枣粮间作的优化模式

对枣粮间作水平结构和垂直结构与间作地的光照条件、作物产量、枣树群体产量等关系进行了调查研究,提出适宜天津市自然条件的枣粮间作优化模式,即枣带走向以南北为宜,带距10—15米,株距3米。这种模式可改善生态条件,比一般模式的总产值增加35.9%。     

枣粮椒间作模式初探

通过对枣农间作模式的试验研究，总结出枣粮椒间作新模式，该模式效益高于枣农间作传统模式，并且通过综合配套管理措施的应用，提高了红枣和间作物的产量和质量。     

枣粮间作密度初探

枣粮间作是广大劳动人民的创举,是提高土地资源利用率,增加单位面积产量、提高产值的有效途径.为探讨枣粮间作中枣树栽植的合理密度,遵循"枣粮并重"的原则,从1999年6月开始,在枣粮间作集中分布区,实际调查了不同枣树密度下粮、枣产量及产值,并运用数学分析的方法,模拟出枣粮间作的最佳理论密度.     

大荔沙区鲜食枣粮间作模式调查

枣粮间作是我国枣区人民的创举 ,是一种先进的耕作制度 ,是立体农业的典范 ,越来越被人们重视。近年来 ,随着枣业的发展 ,枣粮间作面积不断扩大。过去 ,陕西大荔沙区大多采用大株行距的间作模式 ,如 5m× 6m、5m× 7m、5m× 8m等 ,每 6 6 7m2 栽 16～ 2 0株左右。 1997年以来 ,     

稷山县枣粮间作综合效益调查及分析

调查了稷山板枣枣粮间作栽培模式的综合效益,分析了枣粮间作模式所具有的经济效益、生态效益、社会效益和发展前景。     

中国农林间作研究综述

混农林业（Ａｇｒｏｆｏｒｅｓｔｒｙ）是中国实现农业和林业可持续发展的重要途径。农林间作是中国最重要的混农林业形式，而且规模和模式都处于世界的先进行列［１］。其主要模式有农桐间作、果（枣）粮间作、杨粮间作、杉粮间作、条粮间作等［２］。现从小气候效应、农作物产量和质量、生物量和物质循环以及生理学响应和相互作用等方面，对中国农林间作的研究作一回顾。１　小气候效益由于中国复杂多变的气候条件和农业的特殊地位，农区林农间作的最主要目的是为了改善农田的生态条件，以提高和巩固农作物产量。因此，许多人非常注重小气…     

黄土高原枣粮间作模式初探

枣粮间作是我国劳动人民的创举，是提高土地、日光和空气等自然资源利用率，增加农田单位面积产量、产值的先进农作制度，是立体农业的典范，在黄土高原地区农民称之为“地上是粮仓，树上是银行”的黄金纽合。本文介绍的枣粮间作模式技术实用，具有推广价值。     

论枣粮间作

枣树与多种农作物在物候期和大量需水肥时期上相互交错,缓和了枣粮水肥和光照竞争两个主要矛盾。枣粮间作经济效益显著,平均增益3～7倍。平原枣区间作模式为南北行向,树高5～7m,株行距3.5～4.5m×12～15m,枣粮布局采用“高——低——高”或“高——低——中——低——高”型。     

枣粮间作生态经济效益考察报告

<正>枣粮间作是我国枣区人民在长期的生产实践中,总结枣树的生物学特性,巧妙安排作物茬口、精耕细作,独创的耕作制度。它能充分利用土地、空间和光热资源,可以有效地提高单位面积土地的产量和产值。为了系统地了解枣粮间作的综合效益,我们受省林学会委托,对金丝小枣的中心产地沧县、献县、泊头市及赞皇大枣的中心产地赞皇县进行了枣粮间作考察,现总结如下: 一、枣粮间作生态效益评价 枣粮间作采取适宜的间作行距和株距,可以为间作农田创造一个良好的生态环境,增强农田的抗灾能力,起到农田防护林的作用。     

山东省农林间作调查报告

作者通过专题调查,分析了农桐间作、枣粮间作、椿粮间作、楸粮间作、柳农间作等主要农林间作类型的结构和效益,提出了各类型较为合理的间作结构。     

Performance of a maize/cassava intercrop in tilled and no-till Senna spectabilis alley cropping on an Ultisol in southern Cameroon

An intercrop of maize and cassava was cultivated for six consecutive years from 1990/91 to 1995/96. This paper reports on crop performance from the fourth to the sixth year in alley cropping with Senna spectabilis and in a no-tree control, with and without tillage. Maize grain yield increased significantly from 1993 to 1994 (P = 0.0032) and from 1994 to 1995 (P = 0.019). Tillage only had a significantly positive effect on maize grain yield in 1993. Alley cropping had no significant effect on maize grain yield in any year. Cassava root yield was neither affected by tillage nor by alley cropping in any year. Neither the cumulative yields over the three years nor the sum of maize grain and cassava root yield were significantly affected by alley cropping or tillage. No significant interactions were found between cropping system and tillage system.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

枣棉粮高效立体间作模式及配套技术措施

通过对豫北黄河故道地区枣粮间作的调研分析,对枣树的矮化密植栽培技术研究,结合小麦晚播早收和棉花地膜覆盖栽培技术,总结了枣树与小麦和棉花的间作模式,这种模式能使枣树与小麦、棉花优势互补,协调生长,实现枣粮双盈。并总结提出了枣粮间作的配套技术措施,包括枣树早丰产管理技术、棉花地膜覆盖栽培关键技术、小麦配套栽培管理技术及综合土肥水管理技术,对实现枣粮双盈有实际指导意义。     

Alley cropping in the moist savanna of West-Africa: II. Impact on soil productivity in a North-to-South transect in Togo

The moist savanna of West-Africa is characterized by a wide range of climates and soil types. The impact of the biophysical environment on hedgerow N uptake, wood production and maize grain yield was assessed for three years in three alley cropping trials with a selected number of hedgerow species in Glidji (Southern Togo), Amoutchou (Central Togo), and Sarakawa (Northern Togo). Senna siamea hedgerows accumulated significantly more N in the first pruning in Glidji (129−138 kg N ha−1) and Sarakawa (102−185 kg N ha−1) than in Amoutchou (17–26 kg N ha−1). This difference in N uptake was attributed to the infertile subsoil in Amoutchou, which was sandy up to 1 m and had a shallow groundwater-table. The amount of N accumulated in the Gliricidia sepium biomass varied between 38 kg N ha−1 in Glidji and 142 kg N ha−1 in Amoutchou. Averaged over all species and sites, 9 to 29% and 9 to 39% of the annual N accumulation in the hedgerow biomass is incorporated in the second, respectively third pruning. The Gliricidia trees produced between 12 and 26 ton fresh matter ha−1 of wood and the Senna trees between 4 and 38 ton fresh matter ha−1. Maize grain yield in Glidji was not affected by treatments (3196 kg ha−1, on average). In Amoutchou, the highest grain production was observed in the Gliricidia treatment (2774 kg ha−1 vs 1007 kg ha−1 in the control), while in Sarakawa, the Gliricidia (3786 kg ha−1) and Senna (3842 kg ha−1) plots produced a greater grain yield than the control plots (2123 kg ha−1). Maize yield increase in the alley cropping systems relative to the control plots was related to the soil total N content. Top and sub-soil characteristics were shown to be an important modifier of the functioning of alley cropping systems and should be taken into account when deciding on whether to use alley cropping and when selecting the hedgerow species. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同修剪整形方法对大铃铛枣产量的影响

通过大铃铛枣树实施主干疏层形、自然开心形、多主枝自然圆头形和超强度修剪等4种剪枝整形对枣树产量的影响试验,结果表明,超强度整形的枣树产量最高,667m2样地达848.4kg,优质果产量占97.8%以上。实施超强度修剪整形是大铃铛枣园增加经济效果的一项关键经营措施。     

Alley cropping and mulching withErythrina poeppigiana (Walp.) O. F. Cook andGliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.: effects on maize/weed competition

The potential of allye cropping systems to sustain a high productivity with low external inputs and the reduction of maize/weed competition through weed suppression in different alley cropping and sole-cropped mulched systems was studied in Costa Rica at CATIE. Data were recorded eight years after establishment of the experiment. Plant residues ofErythrina poeppigiana trees (10 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 3 m reduced weed biomass by 52%, whileGliricidia sepium trees (12 t/ha dry matter) planted at 6 by 0.5 m reduced weed biomass by 28%, in comparison to controls.Erythrina had a considerable impact on grass weeds, whileGliricidia reduced the incidence of some dicot weeds. Weed competition significantly reduced maize yield in all systems. Nevertheless weed suppression contributed to the higher maize grain yield underErythrina andGliricidia alley cropping of 3.8 t per hectare as opposed to the unmulched control yield of 2.0 t per hectare.     

Growth and yield of maize alley cropped with Leucaena leucocephala and Faidherbia albida in Morogoro, Tanzania

This study examined the effect of alley cropping of Leucaena leucocephala and Faidherbia albida on wood biomass, maize grain yield and soil nitrogen status. The treatments were: trees planted alone at 1 × 5 m spacing; trees intercropped with maize and a sole maize crop. Mulch biomass averaged 6.18 and 0.97 t ha⁻¹ for L. leucocephala and F. albida, respectively. Corresponding wood production was 1.71 and 1.11 t ha⁻¹. Both total N and inorganic N (NO ₃ ⁻ –N plus ₄ ⁺ –N) were higher under F. albida and lowest under L. leucocephala. Similarly, foliar N concentration in maize was higher in plots intercropped with F. albida and least in L. leucocephala intercropping. Maize grain yield was little affected by the tree intercrop as competition for resources was reduced through periodic pruning and clean weeding. There was no gain in maize grain yield due to the presence of L. leucocephala and F. albida. These results suggest that alley cropping in Gario is justified for wood production but not for increasing maize grain yield. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Agroforestry for soil and water conservation in the western Himalayan Valley Region of India 2. Crop and tree production

A ten-year-study (1983 to 1992) conducted on nine 15 × 90 m runoff plots at 4% slope compared production efficiency of Leucaena leucocephala and Eucalyptus hybrid based agroforestry as well as monocropping landuse systems in the warm, subhumid climate of the western Himalayan region of India. Treatments for the first sequence were: monocropping systems of leucaena, eucalyptus, Chrysopogon fulvus grass and maize – wheat rotation, and alley cropping systems of grass and crops at 4.5 and 10.5 m alley widths with paired contour tree rows of leucaena and eucalyptus. In the second sequence, alley width increased to 22.5 m in 1989, grass was replaced by turmeric Curcuma longa and paired contour rows of leucaena hedges were introduced in monocropping systems of grain crops and turmeric. Integration of leucaena and eucalyptus trees with crops caused severe reduction of crop yields ranging from 21 to 92% for wheat grain, 59 to 69% for maize grain, 60 to 67% for dry grass and about 50% for turmeric rhizome depending upon the age of trees and alley width. The grain yield of crops stabilized at about 50% reduction with 22.5 m alley width. Total crop biomass (grain + straw) also revealed a similar trend; however, its magnitude of reduction was less severe than for grain. Production of biomass was much lower near the tree rows than in mid alleys. Managing leucaena as contour hedgerows eliminated crop yield reduction in alleys. Performance of grass and turmeric in alleys was not found to be satisfactory. Biomass produced from trees adequately compensated the crop yield reduction. Land equivalent ratios of agroforestry landuses were comparable or even better than monocropping systems indicating suitability of these systems for the western Himalayan valley region. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

黄土丘陵沟壑区红枣适宜性评价研究

根据不同立地条件类型区位适宜性,合理配置红枣品种是确保红枣丰产和稳产的关键。为了有效评判黄土丘陵沟壑区红枣的区位适宜性,治理水土流失,促进西部大开发中的生态环境建设,采用多指标"综合评判法"对该区域红枣区位适宜性的评价原则、评价方法进行了论述与分析。通过研究提出了6种立地条件类型,并且对其进行了评价,得出了红枣最为适宜的立地条件是川水地,较适宜为沟底,一般适宜为梁峁坡和沟坡,不适宜是梁峁顶。     

Calliandra calothyrsus (Meissn.) in an alley cropping system with sequentially cropped maize and cowpea in southwestern Nigeria

Alley cropping is increasingly becoming accepted as an appropriate technology with the potential to provide stable and sustainable food production in the tropics. However, only a few of the potential trees/shrubs have been tested. The performance of Calliandra calothyrsus (Meissn) as an alley cropping species was evaluated on an Oxic Paleustalf. The treatments were: prunings removal, prunings application; and three N levels, 0,45, and 90 kg N ha^–1, in a factorial arrangement. The cropping sequence was maize (main season) follwed by cowpea (minor season). Nitrogen fertilizer treatments were applied to the maize crop only. Four annual prunings of Calliandra hedgerows produced a total of 6 t ha^–1 of dry matter prunings containing about 200 kg ha^–1 of N. Maize yields were increased by the application of prunings but no benefits were obtained by supplementing the prunings with inorganic N. An average maize grain yield of 3.1 t ha^–1 per year was maintained without any chemical fertilizer input. However, without any prunings, maize yields were substantially increased by the application of inorganic N. Cowpea yield did not respond to application of prunings but plants grown adjacent to the hedgerows had reduced yield probably due to shading. Our results suggest that six rows (0.57 m inter-row spacing) between Calliandra hedgerows spaced at 4 m are optimum for this cowpea variety. The performance of Calliandra was comparable to that of Leucaena which has been widely shown to be effective in alley cropping systems of the region.     

Crop yield and tree-leaf production in three planting patterns of temperate-zone alley cropping in Oregon, USA

The objective of this study was to determine crop and tree productivity in several alley cropping planting patterns. The four- year study was conducted in western Oregon, United States and involved irrigated sweet corn (Zea mays) intercropped between hedgerows of red alder (Alnus rubra) and black locust (Robina pseudoacacia). Three alley cropping planting patterns with variable plant populations and tree-crop proximity were tested with each tree species in a randomized block design. Space available to trees and crops determined yield of both plant components. High crop yield coincided with low pruning yield, and vice versa. Compared to monocropping, yield reductions in traditional alley cropping planting patterns with widely spaced, double tree rows ranged from 5% to 15%. A. rubra and R. pseudoacacia coppiced readily and produced 0.9 to 4.7 tons of dry matter pruning biomass per growing season, depending on planting pattern and year. A. rubra yield continually increased during the trial, while the ability of R. pseudoacacia to produce green manure after frequent coppicing appeared to weaken. After four years, soil organic matter was 4 to 7% higher in the topsoil of an alley cropping system compared to a monocropping system. However, continuous growing of sweet corn resulted in decreased soil organic matter levels in both cropping systems compared to original levels. Crop yield reductions and the need for additional management inputs constrain the implementation of alley cropping in temperate climates. Only if benefits other than minor soil fertility improvements are realized is alley cropping a feasible alternative in temperate climate regions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.