Discriminating Russet Norkotah intraclonal selections using canonical and cluster analysis

Intraclonal selection has been used to develop improved versions of existing popular potato cultivars. The approach is usually undertaken to overcome trait deficiencies that limit production/acceptance of the cultivar. Because of close genetic relationships, discriminating between strains and the original cultivar is more difficult than discriminating between conventionally derived hybrid cultivars. The objective of this investigation was to determine the genetic relationship between several Russet Norkotah intraclonal selections (strains) using statistical analysis. Russet Norkotah and seven Russet Norkotah strains (TXNS102, TXNS112, TXNS223, TXNS278, TXNS296, CORN3 and CORN8) were grown in 2000 and 2001 in New Brunswick, Canada, and several plant and tuber traits were measured. Hierarchical cluster analysis and canonical discriminant analysis demonstrated that the Russet Norkotah strains differ in a significant manner from the original cultivar and are therefore distinct and unique cultivars.     

Effects of seedborne potato virus Y on Russet Norkotah performance

Research plots were established in 1996 and 1997 at Klamath Falls and Hermiston, Oregon and Tulelake, California to determine: 1) the extent of seedborne PVY spread during the growing season; 2) effects of seedborne PVY on yield and grade of Russet Norkotah; and 3) the economic consequences of varying levels of seedborne PVY infections. A series of 5 treatments evaluated initial PVY infection levels of 1 to 60% in 1996 and 1 to 98% in 1997. Virus spread occurred earlier and was more extensive at Hermiston than at Klamath Falls or Tulelake. Plants derived from PVY-free seed were nearly 100% PVY infected at early senescence at Hermiston. Comparisons of potatoes grown from PVY-free seed versus potatoes grown from seed where initial PVY infection levels were 60% in 1996 and 100% in 1997 showed seedborne PVY infection at these levels reduced U.S. No. 1 yields by an average of 40% at Hermiston, 20% at Tulelake, and 12% at Klamath Falls. Predicted total yield losses were 0.19, 0.12, and 0.08 Mg ha^?1 for each percent of PVY infection at HAREC, IREC, and KES, respectively. Reductions in gross crop value were estimated at 39, 26, and 14%, respectively, based on regression analyses.     

Fresh Market Evaluation of Six Russet-Type Potato Varieties and Four Russet Norkotah Strains

In 2016, Russet Norkotah was the second most widely grown potato variety in the US; however, recent research has identified alternatives with excellent production economics. During 2011–2013, fresh market variety research was conducted in the Columbia Basin of central Washington, a long-season production region. Russet Norkotah was compared to five varieties–Classic Russet, Mountain Gem Russet, Russet Burbank, Targhee Russet, and Teton Russet–and four sub-clonal strains–CO-3, CO-8, TX-278, and TX-296–derived from Russet Norkotah. Each variety was evaluated for early- (104 days between planting and vine kill) and late- (150 days between planting and vine kill) harvest tuber size profile, grade, and yield, grower economic value, susceptibility to blackspot bruise and shatter bruise, emergence, stem and at-harvest tuber numbers, tuber length-to-width ratios, and quality. When harvested early, Classic Russet and Mountain Gem Russet produced 30% and 15% more gross revenue than Russet Norkotah, respectively. All other varieties and Russet Norkotah strains except CO-3 produced as much early-harvest gross revenue as Russet Norkotah. CO-3 early-harvest revenue was close to 50% lower than that of Russet Norkotah. All varieties and Russet Norkotah strains produced significantly greater late-harvest yields and gross returns than Russet Norkotah. Late-harvest gross revenue for Targhee Russet and Mountain Gem Russet was 38% and 34% higher than Russet Norkotah, respectively. Classic Russet, Mountain Gem Russet, Targhee Russet, and Teton Russet had significantly more shatter bruise following the late harvest than Russet Norkotah and all Russet Norkotah strains. Russet Burbank was among the most susceptible to blackspot and Targhee Russet the least, with 32% and 2.1%, respectively. If bruising is mitigated, Mountain Gem Russet, Classic Russet, and Teton Russet may be suitable alternatives to Russet Norkotah and Russet Norkotah strains for both early and late harvests.     

Ranger Russet: A long Russet potato variety for processing and fresh market with improved quality,disease resistance,and yield

Ranger Russet, a new full-season potato variety, was jointly released to growers by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and Colorado on May 14, 1991. Ranger Russet was tested in irrigated performance trials in the Western U.S. since 1979. It produces a large yield of high quality, long, russet-skinned tubers that are well suited for baking and processing into french fries. Ranger Russet is more resistant than Russet Burbank to Verticillium wilt, viruses X and Y, leafroll net necrosis, and Fusarium dry rot. It is highly resistant to hollow heart.     

Mutation breeding for improved internal quality and appearance in Russet Burbank

Mutation breeding was investigated as a method to improve important quality traits in the cultivar Russet Burbank. Two thousand excised eyes were irradiated with a gamma-ray dose of 35 Gy. The irradiated eye pieces were planted directly to the field and approximately three tubers from each of resulting plants were harvested and, constituted the initial 6000 clone selection population. The M₁V₁ tubers and subsequent clonal progeny were subjected to six generations of evaluation and selection. Selection criteria included appearance, resistance to blackspot bruise, french fry color following storage at 4 C, and specific gravity. At the end of six selection cycles, five mutants remained from the original population of approximately 6000. These included two mutants selected for improved appearance (RBM161 and RBM366), one for resistance to blackspot bruise (RBM166), one for french fry color (RBM13), and one for specific gravity (RBM170). An analysis of variance over three years showed that the three mutants selected for internal quality traits (RBM13, RBM166, and RBM170) produced lower yields in comparison with two Russet Burbank control clones. RBM161 was selected for its heavier, more uniform russet skin, and appeared to be similar to the mother clone for important agronomic and quality traits. RBM366 was selected for improved appearance, typified by higher breeders preference scores and a lower percentage of tubers exhibiting external defects. It also produced higher total and U.S. No. 1 yields than the controls.     

Field performance of transgenic Russet Burbank and Lemhi Russet potatoes

Transformed Russet Burbank and Lemhi Russet clones which contained three different transgene constructs were evaluated for performance under field conditions in Idaho. The transgenic lines were characterized over two growing seasons, using plants grown from both greenhouse produced minitubers (first year) and field grown seed (second year). Individual clones were evaluated for a variety of agronomic and quality properties. Many of the transformed clones showed reduced yield and increases in percent malformed and undersized tubers. Other characteristics, such as specific gravity and fry color, showed less variability. The variation observed in non-transgenic clones regenerated from tissue culture was less than that of the transformed lines. Out of an original population of 57 transgenic lines in tissue culture, maintenance of key agronomic and quality properties of the parental material was observed in only four clones. These results suggest that experiments designed to generate transgenic lines for the marketplace should be initiated with a large number of transgenic clones.     

Suppression of PLRV Titer in transgenic Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet

Potato varieties Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet were transformed with a cDNA version of the 23 kD coat protein cistron (CP) of the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) using anAgrobacterium-mediated procedure. Clones were assayed for presence of thenpt- II and CP genes by Southern analysis, for expression of CP mRNA by Northern analysis, and for presence of PLRV coat protein in uninoculated and aphid inoculated plants by ELISA and Western blot analysis in uninoculated plants. Two putative Russet Burbank transformants were escapes, lacking eithernptll or CP, while one putative Ranger Russet transformant possessed thenpt- II gene but not the CP gene. In Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, some transformants had statistically lower virus titer. The lowered titer was consistent throughout assays at three times during primary infection and one assay of secondary infection. The ranking of virus titer across all tests was statistically consistent. Transformants with the lowest secondary titers had virus contents 15 and 31 % of the titers of untransformed controls for Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, respectively. The virus titer of the two Russet Burbank escapes and the Ranger Russet with only thenpt- II gene did not differ significantly from their respective untransformed controls.     

Effects of potato virus S and two strains of potato virus X on yields of Russet Burbank,Kennebec, and Katahdin cultivars in Maine

American Journal of Potato Research - Yields of cultivars Russet Burbank, Kennebec, and Katahdin, as affected by potato virus S (PVS) alone and combined with either a mild or a moderate strain of...     

Some factors influencing shear force determinations of Norgold Russet and Russet Burbank potatoes

Norgold Russet did not increase in shear force readings with growth and development as did the raw product of Russet Burbank which showed a progressive increase in readings with growth during the latter half of the season. Seasonal differences were apparent with Russet Burbank, but not for Norgold Russet during the 3 years of this study. Higher shear force readings were recorded with an increase of specific gravity of Russet Burbank, but not for Norgold Russet. Low fertility level resulted in slightly higher shear force values possibly because of enhanced maturity. No major influence of moisture stress was evident. Higher shear force values resulted from longer periods of storage and with higher storage temperatures of Russet Burbank within the range of 34F to 45F.     

Umatilla Russet: A full season long Russet for processing and fresh market use

Umatilla Russet, a moderately late maturing variety especially suitable for frozen French fry processing but also acceptable for tablestock use (boiling, and baking), was jointly released by the Agricultural Experiment Stations of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington and the U.S. Department of Agriculture in 1998. Umatilla Russet was evaluated in irrigated trials in Oregon from 1988 to 1997, and in western regional trials from 1989 to 1991. Total yields were similar to those of Russet Burbank, but Umatilla Russet produced higher marketable yields. In three years of regional trials at up to 13 locations in seven western states, Umatilla Russet averaged 40.5 Mg/ha compared with 32.4 Mg/ha for Russet. Burbank. Umatilla Russet fry color and specific gravity are consistently equal to or better than for Russet Burbank. Umatilla Russet is less susceptible toVerticillium wilt than Russet Norkotah, less susceptible to net necrosis than Russet Burbank, and resistant to PVX. It is susceptible to PLRV and expresses foliar symptoms of PVY more clearly than Russet Norkotah. Umatilla Russet is less susceptible to tuber infection and decay caused byPhytophthora infestans than Ranger Russet and Russet Norkotah. Umatilla Russet is less susceptible to hollow heart, brown center, growth cracks, and sugar ends, but more susceptible to blackspot and shatter bruise than Russet Burbank     

大豆内生细菌的筛选和鉴定

从黑龙江省不同地点采集大豆,从不同组织中分离内生细菌,并用分离得到的内生细菌对病原真菌做皿内拮抗试验,经过两次筛选有生物拮抗活性的内生菌菌株。结果表明,从大豆各种组织中分离得到137株内生细菌,其中2株对多种植物病原真菌具有拮抗作用,经初步鉴定2菌株均为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)。     

Some factors influencing the pH of apical and basal portions of Russet Burbank and Norgold Russet potatoes

Studies were made of pH changes of apical and basal portions of Russet Burbank and Norgold Russet potatoes during growth and in storage. Russet Burbank had a higher pH of the apical portion during the later stages of growth as compared to the basal portion. No significant differences between the two portions were found during growth with Norgold Russet. After a period of moisture stress the pH of the basal portion of Russet Burbank dropped significantly. The basal portion of both varieties at higher specific gravities had higher pH after storage than the apical portion. A highly significant negative correlation was obtained after storage between reducing sugar levels of tubers of different specific gravities and pH levels in both varieties. There were no significant differences in pH among storage temperatures of 34, 38, 42 and 45 F. However, the pH level at 48 F storage was significantly higher than at the other temperatures. The pH level of tubers from seedlings and varieties were poorly correlated with their reducing sugar contents after storage. It appears that pH can be an indicator of potential chip color only within the confined limits of a specific lot.     

Some unique benefits with sudangrass for improved U.S. #1 yields and size of Russet Burbank potato

Three studies provided additional knowledge of beneficial effects of sudangrass for yield and quality increases of the Russet Burbank potato. Two of these studies showed significant increases of both U.S. #1 and smooth tubers > 280 g following green manures of sudangrass. These sudangrass (HS-33) effects did not differ from a sorghum-sudan hybrid (Trudan-8). When a sudangrass green manure was compared with a fallow treatment, results of the first study showed mean yield increases of 36% for U.S. #1 tubers > 280 g and yields of a second study by 34% for U.S. #1 tubers. This same sudangrass treatment outperformed green manures of either Austrian winter pea, barley, or sweet corn by increased U.S. #1 yields that ranged from 27% to 61%. By several lines of evidence, these benefits were found to extend beyond the effect of Verticillium suppression. Soil N was significantly increased following green manures of sudangrass, and these increases were in turn negatively correlated with wilt incidence and positively correlated with yields of both U.S. #1 tubers and tubers > 280 g. Additional benefits also included significant increases of tuber grade percentages for marketable tubers and of smooth tubers > 280 g. Benefits from sudangrass green manures beyond the effects of Verticillium suppression became further evident following a greenhouse study that involved field soil and sudangrass that had been grown in the same field. This study corroborated both field experiments by showing increased yields with green manures of sudangrass that approximated 5.5 t ha^-1 dry wt. As with the field studies, these yield benefits also extended beyond the effects of Verticillium suppression and were closely associated with significant increases ofFusarium equiseti, F. oxysporum, andF. solani. Throughout all studies, sudangrass green manures significantly increased microbial activities with increased populations ofFusarium spp. and increased concentrations in soil of mineralizable N, organic P, K, Mn, along with the percent soil organic matter -all factors that could have contributed to significant increases of yield and quality.     

Effect of fertilizer,fumigants, and fungicides on leafroll-net necrosis in Russet Burbank potatoes

A total of 112 combinations of 13 fumigants, fertilizers, and a fungicide was tested in replicated plots in eastern Washington in 1963 and 1964 to determine their effects on the net necrosis produced in Russet Burbank potatoes by the leafroll virus. Plots treated with Telone^® (dichloropropenes) or Telone+chloropicrin had significantly fewer tubers discolored with leafroll net necrosis than untreated plots; plots treated with lower rates of various chlorinated propenes and propanes or ethylene dibromide had fewer discolored tubers than plots treated with higher rates of these chemicals; and plots treated with higher rates of various combinations of dichloropropenes with methyl isothiocyanate or 3-bromo-1-propyne had fewer discolored tubers than plots treated with lower rates of these chemicals. An interaction took place between the chemicals and the leafroll virus that either increased or decreased the amount of net necrosis in the tubers. Other types of internal discoloration (OID) in the tubers were significantly increased by Telone treatments in some tests. Telone treatments showed no effects on OID in other tests compared to untreated tubers. Also, nitrogen, at 100 lb/acre and over, significantly increased the other types of discoloration over no nitrogen, but potassium at 0 to 150 lb/acre and pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) at 0 to 30 gal/acre showed no significant effect.     

Relationships between stem number,tuber set and yield of Russet Burbank potatoes

Five storage temperatures and three planting dates were used to obtain differences in seed performance. As seed storage temperature increased, average stem number per seed piece significantly increased. Stem number also increased with later planting dates. Germination tests, conducted under controlled temperatures, resulted in a curvilinear response with the least stems per seed piece at 10°C. a maximum stem number at 16°C and a slight decline in number at 21°C. The major effect of planting date was manifested through differences in germinating temperatures which resulted in increased stem number with later plantings. Yield of U.S. No. 1 tubers (5cm or 112 gm minimum) declined significantly as stem number increased. In the first planting, the correlation coefficient between stem number per seed piece and yield was r = ?0.95. Increased stem number and declining yield were attributed to advanced physiological age resulting from exposure to higher temperatures in storage and in the field. As stem number increased with planting date, tuber number also increased. The correlation coefficient between stem and tuber number for the first planting date was r = 0.92. The relationship declined significantly on the third planting date to r = 0.46. From these results it was concluded that economic yields are influenced by stem and tuber number which in turn can be manipulated by control of seed storage temperatures and planting dates.     

油菜抗除草剂突变体的筛选及其鉴定

利用60Co-γ射线辐照的湘油15油菜种子,以Basta溶液为筛选压在油菜无性系中筛选出了抗除草剂突变体,随后通过打孔叶片抗性鉴定、除草剂喷洒鉴定等方法确定抗性。最后利用SRAP分子标记方法进行鉴定,从而为突变体的真实性提供了分子水平上的证据。     

Seasonal variation of root distribution of irrigated,field-grown Russet Burbank potato

Root density of irrigated, field-grown Russet Burbank potatoes grown on Plainfield loamy sand was determined periodically from soil core samples during the 1973 growing season. Total root length and weight also were measured. Under these growing conditions, the roots essentially were restricted to the plow layer in this soil, decreasing rapidly below this depth. The root density in the plow layer generally ranged from 2 to 6 cm of roots per cm³ of soil, with lower values at greater depths. The root density exceeded 6 cm/cm³ in only a few cores, with a maximum of 11 cm/cm³ obtained on one core in the 10 to 20 cm depth adjacent to the plant. Roots with diameter less than 0.2 mm accounted for about two-thirds of the total root length. A decrease in total root length and dry-weight per plant occurred at the end of the growing season, coincident with the usual decrease in foliage dry weight. The root density beneath the furrow was not significantly different from that within the plant row during most of the growing season.