甘蔗液肥“蔗丰灵”应用试验报告

甘蔗高效液肥“蔗丰灵”在武鸣府城镇应用试验结果表明，于生长早期时而面喷施，可使甘蔗植株增高，蔗茎增粗，从而使甘蔗增产，并提高蔗茎品质，增产幅度１５－２０％，提高蔗糖分１．１８％（绝对值）以上。     

蔗丰灵处理对不同甘蔗品种的效应

本试验以桂糖８５／８、粤糖６３／２３７、桂糖１１号和桂糖１５号共４个甘蔗品种作为供试材料，于分蘖初期以０．２％（质量分数）“蔗丰灵”甘蔗高效液肥进行叶面喷施，以清水作为对照。在不同时期观察主要农艺性状及养分吸收特性，最后作统计分析。结果表明：（１）蔗丰灵处理能提高分蘖率和成茎蓄；（２）蔗丰灵处理可提高叶片中全Ｎ、全Ｐ及全Ｋ含量，能提高甘蔗产量，其增幅为１０．５－１７．６％；（３）蔗丰灵处理可提高蔗     

酸性蔗作土施用石灰、钙镁磷肥的效应

通过田间试验，研究pH值为4．86蔗作土每公顷施1500kg石灰（A处理）、1500kg钙镁磷肥（B处理）和1800kg石灰＋900kg钙镁磷肥（C处理）的效应。结果表明，3个处理均不同程度地提高了土壤pH值；有效地促进甘蔗对N、P、K，特别是P的吸收；提高甘蔗单株绿叶数、伸长速、茎长、茎粗、单茎重、有效茎数及蔗糖分，改善甘蔗品质；每公顷蔗茎产量和含糖量分别提高8．2％－13．0％和10．2％－22．8％。B、C处理的促进效应较A处理明显。     

甘蔗新品种川蔗19号的选育

川蔗１９ 号是以川糖６１ － ３８０ 为母本与父本川蔗４ 号在海南配制杂交组合选育而成。经多年多点试验结果表明：蔗茎产量４１ 点次新植和宿根蔗平均为８０３１０ ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ ,与对照（ 川蔗１０ 号,下同） 比增产１２ ．９３ ％ ;甘蔗蔗糖分８０ 次检糖（１１ ～１２ 月） 平均为１３ ．４９ ％ ,比对照提高０．０４％ （ 绝对值） ;含糖量４１ 点次平均为１０８４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２ ,比对照提高１３ ．３２ ％ 。该品种为早熟、高产稳产、蔗茎均匀、宿根性较好、抗性强,适应性广、耐肥抗倒伏优良品种,适宜在四川省的内江、重庆、攀西等地种植     

含云南蛮耗细茎野生种血缘甘蔗新品种(系)的宿根性研究

对瑞丽站育成含云南蛮耗细茎野生种血缘的第一个云蔗系列甘蔗新品种——云蔗99—155、云瑞99—113、云瑞99—131、云瑞99—178和云瑞99—601五个甘蔗新品系两新1宿品比试验,及部分品种（系）在云南省甘蔗品种区域试验的蔗茎产量、宿根能力、主要经济性状进行了统计分析,结果表明：（1）在站内品比试验中,5个品种（系）的产量、宿根能力均明显优于对照ROCl0,其中,宿根能力最强的云瑞99-113较ROC10高27．42％,最弱的云瑞99—601亦较ROC10高14．20％;5个新品种（系）均达到国家甘蔗品种审定标准。（2）在云南省区试中,云蔗99—155宿根能力较ROC10优势突出,达101．62％,蔗茎单产居15个参试品种之首;云瑞99-113宿根能力与ROC10相当,蔗茎单产比ROC10高7．92％．初步显,fir,出云南蛮耗细茎野生种对甘蔗品种宿根性及适应性改良的效果。     

糖果皆用型甘蔗良种川糖89／103的选育及前景

川糖８９／１０３是优良糖蔗果蔗皆用型的“双料”甘蔗新品系。其突出特点是中大茎径,蔗糖产量高,纤维含量适中。多年多点（次）试验表明：川糖８９／１０３在樊西蔗区比主栽品种川蔗１３号增产８．９％,增糖２１．８％,纤维含量１０．９％（与对照相当）;在资内蔗区比川蔗１７号增产２５．３％,增糖１５．８％,纤维含量８．９％（比对照种１１．２％低２．３％）,加上其适口性好,蔗茎基部粗大,抗倒伏力强,茎型美观,从而受到甘蔗种植者、城镇居民和制糖企业的欢迎。     

"云蔗"药肥防治甘蔗绵蚜药效试验

试验结果表明,“云蔗”甘蔗药肥防治甘蔗绵蚜均具有良好的效果,与常规药剂相比没有显著性差异。其中药肥2号和药肥6号防效最好,是能够满足甘蔗防治绵蚜需要的好药剂。     

油菜压青植蔗的增产增糖效果

油茶压青植蔗能提高出菌率，促进甘蔗生长，增加有效茎数，增大茎径，鲜茎产量提高25．8％-29．7％，蔗糖分提高0．35％(绝对值)，工农业产值增加1339．8元，增产、增糖效果显著。     

甘蔗"吨糖田"不同种植模式群体生长动态及其产量和品质效应

本试验在增施有机肥及一般大田栽培管理条件下，研究相同种植密度不同种植模式的甘蔗“吨糖田”群体生长动态及其产量、品质效应。结果表明：四种不同株行距的种植模式对甘蔗生长都有良好的促进效应，表现为发芽率高，分蘖发生早，有效伸长期长，伸长速度大，最适叶面积指数持续时间长，有效茎数多、蔗茎长、单茎重大、蔗糖分高、蔗汁品质优良。折每667m^2达到蔗茎产量7．95～9．78吨、甘蔗蔗糖分15．19％～15．41％、含糖量1．22～1．49吨的高产高糖水平。四种种植模式中，以D、A、B三种种植模式较好，蔗茎产量和含糖量均极显著或显著地高于C处理。综合各生长指标的表现，四种种植模式均适宜推广应用于“吨糖田”生产。     

甘蔗伸长中后期干旱胁迫对产量和工艺品质的影响效应

在玻璃大棚槽栽条件下，于甘蔗伸长中后期停止供水（二进胁迫）处理60天，以正常供水处理为对照，测定干旱胁迫对甘蔗产量和工艺品质的影响。结果表明：甘蔗伸长中后期干旱胁迫明显降低蔗茎的生长速度，使植株变矮，单茎重明显降低，但对有效茎数的影响不大。5个参试品种干旱胁迫处理的蔗茎产量比对照低6.73％-17.26％，平均减产11.18％。甘蔗伸长中后期受旱害还使甘蔗工艺品质明显变劣，12月的甘蔗蔗糖分比对照降低1.54％-2.40％（绝对值，下同），平均下降1.82％；蔗汁策略纯度下降3.07％-9.95％，平均下降7.56％；蔗汁还原糖分升高0.05％-0.57％，平均升高0.36％。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).