Evaluation of micronized lupin seed meal as an alternative protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream Sparus aurata L. juveniles

A 12‐week growth trial was performed to evaluate the effect of lupin seed meal as a protein source in diets for gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Six experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic and to contain 10%, 20% and 30% of raw lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) seed meal protein or 20% and 30% lupin (L. angustifolius) seed meal processed by infrared radiation (micronized) in place of fish meal protein, the only protein source of the control diet. Fish accepted all diets well and no significant differences in feed utilization among groups were noticed during the trial. Final weight of fish fed the experimental diets was identical or higher than the control group. Final weight of fish fed diets including 20% micronized lupin protein was even significantly higher than that of fish fed the fish meal‐based control diet. Moreover, at the same dietary lupin seed meal protein inclusion levels, final weight of fish fed diets including micronized lupin was significantly higher than with raw lupin. A trend was also noticed for a decrease of final weight with the increase in lupin seed meal in the diets. At the end of the trial no significant differences in proximate whole‐body composition, hepatosomatic and visceral indices were observed among groups. It is concluded that lupin seed meal can replace up to 30% fish meal protein in diets for gilthead sea bream juveniles with no negative effects on growth performance. Furthermore, micronization of lupin seeds improves its dietary value for gilthead sea bream juveniles. At the same dietary lupin inclusion levels, diets including micronized lupin seeds promote significantly higher growth rates than raw lupin seeds.     

Dietary potassium requirement of juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon

ABSTRACT: A feeding trial was conducted to estimate the minimal dietary potassium (K) requirement for juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon . Purified diets with seven levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 2.0 g/100 g) of supplemental potassium were fed to P. monodon (mean initial weight 0.75 ± 0.01 g) for 8 weeks. Each diet was fed to three replicate groups of shrimp. The rearing water contained 360 mg/L potassium. Weight gain and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of shrimp improved as dietary potassium supplementation level increased up to 1.5 g K/100 g diet and thereafter declined significantly ( P < 0.05). Feed efficiency (FE) of shrimp also showed a similar trend. However, whole body K concentration of the shrimp kept an increasing trend up to 2.0 g K/100 g diet. Analysis of the weight gain (percent) and PER of the shrimp by polynomial regression indicate that the minimal dietary potassium requirement in growing P. monodon is approximately 1.2 g/100 g.     

斑节对虾家系氨氮耐受性的比较

以非洲（F）、泰国（T）、印尼（Y）3个地理群体的野生斑节对虾（Penaeus1Ttonodon）为亲本构建家系,通过96h氨氮急性毒性试验对其中45个家系进行氨氮耐受性的比较研究。结果表明,在96h高氨氮的胁迫下各家系的死亡率为15．56％～100％,斑节对虾家系间对氨氮的耐受性差异极显著（P〈0．01）。其中死亡率低于30％的高氨氮耐受性家系有7个,死亡率在30％～60％的中等氨氮耐受性家系有29个,死亡率高于60％的低氨氮耐受性家系9个。不同父本和母本来源的家系氨氮耐受性由高到低分别为来源非洲、印尼和泰国。不同交配组合氨氮耐受性由高到低分别为F♀×F♂、Y♀×Y♂、Y♀×T♂、T♀×Y♂和T♀×T♂。对印尼和泰国杂交组合家系的氨氮耐受性进行杂交优势分析,结果表明,杂交组合在氨氮耐受性表现出一定的杂交优势（1．98％～19．80％）,其中Y♀×T♂组合的杂交优势高于T♀×Y♂组合。     

Evaluation of the dietary essentiality of vitamins for Penaeus monodon

The effect of deletion of individual water-soluble (thiamin, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, pantothenic acid, folic acid, niacin, biotin, choline, inositol and ascorbic acid) and fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E and K) in semipurified diets on growth and survival of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus monodon , was studied in the laboratory for 8 weeks. Diets lacking riboflavin and vitamin K did not affect growth and survival of shrimp. However, deletion of inositol and choline in the diet resulted in poor growth. Maximum growth was observed in the control diet (C1) supplemented with all vitamins. Diets deficient in ascorbic acid, biotin, folic acid, niacin, thiamin and α-tocopherol resulted in poor appetite and poorer feed conversion efficiency. All treatments except the control (C1) resulted in histopathological changes in the digestive gland cells. Detachment or destruction of the epithelial cells was observed in all treatments lacking individual vitamins but more severely in the treatment without a vitamin supplement, followed by inositol, choline and ascorbic acid deficient diets.     

冰冻斑节对虾体内病毒侵染中国对虾的电镜观察

用市售冰冻斑节对虾中头胸甲有白斑的病虾做感染源，对中国对虾仔虾进行人工感染，通过电子显微技术，对中国对虾仔虾的肝胰腺细胞进行观察研究。结果表明；冰冻斑节对虾体内的杆状病毒能够使中国对虾致病，其发病程度与对虾养殖密度有关。从病毒基质发生到形成完整的病毒粒子及侵染大致分4个阶段；病毒基质发生期，病毒囊膜形成期，病毒粒子装配期，病毒粒子再度侵染期。同时观察中还发现了一些可能与病毒形成有关的特殊物质，如绒团物和冰晶状物等。     

Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal in practical diets for redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)

Aquaculture of redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus, is rapidly developing in tropical and sub‐tropical regions of the world. As the industry is still in its infancy, grow out diets are generally not formulated specifically for this species as there is limited data on nutrient requirements and the acceptability of various ingredients. Given the recent increases in the price of fish meal (FM), the use of alternative protein sources such as poultry by‐product meal (PBM) may be more cost effective. The present research evaluated the response of juvenile redclaw to practical diets utilizing PBM as a replacement for FM. Juvenile redclaw crayfish (0.45 g ± 0.01) were stocked into 24, 600‐L, outdoor round tanks at a density of 12.5 m^?2. Tanks were supplied water from a watershed reservoir and maintained on a flow through regime. Crayfish in four replicate tanks were maintained on one of the six diets formulated to contain 260 g kg^?1 crude protein and 70 g kg^?1 crude fat which had previously demonstrated good growth under similar conditions. FM in the basal diets was replaced with PBM at various levels, on an iso‐nitrogenous basis, so that the diets contained 150, 120, 90, 60, 30 and 0 g FM kg^?1 diet and 78, 105, 132, 158, 185 and 212 g PBM kg^?1 diet, respectively. At the conclusion of the 56‐day growth trial, survival (>83%) and growth (>11.3 g or 2400%) of the crayfish were not significantly different among treatments. Based on these results, PBM appears to be a viable candidate as a replacement for FM in redclaw crayfish diets.     

Evaluation of Arthrospira fusiformis as a Protein Source in the Diet of Penaeus monodon Fabricius

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira fusiformis (AF) has a high protein content of 60%-65% and is rich in vitamins, minerals, fatty acids (gamma-linolenic acid), carotenoid, and other antioxidant pigments. A 60-day feeding trial was conducted using postlarval Penaeus monodon (0.041 g mean initial weight) to evaluate the efficacy of six isonitrogenous (40% protein) test diets containing various inclusion levels of AF. Clam meat was replaced with AF at an inclusion level of control, 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. The diet with 20% AF produced a significantly greater weight gain, specific growth rate, food conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio than all other diets (p<0.05). Further increase in the AF inclusion levels significantly decreased growth and feeding performance. Percentage survival and water stability of diet was significantly higher at inclusion levels of 10% and 20%. The results suggest that AF cannot serve as the sole protein source in the diet of P. monodon postlarvae, but can be effectively used as a supplementary protein source.     

Evaluation of a fish meal analogue as a replacement for fish meal in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Three six‐week growth trials and a digestibility trial were conducted to evaluate a fish meal analogue (FMA) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in shrimp feeds. Trials 1 and 2 evaluated and confirmed the potential of FMA supplementation (0, 48.5, 97, 145.5 and 194 g/kg) as a replacement for FM up to 200 g/kg without balancing for phosphorus (P) in practical diets for juvenile Pacific white shrimp L. vannamei. At the end of trial 1, shrimp offered diets containing 48.5 g/kg FMA exhibited significantly higher weight gain (WG) than those fed with the diet containing 145.5 g/kg FMA. At the end of trial 2, dietary FMA inclusion at 48.5 and 97 g/kg significantly improved WG and protein retention (PR), while reducing FCR and protein content of shrimp body compared to the diet containing 194 g/kg FMA. To determine whether P deficiency is the cause of reduced growth, the third trial was conducted utilizing equivalent diet but balanced for P. At the end of trial 3, shrimp fed diet containing 48.5 g/kg FMA+P showed significantly higher WG and PR than those fed diet containing 145.5 g/kg FMA+P. No decreasing trend of growth was detected in the diets containing FMA compared to the FM‐based diet. Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter, energy, protein and amino acids of FMA were determined using chromic oxide as an inert maker and the 70:30 replacement technique. The energy, protein and individual amino acid digestibility of FMA were significantly lower than those of soybean meal and FM which were run at the same time. Results of this work indicate that FMA can replace up to 200 g/kg FM in shrimp diets with supplemental inorganic P. Given the good growth across the range of inclusion without any indication of a growth depression, the low nutrient digestibility of FMA may be due to an atypical response or the product simply does not work with the testing technique.     

The potential use of Gracilaria sp. meal in diets for juvenile Penaeus monodon Fabricius

Five diets were formulated to investigate the effects of substituting wheat flour and soybean meal with various inclusion levels of seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) meal on the diet stability, performance and carcass composition of juvenile shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Gracilaria meal inclusion levels from 5% to 30% were tested against a control (0% seaweed) in isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets fed for 60 days to quadruplicate groups of shrimp held in laboratory brackishwater recirculation system. Diets containing Gracilaria meal at up to 10% inclusion had no significant effects on diet water stability (after 12 h), shrimp performance or carcass composition compared with the control diet lacking seaweed. Diets containing 0-15%Gracilaria meal remained >88% water stable after 12 h, shrimp specific growth rates (SGRs) were 7.9-8.0% wet body weight day^-1. survival was 48-56%, food conversion ratios were 3.1-3.5, and final carcass lipid levels were 6.8-7.5%. The 30% inclusion levels of Gracilaria meal resulted in a significant deterioration in diet water stability (86% after 12 h), shrimp growth (SGR 7.3% wet body weight day^-1) and carcass lipid level (4.1%). It is suggested that with the low cost and increasing availability of Gracilaria, it may be a suitable ingredient for low-level inclusion into formulated diets for shrimp culture. The possibility of using seaweed meals for this purpose is discussed with regard to diversifying the market for cultured seaweeds and enhancing the integration of seaweed culture into coastal aquaculture systems.     

Availability of black soldier fly meal as an alternative protein source to fish meal in red sea bream (Pagrus major,Temminck & Schlegel) fingerling diets

Black soldier fly meal (BM) is an outstanding candidate as a fish meal (FM) substitute because it contains relatively high protein and essential amino acids. In this study, we replaced FM in red sea bream diets (Pagrus major) with BM to investigate its effect on growth and feed utilization. Six isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental diets were prepared by substituting 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% FM protein with BM (Control, BM20, BM40, BM60, BM80 and BM100, respectively). After the 8-week feeding trial, final body weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and feed efficiency decreased linearly with increasing dietary BM level (p < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of protein and fat and serum total cholesterol concentration decreased with increasing dietary BM levels (p < 0.05) Final body weight, WG, SGR and FE against dietary BM level had breaking points of 76.2%, 41.7%, 76.5% and 60.0%, respectively, in segmental regression analysis. In conclusion, the results suggest that BM can replace a maximum of 41.7% of FM in the diet of red sea bream without compromising growth performance or feed efficiency for 56 days.     

斑节对虾水质因子耐受性研究

在室内条件下进行了斑节对虾短期内对水温、盐度、pH、低氧的耐受性实验。结果表明:该虾类对这几个主要水质因子的耐受能力强。当水质因子呈渐变时,虾对水温、盐度、pH 的耐受极限分别 T:16～39℃,S:2～55‰,pH:6.71～9.04;而在急变情况下,虾对这些参数的耐受性减弱。该虾对低氧的耐受性随不同温、盐度而定,在适宜的温、盐度范围内(T:25～30℃,S:20～35‰),虾对低氧的耐受性最强,此时致死溶解氧的临界值为0.5～1.5ppm,在其它温、盐度,溶解氧为0.9～2.75ppm 时虾即发生侧倒,表明此时对低氧的耐受性下降。     

饲料中豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆生长性能及生化指标的影响

以鱼粉和豆粕分别为主要动物性和植物性蛋白源,研究饲料中不同豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆幼鱼生长性能和生化指标的影响。设计4∶1、3∶1、2∶1和1∶1四种不同动植物蛋白比的等氮等脂饲料配方,按配方制备试验饲料,分别表示为D1、D2、D3和D4。牙鲆幼鱼随机分配到12个设有循环水系统的玻璃钢桶内(900L),每3桶鱼饲喂一种饲料,每天投喂饲料2次,每次达到表观饱食,饲喂期为56d。以增重率(WGR)、饵料系数(FCR)、特定生长率(SGR)、蛋白质效率(PER)、肝体指数(HSI)、肥满度(CF)、鱼体成分和饲料成本为依据,综合评价饲料中不同比例的豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆的饲养效果。通过测定尿素氮(BUN)、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、谷草转氨酶(GOT)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)、总蛋白(TP)、甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等生化指标,研究饲料中不同豆粕替代鱼粉比例对牙鲆蛋白质代谢和脂肪代谢的影响。随豆粕比例的增加,WGR、PER和SGR逐渐降低,FCR逐渐增加,当饲料中豆粕比例在24%以上时差异显著(P<0.05);HSI逐渐增加,且D1组显著低于其他...     

Availability of potato protein concentrate as an alternative protein source to fish meal in greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) diets

Potato protein concentrate (PPC) is a promising candidate as a fish meal (FM) substitute because it has high protein and essential amino acid content. In the present study, we replaced FM in greater amberjack diets with PPC to investigate the effect on growth and feed utilization. Four isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isocaloric experimental diets were prepared by substituting 0, 20, 40 and 60% of FM protein with PPC (Control, P20, P40 and P60 respectively). The in vitro protein digestibility of protein in PPC was 88.8%, relative to 100% protein in the FM. The in vitro protein digestibility of protein in the experimental diets also decreased with increasing PPC and was lowest at 84.2% in P60. After the 7‐week feeding trial, final body weight, weight gain and thermal growth coefficient tended to decrease with increasing PPC and were significantly lower in P60 than in the control (p < .05). Further, fish fed with diets P40 and P60 showed significantly lower feed conversion and protein efficiency ratios than the control group (p < .05). In conclusion, the results suggest that PPC can replace up to 20% of FM in the diet of greater amberjack without compromising the growth performance or feed efficiency.     

Utilization of soybean meal as an alternative protein source in the Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili

The availability of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal was evaluated in juvenile (450 g on average) yellowtail fed diets containing several levels of soybean meal (from 20 to 50%). After 153 days, liveweight averages were 980, 925, 795 and 670 g for fish fed diets in which fish meal was partially substituted with 20, 30, 40 and 50% soybean meal, and feed conversion ratios were 2.79, 3.09, 4.57 and 6.52, respectively. Regression analysis showed a negative effect of inclusion of soybean, although fish fed diets containing 20% and 30% of soybean did not present statistical differences and grew significantly more, and had a better feed conversion ratio, than fish fed 40 or 50% diets. Likewise, muscle protein level was lower and lipid content was higher in fish fed 20 or 30% soybean. No differences were obtained for protein digestibility coefficients of experimental diets.     

Alternative protein blends as a replacement for fish meal in diets for white seabass,Atractoscion nobilis

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of replacing fish meal (FM) with blends of alternative proteins in diets for white seabass (WSB, Atractoscion nobilis) at a starting weight of 5.6 g. Five diets were formulated with 400–440g kg^?1 crude protein (380g kg^?1 digestible). These included a high 520g kg^?1 FM control diet, a series of three diets with a sequential replacement of FM containing 410g kg^?1, 510g kg^?1 and 630g kg^?1 of a soy‐based protein blend (SPC) and 200g kg^?1, 100g kg^?1 and 0g kg^?1 FM, respectively and a fifth diet containing 550g kg^?1 of a corn‐based protein blend (CGM) and 100g kg^?1 FM. Survival was highest in the FM control group at 99% but all other performance measures (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein retention efficiency) were worse than the other treatment groups. Weight gain reached a maximum of 595% in the SPC 200g kg^?1 FM treatment group. Performance decreased as inclusion of the soy‐based protein blend increased. The CGM treatment performed comparably to the SPC 100g kg^?1 FM treatment among all measures, except for survival, which was higher in the CGM 100g kg^?1 FM treatment. With nutrient levels and alternative protein blends used in this study, FM can be reduced to 100g kg^?1 of the diet for WSB without reductions in performance.     

上海地区低盐海水中斑节对虾养殖试验

本试验共进行了两年。除88—2池跑苗外,试验组成活率达30%,产量均达到150公斤/亩左右,其中88—1池最高,为226.8公斤/亩。斑节对虾日生长率超过0.90毫米,与对照的中国对虾比,成活率、生长速度均高于对照组。在密度相近的条件下,生长速度快于中国对虾20%以上;饵料系数低于中国对虾,产量可达到或超过中国对虾产量,而生长期却缩短20天左右。试验结果说明,斑节对虾在上海地区养殖是完全可行的。     

Replacing fish meal with increasing levels of meat and bone meal,soybean meal and corn gluten meal,in diets of juvenile bluegill,Lepomis macrochirus

A 60‐day study was conducted to determine the response of juvenile bluegill Lepomis macrochirus to seven experimental diets, formulated using a blend of alternative protein sources as a replacement for fish meal. Adequate levels (digestible basis) of energy, protein and amino acids were maintained in diets 1–6, whereas slightly lower protein and energy levels were provided in diet 7. Feed cost per tonne ranged from $ 798.9 (diet 1, 550 g Kg^?1 fish meal) to $ 515.8 (diet 6, 0 g kg^?1 fish meal), or to $ 507.2 (diet 7, 0 g Kg^?1 fish meal). Three commercial diets were included in the study as reference diets: a high‐energy and a low‐energy trout diet, as well as a catfish diet. Quintuplicate bluegill groups (~22 g, n = 10 fish group^?1) were fed the experimental diets twice daily to apparent satiation. No major differences in feed consumption, feed efficiency and growth rates were detected among the bluegill groups fed the experimental diets. Trout diets generally produced higher fish fat deposition, whereas the catfish diet produced a poorer fish growth rate relative to the experimental diets. Under the reported conditions, results indicate diet 6, comprising predominantly soybean meal and porcine meat and bone meal, to be the most economical diet for juvenile bluegill.     

Evaluation of indigenous marine periphytic Amphora, Navicula and Cymbella grown on substrate as feed supplement in Penaeus monodon postlarval hatchery system

Three isolated marine diatoms ( Amphora , Navicula and Cymbella ) grown on substrate were evaluated as feed supplement for Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL) in hatchery system for a period of 19 days without changing water. Specific growth rate (day⁻¹) (0.27 ± 0.0) and survival (%) (56.3 ± 1.8) of PLs were significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) in treatment tanks when compared with the control (0.20 ± 0.0; 36.0 ± 1.5, respectively). Shrimp PLs reared in substrate-based tanks had significantly higher ( P  < 0.05) levels of protein, lipid (521.0 ± 7.0; 304.0 ± 2 g kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively), ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (189.0 ± 2.0; 176.0 ± 2 g kg⁻¹ of total fatty acid, respectively) than the control (435.0 ± 22.0; 258.0 ± 22 g kg⁻¹ dry weight; 172.0 ± 5.0; 152 ± 2 g kg⁻¹ total fatty acid, respectively). The periphytic diatoms contained protein and lipid (430–490; 230–260 g kg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively), EPA (30–150 g kg⁻¹ of total fatty acids), DHA (20–30 g kg⁻¹ of total fatty acids) and nine essential amino acids. The results showed that isolated marine periphytic diatoms grown on substrate could be used as feed supplement in enhancing the growth and survival of P. monodon postlarvae.