Magnesium-iron replacement in clay minerals in anoxic marine sediments

In anoxic marine sediments iron is extracted from clay minerals to form a sulfide. Magnesium from the surrounding solution then replaces the extracted iron in the clay mineral structure. This process removes magnesium from seawater and serves as a control on the composition of interstitial waters in sediments.     

掺杂稳定固定剂的沉积物样品吸附Cu、Zn的特征

利用掺杂稳定固定剂的沉积物样品进行cu、zn的热力学吸附,考察铁氧化物类、有机质类、黏土矿物类及磷酸盐类等11种物质的掺杂对沉积物样品吸附cu、zn热力学特征的影响。结果表明,所选用的掺杂材料中羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢二铵可同时提高沉积物吸附cu、zn的能力,其中Cu的最大吸附量提高70％～130％,Zn的最大吸附量提高150％以上,说明羟基磷灰石和磷酸氢二铵可望用作污染沉积物中重金属Cu、Zn的稳定固定剂。     

Late Precambrian oxygenation; inception of the clay mineral factory

An enigmatic stepwise increase in oxygen in the late Precambrian is widely considered a prerequisite for the expansion of animal life. Accumulation of oxygen requires organic matter burial in sediments, which is largely controlled by the sheltering or preservational effects of detrital clay minerals in modern marine continental margin depocenters. Here, we show mineralogical and geochemical evidence for an increase in clay mineral deposition in the Neoproterozoic that immediately predated the first metazoans. Today most clay minerals originate in biologically active soils, so initial expansion of a primitive land biota would greatly enhance production of pedogenic clay minerals (the "clay mineral factory"), leading to increased marine burial of organic carbon via mineral surface preservation.     

细菌磁小体形成机制和应用研究进展

趋磁细菌(magnetotactic bacteria,MTB)可以在细胞内形成磁小体(magnetosome,MS)并在磁场作用下定向运动。MTB的MS合成是一个多基因参与的复杂过程。MS由于其优良的性能而有着广阔的应用前景。本文对MS的合成机制和应用的研究进展进行了初步的概述。     

Sedimentary phosphate method for estimating paleosalinities

The widespread occurrence of sedimentary phosphate in argillaceous sediments provides the basis for a new method of paleosalinity estimation. Sedimentary phosphate contains iron- and calcium-phosphate fractions, the relative proportions of which are sensitive to salinity of the water at sites of deposition. The sedimentary phosphate method provides direct estimates of paleosalinity throughout the freshwater to marine range.     

Fossilization of soft tissue in the laboratory

Some of the most remarkable fossils preserve cellular details of soft tissues. In many of these, the tissues have been replaced by calcium phosphate. This process has been assumed to require elevated concentrations of phosphate in sediment pore waters. In decay experiments modern shrimps became partially mineralized in amorphous calcium phosphate, preserving cellular details of muscle tissue, particularly in a system closed to oxygen. The source for the formation of calcium phosphate was the shrimp itself. Mineralization, which was accompanied by a drop in pH, commenced within 2 weeks and increased in extent for at least 4 to 8 weeks. This mechanism halts the normal loss of detail of soft-tissue morphology before fossilization. Similar closed conditions would prevail where organisms are rapidly overgrown by microbial mats.     

Large sulfur bacteria and the formation of phosphorite

Phosphorite deposits in marine sediments are a long-term sink for an essential nutrient, phosphorus. Here we show that apatite abundance in sediments on the Namibian shelf correlates with the abundance and activity of the giant sulfur bacterium Thiomargarita namibiensis, which suggests that sulfur bacteria drive phosphogenesis. Sediments populated by Thiomargarita showed sharp peaks of pore water phosphate (/=50 grams of phosphorus per kilogram). Laboratory experiments revealed that under anoxic conditions, Thiomargarita released enough phosphate to account for the precipitation of hydroxyapatite observed in the environment.     

Phosphate release and force generation in skeletal muscle fibers

Rapid laser pulse-induced photolysis of an adenosine triphosphate precursor in muscle fibers abruptly initiated cycling of the cross-bridges. The accompanying changes in tension and stiffness were related to elementary mechanochemical events of the energy-transducing mechanism. When inorganic phosphate was present at millimolar concentrations during liberation of adenosine triphosphate in the absence of calcium, relaxation was accelerated. Steady active tension in the presence of calcium was decreased but the approach to final tension was more rapid. These results suggest that, during energy transduction, formation of the dominant force-generating cross-bridge state is coupled to release of inorganic phosphate in a reaction that is readily reversible.     

Recent biogenic phosphorite: concretions in mollusk kidneys

Phosphorite concretions have been detected in the kidneys of two widespread species of mollusks, Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians, which have relatively high population densities. These concretions are the first documentation of the direct biogenic formation of phosphorite grains. The concretions are principally amorphous calcium phosphate, which upon being heated yields an x-ray diffraction pattern which is essentially that of chlorapatite. These concretions appear to be a normal formation of the excretory process of mollusks under reproductive, environmental, or pollutant-induced stress. Biogenic production of phosphorite concretions over long periods of time and diagenetic change from amorphous to crystalline structure, coupled with secondary enrichment, may account for the formation of some marine phosphorite desposits which are not easily explained by the chemical precipitation-replacement hypothesis.     

Zooplankton fecal pellets link fossil fuel and phosphate deposits

Fossil zooplankton fecal pellets found in thinly bedded marine and lacustrine black shales associated with phosphate, oil, and coal deposits, link the deposition of organic matter and biologically associated minerals with planktonic ecosystems. The black shales were probably formed in the anoxic basins of coastal marine waters, inland seas, and rift valley lakes where high productivity was supported by runoff, upwelling, and outwelling.     

Mineralization kinetics: a constant composition approach

A new method is described for studying, reproducibly, the kinetics of crystallization of minerals under conditions of constant solution composition even at very low supersaturations. For calcium phosphates the method provides direct evidence for octacalcium phosphate as the precursor to hydroxyapatite precipitation at physiological pH.     

Phospholipid-calcium phosphate complex: enhanced calcium migration in the presence of phosphate

In the presence of acidic phospholipids, inorganic phosphate greatly enhances the net migration of calcium ions from the aqueous phase to the organic phase, an effect that does not occur at less than the physiological pH. The calcium complex in the organic phase is shown by electron microscopy to consist of spherules, composed of stoichiometric amount of calcium, inorganic phosphate, and phospholipid. The demonstration of complex formation between calcium phosphate and acidic phospholipids adds Support to the concept that phospholipids are involved in biological mineralization.     

Composition of interstitial waters of marine sediments: temperature of squeezing effect

Warmeling of samples of marine sediments to room temperatures prior to the extraction of interstitial water accounts for the apparent enrichments of potassium ion (13.3 percent) and chloride ion (1.4 percent) and depletions of magnesium ion (2.5 percent) and calcium ion (4.9 percent). These differences are the result of changes in ion-exchange selectivity as a function of temperature.     

p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis and calcium ion transport in fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum

The calcium ion pump of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum can be coupled to hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate, in the absence of added adenosine triphosphate. Comparison of the activities obtained with the two substrates suggests an analogous mechanism of transport. Independent of the substrate, a 2 : 1 ratio between calcium ion transport and substrate hydrolysis is displayed by the system, and an identical amount of work is required for ion transport against a given gradient. A phosphate ester appears necessary for substrate utilization in the pump mechanism, whereas the structure of the substrate determines the rates of activity and the affinity of the system for calcium ion.     

Interstitial Silica and pH in Marine Sediments: Some Effects of Sampling Procedures

The temperature at which the interstitial water was squeezed from a marine sediment had a profound effect on the measured interstitial silica concentrations which showed an average increase of 51 percent after the sediment was exposed to a temperature 20 degrees C higher than the in situ temperature. Similar effects were not found for interstitial phosphate or alkalinity, but the pH was slightly higher in the water squeezed at the higher temperature. These tempreature-induced changes were completed in a few hours. The use of filter paper can significantly lower the pH of expressed pore waters. Until some important questions about temperature effects are answered, all future data on the pH and silica concentration of pore waters of marine sediments should be obtained from samples extracted at in situ temperatures.     

Methylation of trimethyltin compounds by estuarine sediments

Both biologically active and autoclaved sediments convert trimethyltin hydroxide to the volatile tetramethyltin. Larger amounts of tetramethyltin were formed in the bioactive sediments than in the sterile sediments. No volatile tin compounds were detected in the absence of trimethyltin hydroxide or from trimethyltin hydroxide in seawater or in seawater containing bentonite. The formation of tetramethyltin is slow, taking over 80 days at 16 degrees C to reach a maximum. The extent of conversion, although significant, is not extensive. The formation of tetramethyltin occurs in estuarine sediments by both abiotic and biologically enhanced pathways. A redistribution mechanism accounts for at least the abiotic pathway and possibly both formation pathways.     

Paleosalinity of permian nonmarine deposits in antarctica

Argillites of the Permian Mount Glossopteris Formation were analyzed for clay minerals, trace elements, and phosphate paleosalinity. Mainly degraded and stripped illites occur. The determined salinity range, 29 to 33 parts per mille is designated the "paleosalinity signature" of the formation. Analysis of trace elements supports phosphate paleosalinity determinations. Data from Leaia-bearing beds indicate a salinity range of 30 to 31 parts per mille that persisted some 137 years. Subsequent increase to 33 parts per mille corresponded to termination of leaiid occupancy of the area. These findings confirm and extend Nelson's study of phasphate paleosalinity.     

几种粘粒矿物和土壤表面吸附态磷的解吸(英文)

几种重要粘粒矿物和我国代表性土壤表面吸附态磷的解吸随pH的变化可以归纳为三种不同的曲线类型.铁铝氧化物和蒙脱石表面磷的解吸在pH4.0到10.0范围内随pH升高而增加,pH6.0到7.5以上增加更快.高岭石和以可变电荷为主的酸性红黄壤的磷解吸—pH曲线呈现“U”型特征,其解吸最低值的pH高岭石为6.5,红黄壤类样品都在4.8左右.中性和石灰性土壤磷解吸在pH酸侧类似碳酸钙的情况,即解吸随pH升高线性下降,但在pH高于6.0～7.5以上时,解吸又趋于稳定,甚至增加.pH对磷吸附和解吸的影响在本质上是一样的,但方向相反.高岭石和红黄壤等具可变电荷表面的样品的磷解吸最小值pH范围恰好都落在各样品吸附磷前后的两个PZC值之间.上述结果表明可变电荷矿物和土壤吸附态磷的解吸在很大程度上受表面电荷特性 制约.pH影响此类样品磷解吸的机理主要是改变了表面电位.至于中性和石灰性土壤,磷的释放在pH酸侧主要受磷酸钙溶解作用支配;而在较高pH条件下,粘粒矿物表面吸附磷的解吸仍然是重要的.     

冷浸田不同磷源及用量对水稻生长和产量的影响

[目的]为皖南山区冷浸田综合治理和水稻养分管理提供科学依据。[方法]以水稻D优202为材料,在皖南山区冷浸田中设置钙镁磷肥和过磷酸钙2个磷肥品种及3个磷素水平试验。[结果]在冷浸田开沟降渍的条件下,施磷能够在0.05水平显著提高水稻产量。施磷有利于水稻有效分蘖的形成。过量施磷易造成中后期无效分蘖增多,恶化群体结构和质量,每穗实粒数和千粒重降低,不利于产量的进一步提高。钙镁磷肥能够促进水稻前期分蘖,中后期的干物质积累明显增加,钙镁磷肥增产效果比过磷酸钙显著。[结论]冷浸田水稻施磷以75 kg/hm2为宜。     

The Precursor of the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Clays at Stevns Klint, Denmark, and DSDP Hole 465A

Results of detailed mineralogical, chemical, and oxygen isotope analyses of the clay minerals and zeolites from two Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) boundary regions, Stevns Klint, Denmark, and Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) Hole 465A in the north central Pacific Ocean, are presented. In the central part of the Stevns Klint K/T boundary layer, the only clay mineral detected by x-ray diffraction is a pure smectite with > 95 percent expandable layers. No detrital clay minerals or quartz were observed in the clay size fraction in these beds, whereas the clay minerals above and below the boundary layer are illite and mixed-layer smectite-illite of detrital origin as well as quartz. The mineralogical purity of the clay fraction, the presence of smectite only at the boundary, and the delta(18)O value of the smectite (27.2 +/- 0.2 per mil) suggest that it formed in situ by alteration of glass. Formation from impact rather than from volcanic glass is supported by its major element chemistry. The high content of iridium and other siderophile elements is not due to the cessation of calcium carbonate deposition and resulting slow sedimentation rates. At DSDP Hole 465A, the principal clay mineral in the boundary zone (80 to 143 centimeters) is a mixed-layer smectite-illite with >/=90 percent expandable layers, accompanied by some detrital quartz and small amounts of a euhedral authigenic zeolite (clinoptilolite). The mixed-layer smectite-illite from the interval 118 to 120 centimeters in the zone of high iridium abundance has a very low rare earth element content; the negative cerium anomaly indicates formation in the marine environment. This conclusion is corroborated by the delta(18)O value of this clay mineral (27.1 +/- 0.2 per mil). Thus, this mixed-layer smectite-illite formed possibly from the same glass as the K/T boundary smectite at Stevns Klint, Denmark.