Was there really an Archean phosphate crisis?

During the Archean, massive amounts of iron were deposited in the form of banded iron formations. It has been suggested that sedimenting particles of ferric oxyhydroxide may have stripped dissolved phosphate from the oceans, causing a reduction in phytoplankton productivity. However, that model does not take into account the high concentration of dissolved silica that was present in seawater at that time. We show experimentally that silica effectively competes with phosphate for sorption sites on ferrihydrite particles. Furthermore, coprecipitation of silica with ferrihydrite reduces particle reactivity toward phosphate. Hence, Archean oceans probably contained considerably more phosphate than previously predicted.     

Modern cyanobacterial analogs of paleozoic stromatoporoids

Recent and subfossil calcareous structures resembling cystose and subclathrate Paleozoic stromatoporoids have been discovered in a sea-linked, stratified, alkaline crater lake on Satonda Island, Indonesia. The structures are produced by mats of coccoid cyanobacteria growing along the lakeshore from the water surface down to the O(2)-H(2)S interface located at a depth of 22.8 meters. Calcification of the mats is controlled by seasonal changes in calcium carbonate supersaturation in the epilimnion. The internally complex structures are a product of two different calcification processes: (i) periodic in vivo calcification of the surficial cyanobacterial layers by low-Mg calcite, and (ii) early postmortem calcification of the cyanobacterial aggregates below the mat surface by microbially precipitated aragonite. The finding supports the idea that Paleozoic stromatoporoids represent fossilized cyanobacteria (stromatolites). It also implies that the stromatoporoid-generating epicontinental seas during the early Paleozoic may have been more alkaline and had a higher carbonate mineral supersaturation than modern seawater.     

Magnesium interaction with the surface of calcite in seawater

Magnesian calcite overgrowth containing 4 (+/- 2) mole percent magnesium carbonate forms on calcite exposed to natural seawater near the ocean surface. This magnesian calcite is approximately 30 percent less soluble in seawater than pure calcite. The formation of the magnesian calcite of reduced solubility may have a major influence on calcite accumulation in deep sea sediments.     

Calcium carbonate concretions formed by the decomposition of organic matter

Bacterial decomposition of butterfish and smelts in small sealed jars containing seawater and other solutions, for periods ranging from 65 to 205 days, results in a large increase in concentrations of dissolved bicarbonate, carbonate, and ammonia (plus volatile amines). Accompanying this is a rise in pH and the precipitation of Ca(++) ion from solution. The Ca(++) is not precipitated as CaCO(3) but instead as a mixture of calcium fatty acid salts or soaps with from 14 to 18 carbon atoms. This can be explained by the thermodynamic instability of CaCO(3) relative to Ca soaps in the presence of excess free fatty acid. It is suggested that some ancient CaCO(3) concretions, especially those enclosing fossils of soft-bodied organisms, may have formed rapidly after death in the form of natural Ca soap (adipocere) which was later converted to CaCO(3).     

夏秋季中街山列岛养殖海域营养盐水平及有机污染状况评价

根据2009年8月和10月夏、秋季节中街山养殖区调查数据,对该海域的营养盐水平及有机污染现状进行了分析评价。结果表明：中街山列岛养殖区无机氮夏季含量较高,16.7%的站位超四类水质标准,秋季明显下降,符合二类水质标准。活性磷酸盐含量夏、秋季无明显差异,而硅酸盐秋季较夏季明显升高。磷酸盐为该海域的限制因素,夏季尤为明显。该海域已呈富营养化状态,有机污染也已达到轻度污染水平,且夏季高于秋季。     

海水磷酸盐分析方法的优化和试剂稳定性研究

对《海洋调查规范》中测定海水磷酸盐的常规方法进行了优化 ,达到了简化过程 ,缩短分析时间以适应水下现场自动分析的目标。此外 ,实验还对磷酸盐测定所使用的试剂及标准贮备液的稳定性进行了一系列的研究 ,改进试剂保存方法 ,延长试剂使用寿命 ,以满足长期现场测定的要求     

三沙湾海域水质周年变化分析与评价

2009年5月至2010年5月对福建三沙湾海域进行了周年的布点采样,共设20个站位,8个航次,调查内容涵盖海域的营养盐及常见水质指标。结果表明:从季节变化上来看,三沙湾海域春季水质最好,各站位水质指标基本符合海水二类水质,营养级别为贫营养;夏季各站位水体无机氮含量较低,但水中活性磷酸盐浓度普遍高于0.045 mg/L,为氮限制潜在性富营养化水体;秋季各站位活性磷酸盐浓度和无机氮浓度普遍高于夏季,大部分站位活性磷酸盐浓度在0.06 mg/L以上,部分区域的无机氮含量甚至超过0.6 mg/L,为氮中等限制潜在性富营养化水体;冬季绝大多数站位的水质均满足海水三类水标准,水体营养级别为中度营养;从空间分布上来看,三都岛以西区域,网箱养殖大黄鱼等居多,水质较差,三都岛以东区域,海带养殖较多,水质较好。湾口区至湾顶部溶解氧呈下降趋势。     

烟台四十里湾海水养殖水域环境污染研究

根据烟台四十里湾海水增养殖区8个监测点的水质调查结果,分析水中化学需氧量(COD)、溶解性无机氮(DIN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)和总磷(TP)浓度的季节变化,估算了贝类养殖的排泄物对海水污染的贡献率;采用营养指数法和有机污染指数法进行了水质分析评价。结果表明:夏季各化学指标的浓度明显高于春季,COD、DIN和PO4-P浓度与往年同期相比有明显升高;TN和TP浓度超过海水水质二类标准值,TN值最高超标140%;整个海湾夏季富营养程度比较严重,平均E值为3.58,有机污染指数平均值为3.40,有机污染程度达到4级,属中度有机污染。     

Molybdenum availability, nitrogen limitation, and phytoplankton growth in natural waters

Sulfate inhibits molybdate assimilation by phytoplankton, making molybdate less available in seawater than it is in freshwater. As a result, nitrogen fixation and nitrate assimilation, both processes that require molybdenum, may require a greater expenditure of energy in seawater than in freshwater. This may explain in part why coastal marine ecosystems are usually nitrogen limited whereas lakes usually are not. Experimentally increasing the ratio of sulfate to molybdate (i) inhibits molybdate uptake, (ii) slows nitrogen fixation rates, and (iii) slows the growth of organisms that use nitrate as their nitrogen source.     

Concanavalin A reaction with human normal immunoglobulin G and myeloma immunoglobulin G

Concanavalin A precipitated less than 5 percent of immunoglobulin G from human serum. It reacted with all of 42 myeloma serums of the immunoglobulin G type tested, but no more than approximately 50 percent of the total myeloma protein was ever precipitated. The fact that not all of the protein was precipitated and that the amounts precipitated varied from serum to serum may be interpreted as demonstrating heterogeneity of the carbohydrate in these myeloma proteins. Other glycoproteins precipitated by concanavalin A were identified, and subsequently separated from concanavalin A by chromatography.     

细基江蓠和真江蓠野生种群生长海域水质营养盐特征及富营养化评价

[目的]了解江蓠生长海域水质营养盐特征和富营养化变化规律,为海洋牧场建设及富营养化海域人工修复的藻种选择提供科学依据.[方法]以细基江蓠和真江蓠常年生长的广西北海大冠沙乌黎村和下村海域为研究对象,通过周年监测氨态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、活性磷酸盐(DIP)、化学需氧量(COD)等水质指标,采用单因子污染指数法和富营养化指数评价法,并结合氮磷比(N/P)状况研究细基江蓠和真江蓠野生种群生长海域水质营养盐特征及富营养化水平.[结果]细基江蓠生长海域溶解无机氮(DIN)和DIP含量超过四类海水水质标准的月份比例为67%和83%,COD符合三类和四类海水水质标准的比例为75%;N/P周年波动范围为3.46~18.14,平均值9.05,低于Redfield系数的月份比例为92%,氮限制为营养盐结构的主要特征;富营养化指数(Ei)周年波动范围为5.62~123.25,平均值35.04,呈严重富营养化状态,不同季节的Ei平均值排序为:秋季(54.42)>夏季(41.95)>冬季(32.75)>春季(11.06).真江蓠生长海域DIN和DIP符合一类或二类海水水质标准,COD符合三类和四类海水水质标准的月份比例为100%,N/P周年波动范围为1.22~85.45,平均值26.24,高于Redfield系数的月份比例为58%,磷限制为营养盐结构的主要特征;Ei周年波动范围为1.82~12.75,呈多种富营养化状态(贫、轻度、中度、重度和严重富营养化),不同季节的Ei平均值排序为:夏季(12.75)>秋季(4.91)>春季(2.13)>冬季(1.82).[结论]广西北海细基江蓠和真江蓠野生种群主要以DIN和DIP为生长所需的营养盐,可生活在多种富营养化状态的海域中,二者均适宜作为海洋牧场建设及富营养化海域人工修复的藻种,但细基江蓠对富营养化水体的耐受性优于真江蓠.     

Climatic control of riverine and seawater uranium-isotope ratios

The large variation in the ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 (234U/238U) in rivers is not well understood, but may provide information about past weathering and rainfall and is important because it controls seawater (234U/238U). Here, we demonstrate the importance of physical weathering and rainfall for (234U/238U), using rivers from South Island, New Zealand. These data allow interpretation of an existing speleothem (234U/238U) record and suggest that New Zealand glacier advance 13,000 years ago was influenced by increased rainfall rather than by Younger Dryas-like cooling. A model of seawater (234U/238U) during glacial cycles indicates that rejection of corals based on modern (234U/238U) +/- <0.01 is not merited and may reject the highest quality ages.     

基于固定化AChE的流动注射型酶传感器研究

以固定化鲅鱼脑组织乙酰胆碱酯酶[acetylcholinesterase,AChE(EC 3.1.1.7)]为识别元件,以pH电极为换能器,构建流动注射型AChE酶传感器.该传感器在以磷酸盐缓冲液为载液的条件下具有良好的重现性(RSD=1.427%,n=10)和敏感性,可实现对有机磷化合物的在线监测;对甲基对硫磷具有线性响应的浓度范围为4.29×10-10^-4.29×10^-8mol·L^-1,最低检测限为1.3×10^-     

铜藻对几种无机盐的吸收动力学的初步研究

以浙江省枸杞岛马尾藻场为研究海域,通过铜藻对无机磷、硅酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氨氮的吸收实验,初步分析了铜藻在80 h内同时对这几种无机盐吸收速率的随时间变化情况:无机磷吸收速率呈指数衰减,硅酸盐吸收速率呈线性减少,亚硝酸盐吸收速率在实验初期受到抑制而后呈对数增加,氨氮作为优先氮源被吸收;通过不同生物量铜藻对不同初始浓度硅酸盐的吸收实验,分析了24 h内和10 d内硅酸盐浓度变动规律以及硅酸盐消失速率和铜藻对硅酸盐吸收速率的波动:10 d内海水中硅酸盐浓度变化与硅酸盐初始浓度相关,与铜藻生物量无关;海水中硅酸盐消失速率波动的剧烈程度与铜藻生物量和硅酸盐初始浓度相关。     

铜藻对几种无机盐的吸收动力学的初步研究

以浙江省枸杞岛马尾藻场为研究海域,通过铜藻对无机磷、硅酸盐、亚硝酸盐和氨氮的吸收实验,初步分析了铜藻在80 h内同时对这几种无机盐吸收速率的随时间变化情况:无机磷吸收速率呈指数衰减,硅酸盐吸收速率呈线性减少,亚硝酸盐吸收速率在实验初期受到抑制而后呈对数增加,氨氮作为优先氮源被吸收;通过不同生物量铜藻对不同初始浓度硅酸盐的吸收实验,分析了24 h内和10 d内硅酸盐浓度变动规律以及硅酸盐消失速率和铜藻对硅酸盐吸收速率的波动:10 d内海水中硅酸盐浓度变化与硅酸盐初始浓度相关,与铜藻生物量无关;海水中硅酸盐消失速率波动的剧烈程度与铜藻生物量和硅酸盐初始浓度相关。     

Hydroxyl radical photoproduction in the sea and its potential impact on marine processes

Photochemical production rates and steady-state concentrations of hydroxyl radicals (.OH) were measured in sunlight-irradiated seawater. Values ranged from 110 nanomolar per hour and 12 x 10(-18) molar in coastal surface water to 10 nanomolar per hour and 1.1 x 10(-18) molar in open ocean surface water. The wavelengths responsible for this production are in the ultraviolet B region (280 to 320 nanometers) of the solar spectrum. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) appears to be the main source for .OH over most of the oceans, but in upwelling areas nitrite and nitrate photolysis may also be important. DOM in the deep sea is degraded more readily by .OH (and its daughter radicals), by a factor of 6 to 15, than is DOM in open-ocean surface water. This finding may in part bear on major discrepancies among current methods for measuring dissolved organic carbon in seawater.     

汉沽养殖区海水重金属含量分布特征及潜在生态危险评价

[目的]了解汉沽养殖区域海水水质状况及潜在生态危险。[方法]分期采集养殖场海水样品,分析海水中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb 7种有害重金属含量,研究其时空变化特征,并采用综合指数法评价其污染程度。[结果]Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb的含量范围分别为4.75~28.07、2.75~7.82、11.71~17.22、69.99~225.98、4.56~11.88、0.04~0.33、0.08~0.38μg/L。Cr、As、Cd、Pb的单项污染指数和综合污染指数均小于1.00,这4种重金属元素含量均符合国家一类海水水质标准;Ni超标1.22~1.56倍,符合二类海水水质标准;Cu超标2.34~3.44倍,符合三类海水水质标准;Zn超标3.50~11.30倍,符合四类海水水质标准。Cr、Zn、Ni、Cd均呈现出7月含量最高,12月最低的变化趋势;Cu和Pb在9月的含量远高于其他月份;As在9月和12月含量均较高。[结论]汉沽养殖区海水重金属含量的污染程度不具有生态风险性,养殖环境良好。     

Attenuation of low-frequency sound in freshwater

Lake Superior was chosen as an experimental site to compare sound absorption of freshwater with the results of absorption measurements in seawater. The relaxation-like absorption at 1 kilohertz occurring in seawater is also present in freshwater. A relaxation related to the structural characteristics rather than to the salt content of water may be responsible for the anomalous absorption.     

微酸性电解水暂养的杂色鲍存活率及品质变化

微酸性电解水(SAEW)因其广谱杀菌作用,在果蔬保鲜、器械消毒等领域有了较多应用,但在水产品保活方面的应用较少。在水温(10±1)℃下,将平均体质量(34.3±5) g的杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor)在由沃汰智能电解水机和海水晶制成的SAEW中静养,以不加SAEW为对照。2 d后检测杂色鲍的存活率和菌落总数,并采用感官评定和挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值等方法分析了4℃贮藏后杂色鲍的品质变化。结果显示:暂养第9 d,电解水组鲍鱼存活率为66.7%,大于海水组存活率(50%);贮藏方面,9 d后海水组TVB-N值为/100 g,超过限值15 mg达到54.5,优于海水组。15 d后,电解水组鲍鱼菌落总数为5.9 log10 CFU/g,超过食品微生物可接受上限7 log10 CFU氏菌(Shewanella)为优势菌。结果表明,SAEW在水产品保活、保鲜中具有一定的应用潜力。     

沿海滩涂耐盐(海水)植物的研究与开发

耐盐（海水）植物培育是海水灌溉农业的关键技术，现已筛选出了碱蓬、北美海蓬子、三角叶滨藜、狐米草等耐盐（海水）植物；红树DNA以及耐盐基因BADH、mtlD和gutD的转基因耐盐植物的培育工作也取得进展。滩涂耐盐（海水）植物的开发利用主要集中在蔬菜、油料和饲料等方面。对滩涂耐盐（海水）植物的研究开发工作初步提出了3个对策：加强试验示范基地建设，促进现有技术成果的组装配套及推广利用；加强国内外合作，引进先进适用的技术；继续加强耐盐（海水）植物的改良工作。