中蜂双群同箱饲养技术（一）

前　言双群同箱饲养 ,就是在 1个蜂箱中同时饲养 2群蜜蜂 ,2群蜜蜂虽同处于 1个蜂箱中 ,但相对独立。双群同箱饲养 ,可以解决中蜂群势弱 ,产量低的缺点。广东省的中蜂群势近 10多年来出现下降趋势 ,群势繁殖慢 ,生产力下降 ,蜂产品产量低。广东冬春季节气温低 ,山区日夜温差大等原因 ,使群势弱 ,影响繁殖和生产的问题更加突出。近年来 ,我们在广东省推广中蜂双群同箱饲养技术 ,取得了较好的效果 ,蜂农也乐于接受。现将有关蜂群的组织和管理方法介绍如下 :1　双群同箱饲养蜂群的组织1 1　双群同箱饲养蜂群的生物学依据蜜蜂群与群之间靠“群味…     

中蜂强群饲养的几点策略

中蜂是我国土生土长的一个优良品种。它历经千百年的自然选择,具有较强的抗病、抗螨能力,适应山区气候,善于采集山区的零星蜜粉源,易于定地饲养。它和西方蜜蜂一样,在主要流蜜期群势越强,收获的蜂蜜就越多,取得的经济效益就越大。但是,中蜂的单群群势明显要比意蜂弱。如果在日常的饲养管理过程中采取一定的策略,也可以把中蜂饲养成为强群,获得可观的经济效益。1、组织双群同箱饲养中蜂弱群的繁殖能力较差,很难在大流蜜期时达到强群的群势。在蜂场的分蜂季节里,经常可以用蜂笼收捕到一些中等群势的蜜蜂。这时就可以组织双群同箱饲养了。方法…     

宁化县中蜂春季管理要点初探

宁化县中蜂饲养均为家庭副业,实行定地饲养,规模较小,加强春季饲养管理是蜂群恢复和壮大的关键,本人认为中蜂的春季管理要以繁殖为中心,适当采蜜。管理要点是:检查调整蜂群、加强群内保温、奖励饲喂、壮大蜂群、适当控制分蜂。现分述如下:1　检查调整蜂群　在1月下旬选择晴暖无风的中午(气温在10℃以上)对越冬蜂群作1次全面检查,查明群势强弱、蜂王产卵、巢内贮蜜等情况,结合检查(并打扫)箱内卫生。根据检查情况及时调整好蜂群:发现群内无王蜂,应及时合并;群势弱,要就近组织双王群同箱饲养;空脾多,要抽掉老脾,做到蜂多于脾;巢内缺蜜,要补给…     

有计划壮大群势是增加养蜂效益的重要措施

前几天我遇到冯蜂友,在交谈中他抱怨:2012年柳孟头大流蜜,别人一群能产30～50斤蜜,而自己已饲养近百群,却一两蜜也没有……。我问他是否群势太弱,他邀我去看他的蜂群。我打开箱一看,是双王群,每边4脾蜂,继箱6脾蜂,继箱两边隔板外各有2脾左右的蜂,群势并不弱,怎么不产蜜呢?我再仔细看,原来尽是幼蜂。我再次寻问,前半月前群势怎么样(当时正值柳孟     

中蜂双群同箱饲养技术在广东冬春季节中的应用

前言近年来 ,在广东省饲养的中蜂因受各种因素的影响 ,群势越来越弱 ,在冬春季节 ,广东省的气温又低 ,山区有时还出现霜冻。因此 ,中蜂在冬春季节出现繁殖慢、生产性能差的现象。中蜂双群同箱饲养 ,作为一种特殊的饲养技术 ,可以解决中蜂群势弱、繁殖慢、生产性能差的问题 ,从而使饲养中蜂能获得较好的经济效益。１什么是双群同箱双群同箱饲养 ,它不同于双王同群 ,是在一个蜂箱中同时饲养两群蜜蜂 ,两群蜜蜂之间用一块隔板分开。两群蜜蜂尽管处于同一个蜂箱中 ,但相对独立。２中蜂双群同箱饲养的优越性中蜂是广东省主要饲养的蜂种 ,对广东省…     

越冬前蜂群的定群及其管理

一、越冬蜂巢的布置 1.蜂脾关系:室内越冬的蜂群,要蜂脾相称或蜂略多于脾,如4～4.5框蜂放4张脾,切忌蜂脾相差悬殊;室外越冬蜂群也要蜂多于脾,如4.5～5框蜂放4张脾。越冬蜂巢的蜂路为12毫米左右。 2.巢脾的排列:蜂量不足4框蜂的蜂群,最好双群同箱越冬。布置蜂巢时,把半蜜脾放在闸板的两侧,整蜜脾放在半蜜脾的外侧;拥有5～6框蜂的蜂群,可以单群平箱越冬,布置蜂巢时,中间放半蜜脾,两侧放整蜜脾;蜂量在7框蜂以上的蜂群,应加继箱越冬,两个蜂箱各放8～9张巢脾,布置蜂巢时把饲料的80％放在继箱内,同样把整蜜脾放     

中蜂生产力的测定与原因分析

蜂群生产力的测定是确定蜂种优劣、生产力的具体指标。以每天称取蜂群重量(蜂箱与蜂群总重量),计算蜂群采集量、取蜜量的增减变化,较单群逐脾称重取蜜称重测定蜂群生产力的方法更加直接、简单、准确。在流蜜期,对中蜂生产群称重来测定中蜂蜂群生产力试验研究发现:组织继箱生产群的时间、方法不同,与群势相当的两群平箱饲养群对比结果差异很大,即一个试验三种结果;中蜂蜂群在生产过程中,当蜂群重量增加到一定数量时,则表现出增重缓慢或停止增长;如平箱群(4脾蜂)达到21~23kg,继箱群(8脾蜂)42~44 kg时,称重不再增长,为蜂蜜成熟期,蜜蜂表现出怠工情绪;经取蜜后称取蜂群重量与所取蜜重,确定初始值,次日称重,则花蜜进箱量呈大幅度增加态势。结果表明:适时取蜜是提高中蜂生产力的重要措施,培育适龄采集蜂是增产的根本因素,饲养强群是提高中蜂产量和质量的主要途径,分区饲养是提高生产效率的主要方法。本试验为中蜂生产优质高产蜂蜜提供了科学依据和实践经验。     

榨蜡方法的改进

笔者养殖蜜蜂20多年,积累了一些蜂群早春管理的经验。长期的实践经验证明,蜂群早春管理着重要抓好以下七点:1)及时补饲对蜜、粉不足的蜂群应及时补充饲料,把贮备的蜜粉脾插在边脾或边二脾位置,或用洒水壶将40℃的蜂蜜浇入巢脾中再插入蜂箱。如无备用花粉,可用鸡蛋调和奶粉,加入适量糖水饲喂。2)调整蜂群如发现无王群,应及时与有王群合并,将两群蜂放入一个巢箱内,群间以报纸相隔,让两群蜂自动咬破报纸进行合并;过弱蜂群应及时合并,或组成多群同箱饲养。调整群势时,将空脾、结晶蜜脾、发酵变质脾抽出,缩小蜂路,使蜂多于脾。1次。5)加强保温平…     

蜂群越冬前群势平衡措施

越冬蜂的群势是直接关系到蜂群能否安全越冬的关键因素。在东北地区 ,蜂群安全越冬的最起码群势应在 5框蜂以上。但在养蜂生产中 ,由于多种因素影响 ,常造成越冬蜂群势强弱不均 ,相差悬殊。这就需事先有计划地进行平衡 ,使弱群也能达到最起码安全越冬群势。下面介绍几种蜂群越冬前平衡群势措施。一、在繁殖越冬蜂之前 ,逐步完成平衡群势工作对于子脾少蜂多的小群 ,利用强群的蛹脾加强。如果外界有丰富的蜜粉源 ,强群中撤走 1张蛹脾 ,再加上 1张空脾或巢础 ,蜂王产上卵 ,保持该群的子脾数。而弱群中补充的蛹脾出房后 ,蜂王接着产上卵 ,不仅保…     

小群生产与控王器

小群生产 ,并不是提倡养小群。因为有些地区定地养蜂条件差 ,春季蜜源花期早 ,繁殖期短 ,越冬蜂量不强等 ,难以在流蜜期到来养成强大的生产群。继续加脾繁殖 ,流蜜期往往是只见子脾不见蜂 ,采蜜困难 ;等到蜂群强大时 ,蜜源也已过去了 ,故不得不组织成小型生产群 ,突击采蜜。组织小群生产 ,应在流蜜期开始前半个月 ,6张子脾左右的小群 ,停止加脾 ,实行“闷蜂” ,以积累蜂量投入生产。“闷蜂”使哺育量大大减轻 ,成蜂寿命延长。如果大量新蜂出房 ,则箱内蜂量明显增强。流蜜期开始 ,加上继箱和适量蜜脾 ,准备采蜜、产浆。小群生产 ,虽群势小、…     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.