海塞克斯种鸡的高床小群笼养

在同一批２５周龄海塞克斯父母代种鸡中，随机选择５７６０只，分为大群笼养组（对照组）和小群笼养组（试验组）进行对比试验。对照组共有８个大笼，每笼饲养种鸡３６０只；试验组共有６４个小笼，每笼饲养４５只；公母均按１：８搭配。在饲料营养和环境条件相同的情况下；经过２６周饲养，得出以下结果：（１）试验组全期平均产蛋率达８８．０２±２．２９％，对照组为７９．６３±６．８７％，两组间差异十分显著；（２）试验组全期平均死淘率为１．１８±０．１８％。对照组死淘率达到７．２５±５．４３％；（３）试验组总产值为２５４１９２元，比对照组增值３７．９％；；（４）蛋均耗料量无显著差异。     

肉鸡饲养技术要点

肉鸡饲养技术要点金江（河北省黄骅市科协０６１１００）目前，我国饲养的肉用仔鸡，多数是从国外引进的优良品种，如艾维茵、罗斯１号、罗曼、ＡＡ鸡等。其特点是生长快速，７～８周龄的平均体重可达２公斤左右；饲料报酬高，料肉比为２～２．５：１；肉嫩，在普通锅内煮...     

肉鸡能量和蛋白质营养研究进展

１ 肉鸡能量营养研究进展１．１ 肉鸡的能量需要量和数学预测模型 近十年来，国内外相继发表了关于代谢能及能量代谢率方面较为全面的数据和各种相关因素的回归关系式，由此可以预测在不同因素条件下（饲粮能量浓度、碳水化合物和脂肪含量、氨基酸水平等）肉用仔鸡体内蛋白质、脂肪合成的能量需要及利用效率。 Ｓａｋｏｍｕｒａ等（１９９３）的模型预测星布罗肉用仔鸡的维持需要：ＡＭＥ（ｋＪ／Ｗ０．７５ｋｇ）＝７８８．２－２７７．５× Ｗ０．７５，增重需要ＡＭＥ（ｋＪ／ｇ）＝６．６＋６．１×Ｗ０．７５ ；肉种鸡的能量需要量ＡＭ…     

商品肉鸡在西宁地区生理常值的测定

对明星、ＡＡ肉仔鸡在海拔２２００ｍ处的西宁地区进行生理常值的测定，结果为：１．呼吸频率高于文献记录（Ｐ＜０．０５），体温、心率与之相似；２．明星和ＡＡ鸡红细胞数、血红蛋白及ＰＣＶ分别为２．７３±０．３７和２．９３±０．４４百万／ｍｍ３，１１．３±１．３和１２．６±３．４ｇ／Ｌ，４３．６±３．９和４１．７±４．３ｍｌ％，与文献记载均有差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）；３．两品种的ＭＣＨ、ＭＣＶ分别为３８．８±１４．５和４６．１±８．１ｐｇ，１５９．２±２３．０和１７．１±１３．６Ｕ３，显著高于卢宗藩资料（Ｐ＜０．０５）。明星鸡ＭＣＨＣ低于王文三资料，ＡＡ鸡的高于其数据（Ｐ＜０．０５）；４．白细胞分类计数表明，两品利的嗜酸、嗜碱、异嗜、淋巴和单核细胞均与资料有一定变化。     

鱼精粉在肉鸡日粮中替代进口鱼粉的效果

选用ＡＡ肉鸡进行试验，试验在生产后期进行，试验分为两组：对照组（含有３％的秘鲁鱼粉）和试验组（含有３％的鱼精粉），两组的营养水平接近。试验组平均日增重为４７．１８ｇ，对照组为４７．０６ｇ；试验组的料肉比为２．６８４，对照组为２．７４５。两者的重要生产性能指标接近，差异不显著。试验结果表明，在生长后期的肉鸡日粮中，使用鱼精粉替代进口鱼粉并不影响试验鸡的生产性能。     

谈谈商品肉鸡的主要饲养管理技术

谈谈商品肉鸡的主要饲养管理技术（浙江省农业厅畜牧局）孙奉先商品肉鸡是饲养期不超过７～８周龄，体重在１．２５～１．８千克之间，上市出售的肉用仔鸡。具有生长快、饲养周期短的特点，所以整个饲养过程是养小鸡的过程，但又要鸡长得肥，因此又有别于小鸡的饲养。故必...     

柴达木地区幼年双峰驼14项血液生化指标测定

对青海省柴达木地区莫河驼场３７峰幼年双峰驼的１４项血液生化指标进行测定。结果：血清总蛋白７２．３３±１０．７ｇ／Ｌ，血清蛋白电泳，Ａ７６．５３±６．６５％，α１２．１８×０．９８，α２３．５４×１．６４，β９．８７×３．４６％，γ７．８８×２．９２％，Ａ／Ｇ３．５７×１．１２％；血清尿素氮８．３５×１．９５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；血清总脂３．７０×０．１３ｇ／Ｌ；血清胆固醇３．２３×１．０３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；     

异黄酮植物雌激素(IFV-D)对哺乳母猪作用的研究

本试验选用１８头经产二花脸母猪，根据胎次和以往生产性能分成对照组和试验组，每组为９头。试验组母猪从分娩的第１天起在日粮中添加５．０ｍｇ／ｋｇＩＦＶ－Ｄ，至４５日断奶时结束。结果表明：（１）．ＩＦＶ－Ｄ影响母猪泌乳量。母猪第５天的每次泌乳量，试验组为２７１．７４±１９．８０ｇ极显著地高于对照组２２５．６１±１６．２７ｇ，而第２０天的每次泌乳量，对照组为３５３．１４±１９．８７ｇ显著地高于试验组３０５．７２±１５．７３ｇ。（２）．ＩＦＶ－Ｄ对仔猪生长的影响表现出前期（前１０天）试验组高于对照组，而后期对照组快于试验组。（３）．试验组９头母猪中，在哺乳期第２８～３５天期间有５头出现发情行为，而对照组中没有发现     

开发初生雏禽1—2日龄的补充饲料

八十年代初，肉鸡平均需５３天达到上市体重３９磅，饲料转化率为２０５。现在，肉用仔鸡仅需４６天就可达到４８磅，饲料转化率为１９５。火鸡的生长速度也越来越快速有效。家禽性能的提高在很大程度上是因为营养的改善和饲养技术的提高。肉鸡雏和火鸡雏刚一进入...     

水牛血液与肝组织中cAMP、cGMP与cAMP/cGMP的正常水平及其在感染肝片吸虫后的动态变化

选择２ ～３ 岁，体重３００～４００ ｋｇ 雄性健康去势水牛２０ 头。用放射免疫方法测定水牛血清和肝组织中ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ水平及其在感染肝片吸虫后的动态变化。结果表明：水牛血清ｃＡＭＰ、ｃＧＭＰ、和ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ正常水平分别为（２－１１ ±０．４６） ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ，（０．８２ ±０．０７） ｎｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２．２０ ±０．４１ 。肝组织匀浆三者水平值分别为（０－３５±０－０４） ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ，（０－１５ ±０－０１） ｎｍｏｌ／ｇ，２－３８±０－３４。慢性感染条件下，感染后２ ～１１ 周，血清ｃＡＭＰ与ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ在高于对照组的范围内波动，ｃＧＭＰ水平则与对照组相近；肝组织匀浆的ｃＡＭＰ和ｃＧＭＰ均高于对照组。急性感染水牛血清ｃＡＭＰ在感染后３～７ 周期间低于或显著低于对照组，而ｃＧＭＰ在高于对照组波动，ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值在感染后１～１５ 周低于对照组；肝组织匀浆中的ｃＧＭＰ显著高于对照组，而ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ则显著低于对照组。结果提示，肝片吸虫感染能导致宿主的ｃＡＭＰ，ｃＧＭＰ和ｃＡＭＰ／ｃＧＭＰ比值紊乱。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein