A monolithic photovoltaic-photoelectrochemical device for hydrogen production via water splitting

Direct water electrolysis was achieved with a novel, integrated, monolithic photoelectrochemical-photovoltaic design. This photoelectrochemical cell, which is voltage biased with an integrated photovoltaic device, splits water directly upon illumination; light is the only energy input. The hydrogen production efficiency of this system, based on the short-circuit current and the lower heating value of hydrogen, is 12.4 percent.     

Protein kinase injection reduces voltage-dependent potassium currents

Intracellular iontophoretic injection of the catalytic subunit of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase increased input resistance and decreased a delayed voltage-dependent K+ current of the type B photoreceptor in the nudibranch Hermissenda crassicornis to a greater extent than an early, rapidly inactivating K+ current (IA). This injection also enhanced the long-lasting depolarization of type B cells after a light step. These findings suggest the involvement of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent phosphorylation in the differential regulation of photoreceptor K+ currents particularly during illumination. On the other hand, conditioning-induced changes in IA may also be regulated by a different type of phosphorylation (for example, Ca2+-dependent).     

不同生态区播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响

【目的】探讨不同生态区直播条件下播期对不同类型水稻品种生育期及温光利用的影响,为品种及其适宜播期的科学区划布局提供初步理论依据。【方法】苏南太湖稻区常熟（N 31.4°）以迟熟中粳、早熟晚粳和中熟晚粳为材料,苏中里下河稻区姜堰（N 32.3°）以中熟中粳、迟熟中粳和早熟晚粳为材料,苏北淮北稻区东海（N 34.5°）以早熟中粳、中熟中粳和迟熟中粳为材料,通过分期播种试验,比较研究不同播期对直播稻生育期及温光利用的影响。【结果】随着播期的推迟,各类型品种的拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期相应推迟,生育期明显缩短,总体表现为播期每推迟1 d,生育期缩短0.6 d左右。同一品种类型,随纬度的升高,拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期逐渐延迟,生育期依次变长。同一试验点,随播期的推迟一般晚粳品种较中粳品种生育期天数缩短略多。生育期随播期推迟而缩短主要表现在营养生长期和营养生长与生殖生长并进期,变化范围为2-24 d,生殖生长阶段则相对稳定,变化范围仅为-2-1 d。各类型品种生育期积温和光照时数均表现出随播期的推迟呈显著或极显著的减少趋势,其差异主要源于抽穗前积温与光照时数的不同,其中尤以拔节前的差异最为明显,达到显著或极显著水平。同一试验点,各类型品种间生育期的积温与光照时数均表现为晚粳品种大于中粳品种;同一类型品种,随试验点纬度升高,积温呈依次减少的趋势,光照时数除杂交品种以外均呈依次增加的趋势。随播期的推迟,各类型品种的温光利用率均呈显著或极显著的下降趋势。播种至抽穗阶段和生育期的天数随积温的升高而线性增加,随日照时数的增加而线性减小;抽穗至成熟阶段的天数随积温的升高或日照时数的增加不同处理间表现不尽一致。【结论】播期对直播稻生育期及温光的利用有较大的影响。据此,对不同类型水稻品种直播适宜布局范围进行了初步区划,并综合分析后给出其能够安全成熟的可能播期,为大面积生产提供参考。     

一种新颖缓冲器电路的测试与分析

文章介绍了一种吸收二极管阴极指数衰减振荡的缓冲器电路,用此缓冲器电路可有效降低整流桥输出侧指数衰减振荡电压的幅值,从而改善电磁干扰(EMI)和射频干扰(RFI),防止整流二极管因尖峰电压过高被毁坏。分析了这种缓冲器电路的工作原理,给出了这种缓冲电路的实验波形。     

基于MWR-SPWM三相逆变器工作方式分析

文章分析基于不可控三相整流逆变器带感性负载时负载向直流侧倒灌电流的方式,得出逆变器的三相输出电压的大小只与直流侧电压的大小有关,而与负载的大小无关,为设计一种仅通过PWM来消除输出电压中的谐波而不用或仅用一很小的直流连接电容的新型MWR-SPWM逆变器奠定了基础。     

一种具有谐波抑制和无功补偿功能的新型整流变换器

研究了一种具有谐波抑制和无功补偿功能的新型PWM整流变换器,详细地讨论了整流器谐波与无功参考电流的提取和整流器输出电压的控制．采用基于瞬时无功理论的廿iq电流检测算法分别给定谐波和无功参考电流．为了有效地补偿电网中的谐波及无功电流,提出了一种电流和电压双闭环控制策略,其中,直流侧电压的调节采用模糊PI混合控制．最后,基于PSIM的仿真实验验证了不同工作模式下该方法具有良好的电压调节特性和谐波与无功补偿效果．     

水蓄冷对光伏半导体制冷系统节能的影响

以冬季气象条件下的光伏发电系统和(25±0.5)℃的室温条件下的制冷系统以及蓄冷材料为研究对象进行试验,对比晴天和阴天的光照强度与电流、电压的关系、相同室温无负载的制冷温度曲线,研究了不同气象条件下,光伏发电系统和制冷系统的性能,并研究了蓄冷材料与负载的质量比为1∶2时,蓄冷材料对光伏半导体制冷系统的影响。研究结果表明,蓄冷材料的使用可以在光照充足时储存冷量,减少新加入负载时的运行时间;可以提高停止时间与运转时间比,减少1 d内的运行时间,实现降低系统能耗的目标,所测试的晴天和阴天的节能效率分别为8.5%、6.8%。     

Increased numbers of ion channels promoted by an intracellular second messenger

The anomalous rectifier potassium current in Aplysia neurons was examined to determine the immediate cause of an increase in conductance induced by serotonin and mediated by adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate. Voltage-dependent cesium ion block and steady-state current power spectral density were measured under voltage clamp before and after application of serotonin. The amplitude of the anomalous rectifier conductance was increased by adding serotonin, but the shapes of the conductance-voltage curve and the power spectrum were not altered. Calculation of the number of functional channels and of the single-channel conductance from the power spectra indicates that the serotonin-induced increase in conductance resulted from an increase in the number of functional channels, while the single-channel conductance and the open-channel probability were unchanged.     

基于数控恒流源的环境光照强度智能调节系统

为实现环境光照强度的动态自动调节,研制了一款光照检测及调节系统．该系统主要由单片机、传感器、恒流源以及灯组等组成,通过ＴＳＬ２５６１光照传感器实时检测当前环境的光照强度,采用ＰＩＤ控制算法,以光强实测值和用户预设值的偏差为依据,实时调整系统输出量,以ＰＷＭ形式的信号控制恒流源的输出电流大小,实现对环境光照强度的精确控制．通过仿真和试验两种方式联合整定了ＰＩＤ参数并对系统进行了试验,结果表明：该系统运行可靠,在持续扰动作用下,稳定时间最短为６ｓ,最长为１０ｓ,能满足一般环境光照调节的要求,可为相关领域的光照智能调节提供参考．     

混播比例和时期对玉米-秣食豆群体内小气候的影响

[目的]研究播期和混播比例对玉米-秣食豆群体内小气候的影响。[方法]以玉米和秣食豆为试验材料,按秣食豆与玉米同期播种和延后播种2个播期,玉米与秣食豆3个混播比例进行混播试验。[结果]混播时期对作物群体内散射光有显著影响,对总入射光、温度和相对湿度无显著影响。混播比例对群体内光照和温度、湿度影响显著,随秣食豆比例的增加,群体内各层次的总入射光和散射光均显著减少,温度减低,湿度增加;而且生育前期随秣食豆比例的增加,群体内温度显著降低,生育后期相对湿度显著增加。[结论]播期和混播比例对群体内小气候有显著影响。混作复合群体通过改变田间小气候,影响作物的生理活动。     

三相电压型PWM整流器的改进控制策略的研究

首先从现有三相PWM整流器d-q模型出发，采用电网电压、d-q轴电流的前馈补偿技术，得到一种通用的矢量解耦控制策略．然后根据频域分析法，得出了整流器的一阶惯性模型，并推导出系统的频域控制模型．为了提高系统的动态性能，提出一种新型的负载电流前馈控制方案．该方案认为负载电流对系统而言是一个外部干扰信号，并根据控制系统的频域控制模型得出了对该干扰信号的最佳补偿，对其进行拉氏逆变换后整定为一单位脉冲函数，并将它加在d轴指令电流输出环节，大大提高了系统对指令电流的跟踪能力．最后仿直验证了该前馈控制方案的正确性。     

Fusion contour for intermittent photic stimuli of alternating duration

It is generally thought that fusion of intermittent photic stimuli occurs when the duration between successive pulses of light is reduced to a certain value, this value being a function of the illumination and viewing conditions. The findings described in this report show that fusion is determined not only by the duration between successive stimuli but also by the temporal pattern of successive stimuli.     

LED光照对小菜蛾成虫生物学的影响

在室内条件下,研究了505 nm和590 nm 2种波长LED(light emitting diode)光照对小菜蛾成虫产卵情况、卵孵化率和成虫寿命的影响。结果表明,夜间给予2种波长的LED光的持续光照,对小菜蛾成虫的产卵和卵孵化率均有显著影响。与对照相比,经505 nm和590 nm LED光照后,小菜蛾的总产卵量分别下降256.00粒和264.56粒,单雌产卵量分别下降30.7%和31.8%,差异达显著水平;小菜蛾的平均卵孵化率分别下降了44.78%和51.27%。同时,590 nm LED光照对小菜蛾的产卵前期和平均产卵期均有一定的影响。另外,505 nm和590 nm LED光照对小菜蛾成虫寿命和存活率影响不显著。     

Strychnine- and pentylenetetrazol-induced changes of excitability in aplysia neurons

In Aplysia neurons isolated from their synaptic input strychnine induces doublet discharges associated in voltage clamp with a decrease in the threshold for the inward current and a reduction and delayed onset of the outward current. Pentylenetetrazol causes oscillations and bursting behavior in normally silent cells together with an increased inactivation of the delayed outward current and induced or enhanced anomalous rectification.     

基于功率控制的三相电压型PWM整流器控制器设计

提出基于功率控制的三相电压型PWM(pulse width modulation)整流器控制器设计方法。根据能量守恒原理建立的VSR(voltage source rectifier)数学模型可通过忽略回路电阻及电感充放电所消耗的能量等效成线性定常系统。系统外环采用电容储能控制,内环采用电流控制,同时引入直流负载功率补偿,实现对电容储能变化率的直接控制。电流内环采用前馈解耦PI(proportional-integral)控制,将内环等效成一阶惯性环节。电容储能外环采用PI控制,利用代数分析及根轨迹分析,提出外环PI参数的设计方法。VSR系统整体等效为二阶系统。仿真结果表明：本文所提出的控制器设计方法能使得VSR达到优异的性能。     

绿豆幼苗发育初期叶绿素生物合成的研究

为了探讨被子植物幼苗发育初期Chl生物合成和调控机制,本文采用不同波长的光照和抗生素处理,分析了光照诱导绿豆黄花幼苗发育初期Chl含量的变化和抗生素对Chl生物合成的影响.结果表明：绿豆黄化幼苗在光照最初4 h,单色光有利于Chl生物合成;光照4 h后,单色光不利于Chl生物合成;同时单色光能够诱导提早Chl b生物合成,BL的作用大于RL1和RL2;脉冲光可以诱导Chl生物合成;抗生素实验显示,在光照2 h内,Chl生物合成过程不受质体和细胞核的调控;光照2 h以后,细胞核对Chl 生物合成有明显的调控作用,光照12 h后叶绿体的发育对Chl生物合成有明显的作用.本实验从亚细胞器水平探讨了绿豆幼苗发育过程Chl生物合成的可能调控机制.     

秋刀鱼集鱼灯箱内不同灯位的照度实验比较研究

通过模拟灯箱光学特性实验,根据集鱼灯灯箱的平面照度分布,利用Matlab 7.0软件建立秋刀鱼集鱼灯照度分布模型,对秋刀鱼集鱼灯灯箱内不同灯位的照明效果进行了研究。结果表明：不同灯位的集鱼灯地面照度随地面距离的增加呈现出先增大后减少的趋势;而灯箱内不同灯位的集鱼灯光强值变化规律与地面照度的变化规律不同,在距离原点1 m时均出现最大值,并且上部灯位光强＞中部灯位光强＞下部灯位光强;随着集鱼灯从上端向下端移动,光强系数k(L)逐渐减小。研究发现,中部灯位光强变化稳定,在一定程度上可以代表整个灯箱的光强变化情况。     

Cyclic AMP-modulated potassium channels in murine B cells and their precursors

A voltage-dependent potassium current (the delayed rectifier) has been found in murine B cells and their precursors with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The type of channel involved in the generation of this current appears to be present throughout all stages of pre-B-cell differentiation, since it is detected in pre-B cell lines infected with Abelson murine leukemia virus; these cell lines represent various phases of B-cell development. Thus, the presence of this channel is not obviously correlated with B-cell differentiation. Although blocked by Co2+, the channel, or channels, does not appear to be activated by Ca2+ entry. It is, however, inactivated by high intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. In addition, elevation of intracellular adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate induces at all potentials a rapid decrease in the peak potassium conductance and increased rates of activation and inactivation. Therefore, potassium channels can be physiologically modulated by second messengers in lymphocytes.     

Expression of a cloned rat brain potassium channel in Xenopus oocytes

Potassium channels are ubiquitous membrane proteins with essential roles in nervous tissue, but little is known about the relation between their function and their molecular structure. A complementary DNA library was made from rat hippocampus, and a complementary DNA clone (RBK-1) was isolated. The predicted sequence of the 495-amino acid protein is homologous to potassium channel proteins encoded by the Shaker locus of Drosophila and differs by only three amino acids from the expected product of a mouse clone MBK-1. Messenger RNA transcribed from RBK-1 in vitro directed the expression of potassium channels when it was injected into Xenopus oocytes. The potassium current through the expressed channels resembles both the transient (or A) and the delayed rectifier currents reported in mammalian neurons and is sensitive to both 4-aminopyridine and tetraethylammonium.     

Enhanced sensitivity of photodetection via quantum illumination

The use of quantum-mechanically entangled light to illuminate objects can provide substantial enhancements over unentangled light for detecting and imaging those objects in the presence of high levels of noise and loss. Each signal sent out is entangled with an ancilla, which is retained. Detection takes place via an entangling measurement on the returning signal together with the ancilla. This paper shows that for photodetection, quantum illumination with m bits of entanglement can in principle increase the effective signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of 2(m), an exponential improvement over unentangled illumination. The enhancement persists even when noise and loss are so great that no entanglement survives at the detector.