奶牛酮病的发生、诊断及防治技术

奶牛酮病是泌乳奶牛常见的、由碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱所引起的一种严重营养代谢病,又称酮血症、酮尿病.该病的特征是酮血、酮尿、酮乳,出现低血糖、消化机能紊乱,产乳量下降,间有神经症状.多发于产犊后10～60天.本病多发于饲养管理良好的高产奶牛,且以3～6胎次的高产奶牛发病率较高.多发于产后第1个月内,大多出现于泌乳开始增加的第3周内,2个月后发病极少.冬夏两季多于春秋季节.资料显示,美国每年有4%～5%的奶牛患临床型酮病(Mary,2000);而加拿大的研究报道,在泌乳期的前9周,奶牛亚临床型酮病的发病率高达59%.……     

奶牛酮血病的诊治

正奶牛酮血病是泌乳奶牛常见的、由碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱引起的一种严重的营养代谢病。该病的特征是酮血、酮尿和酮乳,出现低血糖、消化机能紊乱、产乳量下降等症状,间有神经症状。奶牛产犊后10～60天多发,饲养管理良好的高产奶牛,而且以3～6胎次的高产母牛发病率较高。大多出现于泌乳开始增加的第3周内,2个月后发病极少。     

奶牛酮病的综合防治

奶牛酮病是碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱所引起的一种全身功能失调的代谢性疾病。该病的特征是酮血、酮尿、低血糖、消化机能紊乱、乳产量下降及神经症状等。近年来 ,在哈尔滨和牡丹江等地的奶牛场、个体奶牛户中陆续发生奶牛酮病 ,发病母牛不但产乳量明显下降 (降低 10 %～ 15 %     

奶牛酮血病的诊疗体会

奶牛酮病是泌乳奶牛在产犊后几天至几周内 ,由于碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱所引起的一种全身功能失调的代谢性疾病。临床特征是酮血、酮尿 ,低血糖 ,消化机能紊乱 ,昏睡或兴奋 ,渐进性消瘦 ,产乳量下降及偶尔发生运动失调。本病多发生于舍饲的高产母牛 ,其中以 2～ 5胎次的高产奶牛最多发。在高产牛群中 ,亚临床酮病的发病率更高 ,占产后母牛的 10 %～ 30 % ,是对养牛业危害严重的营养代谢病之一。近年来 ,双城地区的奶牛场、个体奶牛户饲养的奶牛中酮病时有发生 ,发病奶牛不但产乳量明显下降 (约降低 10 %～ 15 % ) ,而且发情延迟、配种不妊…     

牛醋酮血症的诊治

牛醋酮血症,是泌乳奶牛常见的、由碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱所引起的一种严重的营养代谢病,又称奶牛酮病。该病的特征是酮血、酮尿、酮乳,出现低血糖、消化机能紊乱,产乳量下降,间有神经症状。产犊后10～60d多发。饲养管理良好的高产奶牛,且以3～6胎次的高产母牛发病率较高。大多出现于泌乳开始增加的第三周内,2个月后发病极少。冬夏两季多于春秋。     

奶牛酮病对奶牛生产性能的影响

为了研究奶牛酮病对奶牛生产性能的影响,选取规模奶牛场和散养户共450头奶牛进行跟踪调查,结果表明,规模奶牛场发病率为14.69%,而散养户发病率高达36.92%,其中规模奶牛场的瘫痪型、神经型及消化型酮病分别比散养户低7.16%(P0.05)、6.1%(P0.05)和8.96%(P0.05);秋季发病率比冬季、夏季和春季分别高3.34%(P0.05)、10.89%(P0.05)、13.78%(P0.05);受胎率健康组比酮病组高出50%,差异极显著(P0.01);4胎以上发病率高达47.22%,分别比1胎~4胎高出42.16%(P0.01)、32.13%(P0.01)、29.86%(P0.01)、10.75%(P0.05);泌乳量在31kg以上的奶牛其发病率高达47.76%,分别比泌乳量在21kg~30kg、11kg~20kg、10kg以下的发病率高12.31%(P0.05)、19.86%(P0.01)、25.36%(P0.01),患病前,奶牛的平均日产奶量为17.32kg,而发病后泌乳量降低至7.89kg,差异极显著(P0.01);患病后,其乳成分也发生较大变化,其乳蛋白率、乳脂率、乳糖率及乳干物质分别比患病前降低了1.07%、0.56%、0.73%及3.47%,差异显著(P0.05)。奶牛酮病发病具有一定规律性,可导致奶牛情期延迟、受胎率下降、淘汰率增大、泌乳性能下降及乳质变差。     

奶牛神经型酮病的诊治病例

<正>奶牛酮病是由于饲料中糖或生糖物质不足,导致碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱,酮体在体内大量蓄积所引起的一种泌乳奶牛常见的营养代谢病。特征是酮血、酮尿、酮乳,出现低血糖、消化机能紊乱,产乳量下降,间有神经症状。产犊后10~60 d多发,饲养管理良好且以3~6胎次的高产奶牛发病率较高。产后第1个月内,大多出现于泌乳开始增加的第三周内,2个月后发病极少;冬夏两季多于春秋。现将笔者诊治一例奶牛神     

牛醋酮血症的诊治

牛醋酮血症，是泌乳奶牛常见的、由碳水化合物和脂肪代谢紊乱所引起的一种严重的营养代谢病，又称奶牛酮病。该病的特征是酮血、酮尿、酮乳，出现低血糖、消化机能紊乱，产乳量下降，间有神经症状。产犊后10～60d多发。饲养管理良好的高产奶牛，且以3～6胎次的高产母牛发病率较高。大多出现于泌乳开始增加的第三周内，2个月后发病极少。冬夏两季多于春秋。     

乌兰察布市泌乳奶牛亚临床酮病的调查研究

试验选取内蒙古乌兰察布市489头泌乳奶牛,通过对尿中和乳中酮体采用酮粉法检测进行奶牛亚临床酮病的监测与分析。结果表明,乌兰察布市泌乳奶牛亚临床酮病发病率为10.63%;第1和第2个泌乳月亚临床酮病发病率明显高于第3个及以上泌乳月;各胎次亚临床酮病发病率以3～5胎最高;日产奶量在30kg以上亚临床酮病发病率显著高于日产奶量在30kg以下奶牛;养殖小区以及规模户饲养奶牛的亚临床酮病发生率较高。     

规模化奶牛场亚临床酮病的调查与防治

2018年7月-2019年6月,笔者对本区域12个规模化奶牛场1054头奶牛进行亚临床酮病的调查,先后采集尿液、乳液2122份,临床使用尿酮试剂带、粉剂法等试剂进行测试,了解垦区奶牛亚临床酮病(隐性酮病)的发病情况。试验结果显示:亚临床酮病的阳性率平均为17.46%;奶牛产后21~40 d阳性率最高,占发病率的51.14%;二胎以上发病率占45.70%,8 t以上产奶量奶牛发病率占36.89%。     

An epidemiological and genetic study on registered diseases in Finnish Ayrshire cattle. III. Metabolic diseases

The epidemiology of clinical ketosis, hypocalcaemia and hypomagnesaemia was examined. In addition, the genetic variability of ketosis and parturient paresis was investigated. The data set consisted of the lactation records of 70,775 Finnish Ayrshire dairy cows. Each cow was under observation for 2 days before and for 305 days after calving. Lactation incidence rates (%) were: ketosis 6.0, parturient paresis 3.8, non-parturient paresis 0.6, hypomagnesaemic tetany, outdoor 0.6, and indoor 0.2. These diseases formed 22 % of all first treatments by veterinarians during farm visits. 92 % of the cases of ketosis occurred with 8 weeks of parturition, with the highest occurrence 3–5 weeks after calving. Four % of cases of parturient paresis occurred before, and 45 % within 24 h after calving. When cases were categorized by month of calving the risk of ketosis was higher during indoor feeding (October-April) than during outdoor feeding (May-September). The risk of parturient paresis did not significantly vary with month of calving. The occurrence of ketosis increased with parity up to the 4th and decreased thereafter. The occurrence of parturient paresis increased with parity. Both the increase in herd milk yield and the increase in individual milk yields were positively associated with the occurrence of ketosis and parturient paresis. The cows with a history of the reproductive tract infection had a higher risk of contracting ketosis. Heritability estimates for ketosis in various parity groups were from 1.6 % to 4.1 % on the binomial scale (corresponding to 7.3 %–14.4 % on the normal scale), and for parturient paresis from 3.5 to 10.5% (corresponding from 18.3 % to 27.4 %). The genetic correlation between ketosis and parturient paresis, and these and current milk production for all material were insignificant.     

Effects of Diseases on Reproductive Performance in Dairy Cattle Ⅲ: Nutritional Metabolic Diseases

Under the modern large-scale and intensive dairy farming production mode,the continuous supply of feed with high nutrition level is the material basis for maintaining the rapid growth and development of reserve cows and the high lactation performance of lactating cows.However,after the genetic quality reaches the "bottleneck period",although the milk yield of dairy cow can continue to maintain a certain high level with the continuous improvement of the nutrient concentration of feed and the increase of dry matter intake (DMI),the incidence of nutritional metabolic diseases of high-yield dairy cows also shows a rapid growth trend,especially ketosis caused by the negative energy balance in perinatal period,acidosis caused by high-precision diet and the increase of blood urea nitrogen caused by high-protein diet,negatively regulate the reproductive performance of dairy cows,resulting in inconspicuous postpartum estrus,decreased mating rate and conception rate of dairy cows,which directly affect the update speed of dairy cows production groups,the normal performance of high-quality cattle and the economic benefits of dairy farming.In this paper,the author introduced in detail the relevant research on the current situation and its mechanism influence of different nutritional metabolic diseases on the reproductive performance of dairy cows in recent years,and focused on analyzing the molecular mechanism of nutritional and metabolic diseases with high perinatal incidence such as ketosis,low blood calcium and moderate gastric acid,and put forward the prospect and thinking on the future research direction of nutritional and metabolic diseases and reproductive performance of high-yielding dairy cows,in order to provide some reference and theoretical basis for improving the reproductive efficiency of high-yielding dairy cows in large-scale pastures in China and the perinatal nutrition management level of dairy cows.     

Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型酮病对奶牛血液某些理化参数的影响

本试验旨在了解Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型酮病发生时奶牛体内某些理化参数的变化。在某集约化牛场随机选取产后7～28 d、平均胎次为2～3胎的试验奶牛,根据血浆中β-羟丁酸（BHBA）、葡萄糖（Glc）、游离脂肪酸（NEFA）的含量以及临床发病特点分为Ⅰ型酮病组（20头）、Ⅱ型酮病组（20头）和健康对照组（10头）。结果显示,三组间血浆中Glc、BH-BA、NEFA的浓度与体况评分存在显著差异（P＜0.05）,但三组试验奶牛的泌乳量、产后天数、血浆中胰岛素（INS）含量彼此间无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。Ⅰ型酮病、Ⅱ型酮病与健康对照组之间的理化参数存在显著差异,为深入探究奶牛Ⅰ型酮病与Ⅱ型酮临床病理学、早期检测和诊断以及详细的发病机理提供依据,为今后有效地预防奶牛Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型酮病奠定基础。     

疾病对奶牛繁殖性能的影响及其研究进展Ⅲ:营养代谢性疾病

现代规模化、集约化奶牛养殖生产模式下,不断供给高营养水平日粮是维持后备牛快速生长发育和泌乳母牛高泌乳性能的物质基础。然而,在遗传品质到达"瓶颈期"后,尽管随着日粮营养浓度的不断提高和干物质采食量（DMI）的增加,奶牛单产水平可以继续维持在一定的高水平状态,但是高产奶牛的营养代谢性疾病的发病率也呈现快速增长趋势,特别是围产期能量负平衡（negative energy balance,NEB）引起的酮病,高精日粮引发的酸中毒、高蛋白质日粮引起的血液中尿素氮升高等营养代谢性疾病,负调控奶牛繁殖性能,造成奶牛产后发情不明显,配种率和受胎率下降等,直接影响奶牛生产群的更新速度、优质牛群泌乳性能正常发挥以及奶牛养殖的经济效益。作者详细介绍了近年来国内外不同营养代谢性疾病对奶牛繁殖性能影响的相关研究资料,重点分析了酮病、低血钙、瘤胃酸中毒等围产期高发的营养代谢性疾病影响奶牛繁殖性能的分子机制,并对营养代谢性疾病与高产奶牛繁殖性能今后研究的方向提出了展望和思考,以期为提高中国规模化牧场高产奶牛群繁殖效率和母牛围产期营养管理水平提供一定的借鉴和理论依据。     

Screening for ketosis using multiple logistic regression based on milk yield and composition

Multiple logistic regression was applied to milk yield and composition data for 632 records of healthy cows and 61 records of ketotic cows in Hokkaido, Japan. The purpose was to diagnose ketosis based on milk yield and composition, simultaneously. The cows were divided into two groups: (1) multiparous, including 314 healthy cows and 45 ketotic cows and (2) primiparous, including 318 healthy cows and 16 ketotic cows, since nutritional status, milk yield and composition are affected by parity. Multiple logistic regression was applied to these groups separately. For multiparous cows, milk yield (kg/day/cow) and protein-to-fat (P/F) ratio in milk were significant factors (P<0.05) for the diagnosis of ketosis. For primiparous cows, lactose content (%), solid not fat (SNF) content (%) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) content (mg/dl) were significantly associated with ketosis (P<0.01). A diagnostic rule was constructed for each group of cows: (1) 9.978 × P/F ratio + 0.085 × milk yield <10 and (2) 2.327 × SNF − 2.703 × lactose + 0.225 × MUN <10. The sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC) of the diagnostic rules were (1) 0.800, 0.729 and 0.811; (2) 0.813, 0.730 and 0.787, respectively. The P/F ratio, which is a widely used measure of ketosis, provided the sensitivity, specificity and AUC values of (1) 0.711, 0.726 and 0.781; and (2) 0.678, 0.767 and 0.738, respectively.     

新疆昌吉州围产期奶牛酮病流行病学调查及其对生产性能影响

为了掌握新疆昌吉州围产期奶牛酮病的流行现状,研究该病对奶牛生产性能的影响,采集昌吉州1 898 份围产期奶牛血液进行血酮检测,统计分析酮病和亚临床酮病的发生率,比较健康奶牛、亚临床酮病奶牛、酮病奶牛在产奶量、乳品质、免疫力指标方面的差异。结果昌吉州围产期奶牛酮病、亚临床酮病发生率分别为10.06%和33.09%;酮病奶牛、亚临床酮病奶牛与健康奶牛相比,平均日产奶量分别降低14.39%（P<0.05）、5.26%（P<0.05）,乳脂率分别降低11.99%（P<0.05）、6.0%（P<0.05）,乳糖率分别降低6.14%（P<0.05）、2.18%（P>0.05）,乳蛋白率分别降低11.88%（P<0.05）、5.80%（P<0.05）,体细胞数分别提高26.72%（P<0.05）、16.29%（P<0.05）,IgA含量分别降低23.81%（P<0.05）、9.52%（P>0.05）,IgG含量分别降低15.71%（P<0.05）、7.33%（P<0.05）,IgM含量分别降低14.58%（P<0.05）、6.25%（P<0.05）。结论昌吉州围产期奶牛均存在酮病和亚临床酮病的发生,并能够使奶牛的产奶量、乳品质和免疫力降低。     

过瘤胃胆碱在围产期奶牛的应用研究进展

奶牛养殖过程中,围产期被认为是最重要的时期之一,在该时期奶牛从干奶状态转为泌乳状态,生理上所受的应激造成奶牛泌乳早期采食量降低,易发生能量负平衡.此外,奶牛生产性能和繁殖性能也会降低,并常常伴有一些围产期疾病的发生,如脂肪肝、酮症、乳房炎等.胆碱能影响奶牛的生产与繁殖性能,参与奶牛的脂肪代谢,可降低脂肪肝发生率,提高免疫性能.对围产期奶牛饲喂过瘤胃保护胆碱(rumen protected choline,RPC),可改善奶牛机体代谢,增加小肠胆碱供应,进而提高奶产量、改善乳成分、缓解脂肪肝、减少围产期疾病的发生.本文综述了RPC对围产期奶牛干物质采食量、生产性能、乳成分以及健康状况的影响,旨在为围产期奶牛的养殖提供理论参考依据.     

奶牛酮病的研究概况

奶牛酮病是由于体内代谢紊乱所引起的一种代谢性疾病,主要表现为产奶量、乳汁质量下降,繁殖性能降低,以及内分泌紊乱等,导致奶牛淘汰率增加,给奶牛场造成严重的经济损失。近年来,奶牛酮病的发生率有呈上升的趋势,与目前奶牛产奶量高、日粮结构改变有很大的关系。通过营养调控在一定程度上可以降低酮病的发生率。     

Epidemiology and genetic basis of ketosis in Finnish Ayrshire cattle

The epidemiology and genetic variability of ketosis in Finnish Ayrshire cattle were examined. In the spring of 1982, a new health recording system was started on all dairy farms in Finland. Ketosis data collected during the first year were analyzed. Seven percent of 8201 Finnish Ayrshire cows which were daughters of 80 randomly selected bulls were treated for ketosis. Eighty-nine percent of cases occurred within 8 weeks after parturition, with the highest occurrence 3–5 weeks after calving. When cases were categorized by month of calving the risk of ketosis was higher during indoor feeding (September-May) than during outdoor feeding (June-August). Ketosis occurrence increased with parity, but was not associated with milk yield. Problems in estimating the correlation between ketosis and milk yield were discussed. The incidence rate among bull-daughter groups varied from 0 to 26 percent. The heritability estimate of 2.3% for ketosis on the binomial scale was not significant, even though it corresponded 81% on the normal scale. Research is needed on new statistical methods for threshold characters in order that breeding programs can be designed to accoint for possible inherited susceptibility to metabolic diseases.