An empirical model for predicting diffusion coefficients in silicate minerals

An empirical model describing the diffusion kinetics of oxygen in silicate minerals under hydrothermal conditions has been established for temperatures between 773 and 1073 Kelvin at 100 megapascals of water pressure. The equation, log D = alpha + (beta/T) + [(gamma + (delta/T))Z], where D is the diffusion coefficient, alpha, beta, gamma, and delta are constants, T is the Kelvin temperature, and Z is the total ionic porosity, may be used to predict diffusion coefficients, in most cases to within the reported experimental reproducibility of a factor of 2. For oxygen diffusion, alpha = -2, beta = -3.4 x 10(4)K, gamma = -0.13, and delta = 6.4 x 10(2)K, for D in square centimeters per second. Limited data for the diffusion of argon in silicates suggest that the model describes this system as well.     

Choline: high-affinity uptake by rat brain synaptosomes

Synaptosomes from rat brain accumulate choline by two kinetically distinct processes, a high-affinity uptake system [Michaelis constant (K(m)) = 1 x 10(-6)M], and a low-affinity system (K(m) = 9 x 10(-5)M). The high-affinity uptake system requires sodium, and is associated with considerable formation of acetylcholine. The low-affinity uptake system is less dependent on sodium, and does not appear to be associated with a marked degree of acetylcholine formation. The high-affinity choline uptake appears to represent selective choline accumulation by cholinergic neurons.     

强直性脊柱炎患者中IL-23 R基因rs7517847多态性分析

目的：研究IL-23R基因rs7517847位点的单核苷酸多态性与强直性脊柱炎易感性的关系.方法采用PCR-RFLP方法对100例强直性脊柱炎患者进行IL-23R基因多态性检测,并与35例健康者对照分析.结果 rs7517847位点各基因型频率和等位基因频率在AS组与对照组之间的分布差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;并在假设遗传方式下,rs7517847位点的纯合突变GG基因型与（ TG＋TT）基因型比较,其频率分布差异在AS组与对照组之间也具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论 IL-23R基因rs7517847位点的多态性与吉林地区人群AS易感性有关;携带G等位基因且为GG基因型的个体患AS的危险性增大,这可能是患AS的易感因素之一.     

Atom interferometer measurement of the newtonian constant of gravity

We measured the Newtonian constant of gravity, G, using a gravity gradiometer based on atom interferometry. The gradiometer measures the differential acceleration of two samples of laser-cooled Cs atoms. The change in gravitational field along one dimension is measured when a well-characterized Pb mass is displaced. Here, we report a value of G = 6.693 x 10(-11) cubic meters per kilogram second squared, with a standard error of the mean of +/-0.027 x 10(-11) and a systematic error of +/-0.021 x 10(-11) cubic meters per kilogram second squared. The possibility that unknown systematic errors still exist in traditional measurements makes it important to measure G with independent methods.     

Solar particle tracks in glass from the surveyor 3 spacecraft

A glass filter from Surveyor 3 has a surface density of approximately 1 x 10(6) tracks per square centimeter from heavy solar flare particles. The variation with depth is best fitted with a solar particle spectrum dN/dE = 2.42 x 10(6) E(-2) [in particles per square centimeter per year per steradian per (million electron volts per nucleon)], where E is the energy and N is the number of particles, from 2 million electron volts per nucleon to approximately 7 million electron volts per nucleon and dN/dE = 1.17 x 10(7) E(-3) at higher energies. Not much difference is observed between 0.5 and 5 micrometers, an indication that there is a lack of track-registering particles below 0.5 million electron volts per nucleon. The Surveyor data are compatible with track results in lunar rocks, provided an erosion rate of approximately 10(-7) centimeter per year is assumed for the latter. The results also suggest a small-scale erosion process in lunar rocks.     

Identification of SNPs and expression patterns of FZD3 gene and its effect on wool traits in Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type)

As a member of the Frizzled family, Frizzled3(FZD3) is a receptor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and plays a vital role in mammalian hair follicle developmental processes. However, its effects on wool traits are not clear. The objectives of this study were to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and the expression patterns of FZD3 gene, and then to determine whether it affected wool traits of Chinese Merino sheep(Xinjiang Type) or not. PCR-single stranded conformational polymorphism(PCR-SSCP) and sequencing were used to identify mutation loci, and general linear model(GLM) with SAS 9.1 was used for the association analysis between wool traits and SNPs. Quantitative real-time PCR(q RTPCR) was used to investigate FZD3 gene expression levels. The results showed that six exons of FZD3 gene were amplified and two mutation loci were identified in exon 1(NC_019459.2: g.101771685 TC(SNP1)) and exon 3(NC_019459.2: g.101810848, AC(SNP2)), respectively. Association analysis showed that SNP1 was significantly associated with mean fiber diameter(MFD)(P=0.04) and live weight(LW)(P=0.0004), SNP2 was significantly associated with greasy fleece weight(GFW)(P=0.04). The expression level of FZD3 gene in skin tissues of the superfine wool(SF) group was significantly lower(P0.05) than that of the fine wool(F) group. Moreover, it had a higher expression level(P0.01) in skin tissues than in other tissues of Chinese Merino ewes. While, its expression level had a fluctuant expression in skin tissues at different developmental stages of embryos and born lambs, with the highest expression levels(P0.01) at the 65 th day of embryos. Our study revealed the genetic relationship between FZD3 variants and wool traits and two identified SNPs might serve as potential and valuable genetic markers for sheep breeding and lay a molecular genetic foundation for sheep markerassisted selection(MAS).     

乌珠穆沁绵羊RIPK2基因多态性与生长性状的关联

【目的】基于前期绵羊肉用性状GWAS研究结果,旨在探讨RIPK2基因对乌珠穆沁绵羊生长性状的影响,找到该基因中与绵羊生长性状相关的分子标记,同时对GWAS结果进行验证。【方法】在343只乌珠穆沁绵羊试验群体中,选取其中30个个体的血液DNA样本,以相同浓度组成池DNA,设计引物对RIPK2基因外显子及其上下游1 000bp的调控区进行PCR扩增,PCR产物检测为目的条带后测序。使用DNAMAN和Chromas2软件对测序峰图进行分析,采用飞行质谱方法对检测到的SNP位点及前期GWAS得到的SNP位点进行基因型分型。使用Haploview软件对多态位点构建单倍型及连锁不平衡分析。使用SPSS （22.0）软件进行RIPK2基因SNP位点与生长性状间的关联分析。【结果】共发现了4个多态位点,A5536G的同义突变rs01位于第四外显子内,在该位点检测到三种基因型,AA基因型频率为0.42,AG基因型频率为0.45,GG基因型频率为0.13,优势等位基因为A,其频率为0.65;在第七外显子上检测到T8952C错义突变rs02,在该突变位点检测到3种基因型,其中TT基因型频率为0.82,TC基因型频率为0.16,CC基因型频率为0.02,T为优势等位基因,基因频率为0.9;在第十外显子检测到 T2836C的突变rs05,在该位点检测到两种基因型TT和CC,没有检测到杂合子基因型,TT基因型频率为0.25,CC基因型频率为0.75;上游调控区发现一个G5181C的突变rs30,有3种基因型,其中GC基因型频率为0.50,CC基因型频率为0.18,GG基因型频率为0.32,G为优势等位基因,其频率为0.58; GWAS得到的SNP位点是T4456C,在本研究中被命名为rs34,在该位点有3种基因型,其中TT基因型频率为0.49,TC基因型频率为0.37,CC基因型频率为0.14,优势等位基因T的频率为0.68。χ²适合性检验发现,除rs34位点外,其余位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P＞0.05)。rs02位点处于低度多态(PIC＜0.25),其余位点处于中度多态(0.25＜PIC＜0.5)。连锁不平衡分析发现,rs01和rs02位点强连锁,在群体中共构建了3种单倍型,AT 为优势单倍型,其频率为0.645,这两个位点共构建了6 种基因型组合,其中AATT为优势基因型组合,频率为0.425。单标记关联分析表明：rs01位点的AA、AG基因型的个体和GG基因型个体在4月龄体重、胸围上差异显著（P＜0.05）,在6月龄体高、胸围上差异显著(P＜0.05)。rs02位点CC基因型个体在4月龄体重、体高、胸围和6月龄胸宽上显著优于TT、TC基因型个体（P＜0.05),在4月龄体斜长、6月龄体高和体斜长上极显著优于TT、TC基因型的个体（P＜0.01）。rs30位点上,GG基因型的个体在4月龄体重、胸围与其他两种基因型个差异显著(P＜0.05),3个基因型的个体在6月龄胸围上均有显著差异（P＜0.05）。rs34位点的3个基因型的个体仅在4月龄体重上差异显著(P＜0.05)。rs01-rs02组合基因型关联分析发现：GGCC基因型组合的个体在4月龄体重、体高、体斜长、胸围上与其他基因型之间差异显著（P＜0.05）,GGCC基因型组合的个体在6月龄体高、体斜长、胸宽上与其他基因型组合的个体差异显著（P＜0.05）。【结论】RIPK2基因对绵羊生长性状具有较显著的影响,其SNPs作为分子标记对乌珠穆沁绵羊生长性状的选育具有一定的指导意义。     

Association of polymorphisms in sire KCNQ3 potassium voltage-gated channel gene with cow milk-fat content

Association of the effects of the SNPs in the KCNQ3 and KCNB2 genes with breeding value of bulls of the holsteinized Black-and-White breed has been verified. The reliable influence of SNP (rs41610985) in the KCNB2 gene on the breeding value of bulls is not revealed. The SNP marker (rs41580517) in the KCNQ3 gene is associated with fat content in milk. In addition, the effect of a G to C allele substitution is equal to 0.044, and domination of allele G is observed. It was ascertained that the causal mutation should be located in the KCNQ3 gene, and, consequently, this gene is a candidate gene stipulating the SNP marker (rs41580517) association with the fat content in milk.     

Sea level variation as an indicator of Florida current volume transport: comparisons with direct measurements

Sea level measurements from tide gauges at Miami, Florida, and Cat Cay, Bahamas, and bottom pressure measurements from a water depth of 50 meters off Jupiter, Florida, and a water depth of 10 meters off Memory Rock, Bahamas, were correlated with 81 concurrent direct volume transport observations in the Straits of Florida. Daily-averaged sea level from either gauge on the Bahamian side of the Straits was poorly correlated with transport. Bottom pressure off Jupiter had a linear coefficient of determination ofr(2) = 0.93, and Miami sea level, when adjusted for weather effects, had r(2) = 0.74; the standard errors of estimating transports were +/- 1.2 x 10(6) and +/- 1.9 x 10(6) cubic meters per second, respectively. A linear multivariate regression, which combined bottom pressure, weather, and the submarine cable observations between Jupiter and the Bahamas, had r(2) = 0.94 with a standard error of estimating transport of +/- 1.1 x 10(6) cubic meters per second. These results suggest that a combination of easily obtained observations is sufficient to adequatelv monitor the daily volume transport fluctuations of the Florida Current.     

Complement factor H polymorphism and age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common, late-onset, and complex trait with multiple risk factors. Concentrating on a region harboring a locus for AMD on 1q25-31, the ARMD1 locus, we tested single-nucleotide polymorphisms for association with AMD in two independent case-control populations. Significant association (P = 4.95 x 10(-10)) was identified within the regulation of complement activation locus and was centered over a tyrosine-402 --> histidine-402 protein polymorphism in the gene encoding complement factor H. Possession of at least one histidine at amino acid position 402 increased the risk of AMD 2.7-fold and may account for 50% of the attributable risk of AMD.     

鸡催乳素受体基因多态性与就巢及产蛋性状的关联分析

【目的】揭示与繁殖性状关系密切的催乳素受体（prolactin receptor,PRLR）基因与中国地方鸡种的就巢性及产蛋性能的关系。【方法】本试验采用PCR-SSCP方法,以576只宁都黄鸡为材料,检测PRLR基因的多态性,并进行多态性与就巢和产蛋性状间的关联分析。【结果】证实了前人研究过的SNP1（T10862C,外显子3）和SNP2（T25670C,外显子6）均与就巢性状无显著关联（P＞0.05）;SNP2对300 d产蛋量影响显著（P＜0.05）;新发现的SNP3（G30716A,内含子8）显著影响开产日龄（P＜0.05）;新发现的SNP4（A31900G,外显子10）极显著地影响就巢率（P＜0.01）,显著影响就巢天数和300 d产蛋量（P＜0.05）。由4个SNPs构建的不同单倍型在开产日龄上的差异达到极显著水平（P＜0.01）,在其它性状上的差异不显著（P＞0.05）。【结论】PRLR基因的多态性与就巢和产蛋性状相关,SNP4的效应更为突出。     

虎杖主要农艺性状的相关及通径分析

为探明虎杖主要农艺性状间及其与单株产量间的相关关系,为虎杖育种和高产栽培提供参考,对采自川渝两地19份虎杖资源的主要农艺性状进行相关和通径分析。结果表明:9个主要农艺性状与单株产量(y)的相关系数绝对值为主根粗(x8)茎叶鲜重(x9)分枝数(x4)茎粗(x2)主根长(x6)冠幅(x5)株高(x1)主茎叶数(x3)侧根数(x7)。最佳回归方程y=-84.867+6.900x3-46.376x4+1.238x5+225.457x8+0.983x9,R2=0.909,F=23.988**,即主茎叶数、分枝数、冠幅、主根粗和茎叶鲜重是影响虎杖单株产量的主要因素。茎叶鲜重对单株产量的直接效应最大,其次是分枝数,第三是主根粗。茎叶鲜重、分枝数和主根粗是虎杖品种选育的主要目标性状和高产栽培的主攻方向。虎杖高产株型为茎叶茂盛,分枝数较少,主根较粗,主茎叶数、冠幅适中的植株。     

Voyager radio science observations of neptune and triton

The Voyager 2 encounter with the Neptune system included radio science investigations of the masses and densities of Neptune and Triton, the low-order gravitational harmonics of Neptune, the vertical structures of the atmospheres and ionospheres of Neptune and Triton, the composition of the atmosphere of Neptune, and characteristics of ring material. Demanding experimental requirements were met successfully, and study of the large store of collected data has begun. The initial search of the data revealed no detectable effects of ring material with optical depth tau [unknown] 0.01. Preliminary representative results include the following: 1.0243 x 10(26) and 2.141 x 10(22) kilograms for the masses of Neptune and Triton; 1640 and 2054 kilograms per cubic meter for their respective densities; 1355 +/- 7 kilometers, provisionally, for the radius of Triton; and J(2) = 3411 +/- 10(x 10(-6)) and J(4) = -26(+12)(-20)(x10(-6)) for Neptune's gravity field (J>(2) and J(4) are harmonic coefficients of the gravity field). The equatorial and polar radii of Neptune are 24,764 +/- 20 and 24,340 +/- 30 kllometers, respectively, at the 10(5)-pascal (1 bar) pressure level. Neptune's atmosphere was probed to a pressure level of about 5 x 10(5) pascals, and effects of a methane cloud region and probable ammonia absorption below the cloud are evident in the data. Results for the mixing ratios of helium and ammonia are still being investigated; the methane abundance below the clouds is at least 1 percent by volume. Derived temperature-pressure profiles to 1.2 x 10(5) pascals and 78 kelvins (K) show a lapse rate corresponding to "frozen" equilibrium of the para- and ortho-hydrogen states. Neptune's ionosphere exhibits an extended topside at a temperature of 950 +/- 160 K if H(+) is the dominant ion, and narrow ionization layers of the type previously seen at the other three giant planets. Triton has a dense ionosphere with a peak electron concentration of 46 x 10(9) per cubic meter at an altitude of 340 kilometers measured during occultation egress. Its topside plasma temperature is about 80 +/- 16 K if N(2)(+) is the principal ion. The tenuous neutral atmosphere of Triton produced distinct signatures in the occultation data; however, the accuracy of the measurements is limited by uncertainties in the frequency of the spacecraft reference oscillator. Preliminary values for the surface pressure of 1.6 +/- 0.3 pascals and an equivalent isothermal temperature of 48 +/- 5 K are suggested, on the assumption that molecular nitrogen dominates the atmosphere. The radio data may be showing the effects of a thermal inversion near the surface; this and other evidence imply that the Triton atmosphere is controlled by vapor-pressure equilibrium with surface ices, at a temperature of 38 K and a methane mixing ratio of about 10(-4).     

生长肥育猪日粮铜添加水平与生产性能动态关系的研究

采用54头杂交猪(杜×长×约)研究日粮铜添加水平对生产性能的影响,建立日粮铜添加水平与生产性能之间的动态模型,探讨促生长的最适铜添加量。试验采用单因子设计,分别设0、100、200、300、400mg/kg的铜添加水平,试验从20kg开始,100kg结束。结果表明:在20～100kg的生长肥育猪日粮中添加100～300mg/kg的铜,都可不同程度的起到改善生产性能的作用。与对照组相比,试猪全期ADG提高7.67%～10.59%,F/G降低4.58%～11.76%(P>0.05)。ADG(y1,单位g)和F/G(y2)与铜添加水平(x,单位mg/kg)的动态关系回归方程分别为:y1=737.21+0.9343x-0.0025x2(R2=0.900,P=0.100);y2=3.1063-0.0036x+8.7×10-6x2(R2=0.795,P=0.205)。根据回归方程可知,在试猪20～35kg、35～80kg、80～100kg和20～100kg各阶段,当铜添加水平分别为223、269、147和186mg/kg时,ADG最高,分别为910、808、803和825g。当铜添加水平分别为300、311、158和206mg/kg时,F/G最优,分别为1.86、2.79、3.28和2.73。     

Pressure Dependence of Elastic Wave Velocity for beta-Mg2SiO4 and the Composition of the Earth's Mantle

The pressure dependence of the elastic wave velocities for hot-pressed, elastically isotropic polycrystals of the beta (modified spinel) phase of magnesium orthosilicate (Mg(2)SiO(4)) has been determined at room temperature to 3 gigapascals (GPa) by ultrasonic pulse interferometry. Pressure derivatives of the bulk (dK/dP = 4.8) and shear (dG/dP = 1.7) moduli derived from the travel times of the compressional (P) and shear (S) waves clearly demonstrate that the velocity contrast between the olivine and beta phases of Mg(2)SiO(4) decreases with increasing pressure. When combined with plausible values for the (as yet unmeasured) temperature derivatives, these new data can be used to calculate the contrast in P and S wave velocities across an olivine-beta phase transformation occuaring at pressure-temperature conditions corresponding to about 400 kilometers depth in the earth. The seismologically observed contrasts DeltaV in both P and S wave velocities constrain the percentage of orthosilicate in a model mantle of uniform chemical composition for appropriate relative magnitudes of the temperature (T) derivatives of the bulk and shear moduli for the beta phase. Allowed combinations of orthosilicate content (percent), dK/dT, and dG/dT (both in gigapascals per Kelvin) for a pair of recent seismological models with DeltaV(p) = DeltaV(s) 4.6% include (65, -0.018, -0.020), (55, -0.015, -0.018), and (45, -0.012, -0.016).     

有机、无机肥配施对黄梁木幼林生长的影响

【目的】探究有机、无机肥配施对黄梁木Neolamarckia cadamba幼林生长的影响。【方法】采用林地现场小区试验法,对黄梁木幼林进行猪粪、鸡粪、过磷酸钙和氯化钾配施正交试验。【结果】有机、无机肥配施能显著促进黄梁木幼林树高和地径生长,造林半年后,与未施肥相比,施肥处理树高和地径分别增加23.53%~109.41%和37.99%~149.06%;多因素方差分析显示,猪粪和过磷酸钙对黄梁木树高和地径生长有显著影响,其不同水平间差异显著,而鸡粪和氯化钾主效应不显著;综合考虑黄梁木生长状况和肥料成本,选择猪粪14 kg·株-1+过磷酸钙1.5 kg·株-1作为黄梁木幼林施肥方案;回归分析得出,猪粪(x1)和过磷酸钙(x2)施用量与黄梁木树高(yH)和地径(yD)之间的回归方程分别为:yH=1.016+0.031x1+0.221x2(R2=0.835,P=0.000),yD=26.193+0.991x1+6.052x2(R2=0.83,P=0.000)。【结论】有机、无机肥配施能显著促进黄梁木幼林树高和地径生长,当黄梁木施用猪粪14 kg·株-1+过磷酸钙1.5 kg·株-1时,促进作用最为明显。     

Ultrasonic shear wave velocities of MgSiO3 perovskite at 8 GPa and 800 K and lower mantle composition

Ultrasonic interferometric measurements of the shear elastic properties of MgSiO3 perovskite were conducted on three polycrystalline specimens at conditions up to pressures of 8 gigapascals and temperatures of 800 kelvin. The acoustic measurements produced the pressure (P) and temperature (T) derivatives of the shear modulus (G), namely ( partial differentialG/ partial differentialP)T = 1.8 +/- 0.4 and ( partial differentialG/ partial differentialT)P = -2.9 +/- 0.3 x 10(-2) gigapascals per kelvin. Combining these derivatives with the derivatives that were measured for the bulk modulus and thermal expansion of MgSiO3 perovskite provided data that suggest lower mantle compositions between pyrolite and C1 carbonaceous chondrite and a lower mantle potential temperature of 1500 +/- 200 kelvin.     

Carbon Dioxide Transport by Ocean Currents at 25{degrees}N Latitude in the Atlantic Ocean

Measured concentrations of CO(2), O(2), and related chemical species in a section across the Florida Straits and in the open Atlantic Ocean at approximately 25 degrees N, have been combined with estimates of oceanic mass transport to estimate both the gross transport of CO(2) by the ocean at this latitude and the net CO(2) flux from exchange with the atmosphere. The northward flux was 63.9 x 10(6) moles per second(mol/s); the southward flux was 64.6 x 10(6) mol/s. These values yield a net CO(2) flux of 0.7 x 10(6) mol/s (0.26 +/- 0.03 gigaton of C per year) southward. The North Atlantic Ocean has been considered to be a strong sink for atmospheric CO(2), yet these results show that the net flux in 1988 across 25 degrees N was small. For O(2) the equivalent signal is 4.89 x 10(6) mol/s northward and 6.97 x 10(6) mol/s southward, and the net transport is 2.08 x 10(6) mol/s or three times the net CO(2) flux. These data suggest that the North Atlantic Ocean is today a relatively small sink for atmospheric CO(2), in spite of its large heat loss, but a larger sink for O(2) because of the additive effects of chemical and thermal pumping on the CO(2) cycle but their near equal and opposite effects on the CO(2) cycle.     

Elasticity of single-crystal MgO to 8 gigapascals and 1600 kelvin

The cross pressure (P) and temperature (T) dependence of the elastic moduli (Cij) of single-crystal samples of periclase (MgO) from acoustic wave travel times was measured with ultrasonic interferometry: partial differential2C11/ partial differentialP partial differentialT = (-1.3 +/- 0.4) x 10(-3) per kelvin; partial differential2C110/ partial differentialP partial differentialT = (1. 7 +/- 0.7) x 10(-3) per kelvin; and partial differential2C44/ partial differentialP partial differentialT = (-0.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(-3) per kelvin. The elastic anisotropy of MgO decreases with increasing pressure at ambient temperature, but then increases as temperature is increased at high pressure. An assumption of zero cross pressure and temperature derivatives for the elastic moduli underestimates the elastic anisotropy and overestimates the acoustic velocities of MgO at the extrapolated high-pressure and high-temperature conditions of Earth's mantle.     

Measurement of the distribution of site enhancements in surface-enhanced Raman scattering

On nanotextured noble-metal surfaces, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed, where Raman scattering is enhanced by a factor, G, that is frequently about one million, but underlying the factor G is a broad distribution of local enhancement factors, eta. We have measured this distribution for benzenethiolate molecules on a 330-nanometer silver-coated nanosphere lattice using incident light of wavelength 532 nanometers. A series of laser pulses with increasing electric fields burned away molecules at sites with progressively decreasing electromagnetic enhancement factors. The enhancement distribution P(eta)deta was found to be a power law proportional to (eta)(-1.75), with minimum and maximum values of 2.8 x 10(4) and 4.1 x 10(10), respectively. The hottest sites (eta >10(9)) account for just 63 in 1,000,000 of the total but contribute 24% to the overall SERS intensity.