation was detected below 0.9 m to the groundwater with a maximum difference of 0.5 pCl units,while CaCO3 accumulation was continuous at depths of 2.3–6.8 m with a maximum difference of 8.4%,compared to the controls.With increasing clay content,there was a discernible effect on CaCO3 and Cl-accumulation under black locust,but not observed under poplars.These differences were explained by the differences in water uptake mechanisms and root patterns of the two species and the different mobility of Ca2^+and Cl-ions.     

Ways to improve low-benefit black locust forests in Loess Plateau

This paper presents a general standard for the low-benefit black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） torests m Loess Plateau based on defining the concept of “tri-low forest”, and emphasizes the major factors which result in low-benefit black locust, such as, lack of soil moisture of forest and nutrient, breaching the principle of matching tree species to sites, and high density of forests. Based on different characteristics of low-benefit forests, following the principle of “adjusting measures to local conditions, giving priority to ecological benefits, assisting with economic benefits”, the authors put forward some technical ways to reform low-benefit black locust forests, for example, taking measurements of collecting runoff and storing water, lowering the forest density, introducing mixed forests and transforming species, directive breeding and so on.     

转基因多抗杨3号新品种选育

Populus euramericana‘MR3’is a transgenic clone transformed with five foreign genes (JERF36, SacB, vgb, and BtCry3A+ OC-1) via genetic engineering approach using Populus ×euramericana‘Guariento’as the receptor. This variety inherits the features of fast-growing and broad adaptation that the receptor possessed and further enhances the tolerance to various stresses including drought, salt, flooding, and insects feeding. The experiments in greenhouse for stress tolerance assays indicated that the expression of foreign genes led to improved tolerance to drought, salt, flooding, and insects (mainly Plagiodera versicolora). Field trial in an area with salinized soil in Shandong Province showed a 7.77% increase in stem volume than that of the control clones of 5-year-old saplings. Another field trial at Linghai in Liaoning Province indicated a 15.41% increase in stem volume than that of the control clones of 2-year-old. In the experiments in greenhouse, laboratory, and field, the P. euramericana‘MR3’showed enhanced characteristics such as fast-growing, higher tolerance to drought, salt, insects, and flooding stress, and is expected to be one of the ideal new poplar varieties for wood industry and ecosystem conservation in North China.     

Water cycle investigations in Hungarian forest ecosystems

From the biological point of view the value of autotrophy plant association is determined by the carbon fixation and the carbon cycle. Among the plant associations of Hungary, forest has the largest biological carbon fixation and carbon cycle.In general, the annual water cycle is the key factor in the organic material production of the Hungarian forests. The most intensive water consumption and organic material production take place from May till July, which period is named main water consumption and respectively main growing period. In Hungary the categories of the forest climate are characterized by main tree species and based on the characteristic meteorological data (Jaro and Tatraaljai, 1985). In Hungary the forest area covered by stand is 1,650,000 hm2. Beech forest climate covers 8% of the forest area, hornbeam-oak forest climate covers 22%, sessile oak-Turkey oak forest climate covers 48% and forest steppe climate covers 22%. Partly in the frame of ICP-Forests, the Department of Ecology in the Forest Research Institute carries out long term, complex ecophysiological investigations on several sample plots (so-called basic plots) throughout the whole country. The organic material production (growth), the nutrient and water cycle, the measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters, as well as chemical analyses are all part of the investigations. As a comparison the figure of two basic plots (Sopron-Piispokladany) shows the water cycles of a good growing beech stand in beech climate and a weak pedunculate oak stand in forest steppe climate in the hydrological year of 2001-2002. In the Hungarian forest 60%-70% of the precipitation is used for interception, evaporation, and in the vegetation season, for the transpiration both in beech and forest steppe climate. From other point of view, only 30%-40% of the open air precipitation infiltrates into the soil and can be utilized by the forest.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) clonal seed orchards in Hungary

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is one of the most important stand-forming tree species in Hungary and its importance is increasing in many countries. The main aim of the discussed new selection programme is to identify black locust clones with good performance and good form for setting up clonal seed orchards. As a result of selection programme 16 new black locust clones have been improved. In spring 2002 a black locust seed orchard was established with the newly selected clones. About 40% of the plants can be considered to belong to the height growth rate class 1 and 2. Hungary was the first country where micropropagated black locust planting material was used for seed orchard establishment.     

5年生刺槐4个无性系的枝干生物量及热值对比分析

对河南省陕县5年生的3-I、豫刺槐1号、匈牙利四倍体、一般刺槐(CK)4个刺槐无性系的生物量、灰分含量、干质量热值和去灰分热值进行分析。结果表明:无性系间单位干质量热值和去灰分热值差异显著,分别在3750～3950kcal·kg-1与3800～4000kcal·kg-1之间,高低排序均为3-I>CK>豫刺槐1号>匈牙利四倍体;部位间单位干质量热值和去灰分热值差异显著,分别在3800～3960kcal·kg-1与3840～4000kcal·kg-1之间,高低排序均为树干中部>树枝>树干上部>树干下部;无性系间单株枝干干质量热值和去灰分热值差异显著,分别在10900～35000kcal与11000～35500kcal之间,无性系间单株枝干热值排序与枝干总生物量排序一致,均为豫刺槐1号>3-I>CK>匈牙利四倍体。综合热值、灰分含量和生物量分析,对刺槐进行能源林经营的品种选择是有效的,无性系豫刺槐1号选做能源刺槐树种栽培最为理想,3-I次之;树干中部为理想能量部位,树枝次之。     

Breeding and cultivation of black locust, Robinia pseudoacacia, in Hungary

Black or common locust was introduced into Hungary between 1710 and 1720. Its present extent is 276 000 ha, 18.2% of the total forest area. Since its introduction, black locust has always been closely associated with farming.Selection breeding followed numerous steps. The best shipmast-type groves in the best stands were surveyed for superior trees which were grafted for clone tests.The National Agricultural Council for Variety Testing approved three selected or introduced locust cultivars in 1973 and five more in 1979. The registered cultivars and a further 13 candidates are grouped into three categories according to their proposed uses: sawlogs; poles and posts; and finally beekeeping and decorative planting.Some cultivars such as ‘Zalai’, ‘Kiskunsági’, ‘Császártöltési’, ‘Egylevelü’ and ‘Váti 46’ are suitable both for forestry and beekeeping.Vegetative propagation systems have been introduced for mass propagation of the improved cultivars. The planned production of 8 million plants in 1984 covers two-thirds of the demand.The selected cultivars demand intensive technologies, of which planting after deep-ploughing on better sites is the best. Silvicultural models have been worked out for producing sawlogs on better sites and poles and posts on medium sites.Interest in black locust is growing both in Europe and Asia. The area of man-made locust stands has increased in the last 20 years from 337 000 to 1 890 000 ha. These figures exclude China, where the tree is extensively used. In recent years the energy and forage aspects have become more interesting. South Korea leads in this respect, but various projects are also being undertaken in Hungary.     

刺槐属种质资源数据库研建

为研制刺槐属植物新品种DUS测试指南,作者对该属植物种质资源进行了系统全面研究。通过广泛检索查阅国内外文献资料,并开展国内实地调查研究,汇总得到刺槐属共有14种,4个种间杂交种,刺槐种内有24天然变种和变型。国外刺槐属人工育种研究成绩显著的国家有匈牙利,培育的板材柱材、蜜源及饲料品种达110多个;韩国研发培育出了四倍体饲料品种;我国选育鉴定的刺槐速生用材无性系达90多个。本文根据选择确定的刺槐属植物新品种DUS测试性状及其表达状态,对我国引种、选育或者尚未引种但文献记载详细的刺槐属种、变种、变型、品种、无性系及授权植物新品种建立数据库,录入种质资源的基本信息和测试性状表达状态,为刺槐属植物品种鉴别和新品种DUS审查奠定基础。     

北京石质山地燃料型能源树种刺槐无性系筛选

刺槐因其抗性强、生长速度快、薪材产量和热值均较高而成为许多地区的重要燃料型能源树种.针对北京石质山地优良高产燃料型能源刺槐无性系的筛选进行了较为深入的研究,从造林成活率、林木萌芽物候期、两个采薪周期树高和地径生长、两个采薪周期产薪量等方面对鲁刺12个无性系、豫刺6个无性系以及当地刺槐的差异进行了比较.研究结果表明,豫8059号、豫8033号和豫8017号等是适应北京石质山地立地条件的优质高产无性系,豫8026号、豫8062号和鲁9号也有潜力.建议在华北石质山地通过试验推广所选出的豫8059号、豫8033号、豫8017号和鲁9号等刺槐无性系,并推广其优化栽培配套技术.     

Black locust (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Robinia pseudoacacia</Emphasis> L.) as a multi-purpose tree species in Hungary and Romania: a review

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) was the first North-American tree species imported to Europe at the beginning of the seventeenth century. It is commonly planted worldwide because of its adaptability to environmental stresses, its valuable wood, easy propagation, frequent and abundant seed production, excellent coppicing, high seedling survival, and relatively high wood yield. In Europe, Romania and Hungary have the most highly-developed black locust growing techniques and experiences. As a result of increasing interest in black locust in many countries, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art site requirements, propagation, improvement and management (including growth and yield as well as use in energy plantations).     

匈牙利刺槐((Robinia pseudoacacia L.)林的经营研究(英文)

匈牙利刺槐((RobiniapseudoacaciaL.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第一个森林树种。在匈牙利,刺槐是非常重要的速生树种,为经济和生态目的,可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施,可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果,提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林,并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时,刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种,本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。     

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.）林的经营研究

匈牙利刺槐（（Robinia pseudoacacia L.)是在17世纪初从北美引入到欧洲的第个森林树种。在匈牙利，刺槐是非常重要的速生树种，为经济和生态目的，可以成功营造刺槐人工林。结合该树种的生长特点选择营林措施，可以最大限度的提高刺槐人工林的成活率和生产力。本文根据林分结构和森林产量长期实验林的研究成果，提出了刺槐林的抚育作业次序。制定好的营林计划和模式将会培育出效益刺槐林，并能使土地经营者更好地接受该树种。同时，刺槐也是一个非常有用的能源生产树种，本文展示了对这方面的研究成果。图2表1参8。