籼稻体细胞无性系雄性不育突变体后代遗传及其恢保关系鉴定

对野败型保持系珍汕97B、恢复系IR24、IR26和泰引1号等4个水稻材料的幼穗在不同的培养基上培养、再生植株及对其后代进行育性和测交鉴定及其它遗传分析,探讨了雄性不育变异株的恢保关系,结果表明:在IR26、泰引1号和珍汕97B的R1、R2群体中都获得了不同比率的雄性不育变异株,这些不育株的花粉败育可分为无花粉、典败、圆败和染败4种类型.对离体培养产生的雄性不育变异株用一批现有CMS不育系的保持系和恢复系进行杂交,其中有2株分别来自IR26(编号为269157)和珍汕97B(编号为B29154)的不育株,其恢保关系与野败型一致,现已回交5代.来自IR26(编号为2692411)的另一雄性不育株,用上述亲本已连续回交5代,后代均不育,其恢保关系似与野败不同.而有些来自珍汕97B和IR26的12株雄性不育变异株,杂交后代(F1)全部可育,结实率85%以上.     

辐射诱发瓜叶菊雄性不育系及其利用研究

本研究用６０Ｃｏγ射线５０Ｇｙ辐照１、２年生瓜叶菊的于种子，获得了光枝叶、部分花粉败育的突变体，然后自交分离出花粉败育率１００％的雄性不育系。其突变率为２．４％，突变雄性不育是由隐性基因控制、基因突变产生的。１９８７年以来，先后诱发获得瓜叶菊雄性不育系蓝花１、２、３和玫瑰红花４、５号。其中１、２、３号与瓜叶菊自支系杂交，育成了Ｆ１代杂种，并具有一定的杂种优势。     

三个棉花雄性不育株花药发育的过程

利用20Gy的60Co射线对陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉进行辐照处理,处理后的花粉给雌蕊授粉,并收获种子。从M1群体中选取3个雄性不育株,采用石蜡切片技术对花药发育过程进行研究。通过与对照比较,3个雄性不育株各个时期的败育特征有一定差异,但它们的主要败育特征是一致的：从小孢子母细胞时期至小孢子发育阶段都有败育,小孢子母细胞、绒毡层和中层细胞以及花药的形态都受到不同程度的影响,包括小孢子母细胞有微核及双核现象、减数分裂阶段小孢子母细胞的细胞质膨胀、绒毡层及中层细胞异常等。     

三个棉花雄性不育株花药发育过程的研究

利用20Cy的~(60)Co γ射线对陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉进行辐照处理,处理后的花粉给雌蕊授粉,并收获种子.从M_1群体中选取3个雄性不育株,采用石蜡切片技术对花药发育过程进行研究.通过与对照比较,3个雄性不育株各个时期的败育特征有一定差异,但它们的主要败育特征是一致的:从小孢子母细胞时期至小孢子发育阶段都有败育,小孢子母细胞、绒毡层和中层细胞以及花药的形态都受到不同程度的影响,包括小孢子母细胞有微核及双核现象、减数分裂阶段小孢子母细胞的细胞质膨胀、绒毡层及中层细胞异常等.     

野败型杂交水稻不育性及恢复性的遗传研究

用珍汕97A、珍汕97B、IR_(24)和明恢63为亲本,通过对F_2及回交等世代的分析,研究了野败型杂交水稻的不育性和恢复性的遗传方式,所得结果表明:野败型杂交水稻的不育性表现呈连续性变异,说明不育性是受多基因控制的数量性状。     

籼型杂交稻不育系农A的选育

用珍汕９７Ｂ×钢枝占的后代与珍汕９７Ａ连续回交１８代育成的籼型杂交水稻不育系农Ａ,株高８３．７ｃｍ左右,播种至抽穗天数早季７５ｄ,晚季７６ｄ,株型紧凑,叶片数１４片,每穗粒数２４５．４粒,千粒重２３ｇ,长粒型,颖壳淡金色。自交结实率为０％,花粉总不育度９９．９９％,柱头外露率７５％左右,颖花张开角度较大、异交率高、繁殖制种产量高。经与多个恢复系配组,其产量及构成产量因素的性状的配合力均较强。     

辐射百合鳞片扦插诱生的不定芽植株变异研究

百合辐射后鳞片扦插获得不定芽植株 ,在其生长发育过程中发现 :不定芽植株的花瓣、雄蕊、雌蕊及叶等器官都有变异。其中雄性器官变异率最高、类型最多 ,包括无花粉、花粉败育、雄蕊萎缩、雄蕊部分败育等类型。不同基因型的百合产生雄性不育变异类型有差异。从不定芽植株的突变率考虑 ,pollyana辐射诱发变异的适合剂量是 1～ 2Gy,王百合 (LiliumregaleWilson)及Romano的合适剂量是 1～ 3Gy。     

1份~(60)Co-γ射线诱变玉米雄性不育突变体的遗传分析

为了研究一个新玉米雄性不育突变体的遗传模式,将~(60)Co-γ射线诱变选育的玉米K305雄性不育突变体姊妹交群体在不同地点、不同年份、不同季节种植,采用室内花粉镜检与田间调查相结合的方法进行育性鉴定。通过不育株姊妹交、测交及测交组合的自交和回交后代,进行细胞核效应分析;以具有正常细胞质的自交系为母本,育性完全恢复的测交种及姊妹交群体中的可育株为父本进行反交,对其反交的F1及F2进行细胞质效应分析。结果表明,不育株雄穗无花药外露,花药干瘪,败育彻底,不育性状稳定;姊妹交和回交后代育性分离比例为1∶1,自交后代育性分离比例为3∶1,不育性状表达与细胞质的改变无关。说明该突变体是由隐性单基因控制的可遗传的"无花粉型"细胞核雄性不育,为其进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19花蕾发育过程中内源激素的动态变化分析

为了探究内源激素在花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19育性调控中的作用,以花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19为材料,采用高效液相色谱法,对花椰菜温敏雄性不育系的不育株和可育株花蕾不同发育时期及叶片中赤霉素(GA)、生长素(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)及玉米素核苷(ZR)的动态变化进行比较分析。结果表明,花椰菜温敏雄性不育系花蕾和叶片发育过程中,不育株和可育株内源激素GA、IAA、ABA和ZR的变化均存在明显差异。不育株花蕾中的GA和ABA含量总体呈上升趋势,GA含量在造孢时期、四分体时期及花粉成熟期的含量均显著高于可育株,分别为281.54、355.37和350.13μg·g~(-1),比可育株花蕾高45.1%、210.4%和54.5%,而ABA含量只在四分体时期和花粉成熟期显著高于可育株,分别为2.22μg·g~(-1)和2.88μg·g~(-1),比可育株花蕾高82%和35.2%;不育株花蕾中的IAA含量先降后升,在造孢时期和花粉成熟期显著高于可育株,分别为1.97μg·g~(-1)和2.55μg·g~(-1),比可育株花蕾高52.7%和82.1%,但不育株花蕾的ZR含量先升后降,在四分体和花粉成熟期显著高于可育株,分别为320μg·g~(-1)和170μg·g~(-1),比可育株花蕾高580.9%和243.9%。不育株的IAA/ABA呈"V"字型变化,在四分体时期比值最低,而GA/ABA和ZR/ABA呈倒"V"字型的变化,在四分体时期比值最高。叶片中ABA和ZR未检出,GA和IAA含量不育株显著高于可育株。说明内源激素含量升高和多种激素间的平衡关系被打破,比例失调,阻碍了小孢子的正常发育,导致花椰菜温敏雄性不育系GS-19花粉败育。本研究结果对揭示内源激素在雄性败育过程中可能存在的作用机制具有重要意义,为进一步揭示花椰菜温敏雄性不育的遗传机制积累了资料。     

小麦雄性不育的发生与花药组织内激素平衡的关系

本实验通过对小麦雄性不育材料和相应的可育材料花药内源激素含量比值的分析发现；在花粉败育过程中内源激素的平衡遭到破坏，不论是Ｋ，Ｔ型细胞质雄性不育系还是化学杂交剂诱导的雄性不育花药组织ＩＡＡ／ＡＢＡ，ＧＡｓ／ＡＢＡ与ＩＡＡ／ＺＲ的值的相应的可育材料相比大幅度下降，并且不育度与下降幅度呈正相关。     

Interrelationships between growth and nutrient uptake in alfalfa and corn

Nutrient requirements o£ plants during their various phases of growth are affected by several internal and external factors. The changes in rate of uptake by root with age are an important factor to meet the increasing plant demand for nutrients. Nutrient culture experiments were carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions with corn (Zea Mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to investigate the relationship of stage of growth to changes in plant parameters and nutrient uptake properties. With advancement of age. both plant species increased their ambient growth medium pH towards neutrality. With increasing age in alfalfa there was very little change in observed S:R ratio and root growth rate. On the other hand in corn plants the S:R ratio increased and growth rate for root and shoot decreased with age. Alfalfa contained higher concentrations of N, K, Na, and Ca than corn; while ion concentrations in both crops decreased with plant age. At all stages of growth, alfalfa absorbed less nutrients than corn. The rates of nutrient influx, I_n in both the crops showed various degrees of correlation with age and rate of shoot growth. In corn. I_n for ions reached a maximum at 25 days growth; whereas, in alfalfa, I_n reached maximum at 30 days of growth. The differences in influx rates for different ions in the two species are probably due to the difference in development of shoot and root parameters and shoot demand for the ions.     

Combination of different marine algal extracts as biostimulant and biofungicide

This study investigates the efficiency of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from combinations of different seaweeds (Sargassum polyphyllum, Turbinaria ornata, Gelidiopsis sp., Padina tetrastomatica, Gracilaria corticata) as a stimulant for the growth of Vigna radiata (Mung) as well as its antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens (Alternaria solani, Rhizoctonia solani., Sarocladium oryzae). 100% SLF was prepared, which was further diluted to 60%, 40%, and 20%. Seeds were soaked in four different concentrations of the SLF (20%, 40%, 60%, and 100%) for 12 hr and planted. After 60 d, the root and shoot length were increased by 14% and 16%, respectively, with SLF (100%). The carbohydrate and protein concentrations were also increased by 70% and 86%, respectively, at 100% SLF. The concentration of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids were found to be increased by 20%, 43%, and 28%, respectively, with 100% SLF. Further, the SLF (60% and 100%) successfully inhibited the growth of fungal pathogen A. solani but the other tested strains were found to be resistant. The present study indicates that 100% SLF concentration acts as both biostimulant and biofungicide for A. solani and thus, this SLF could be used as a potential alternative to the chemical fertilizers.     

刺梨及其近缘种质叶片主要活性物质含量及抗氧化性分析

为明确刺梨及其2个近缘种质无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨叶片中活性物质含量变化及其对抗氧化能力的贡献,本研究以刺梨、无籽刺梨和无刺刺梨为试验材料,测定其不同叶龄叶片(幼叶、成熟叶和老叶)中维生素C(Vc)、总三萜、总酚、总黄酮含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性变化,并用铁离子还原(FRAP)、2,2'-联氨-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑-6-磺酸)二铵盐(ABTS)和1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)3种体系分析其体外抗氧化能力,同时对5种抗氧化活性物质进行主成分分析。结果表明,3个材料的不同叶龄叶片中,总酚、总黄酮、Vc含量和SOD活性变化以及3种抗氧化活性均依次表现为成熟叶>幼叶>老叶,而总三萜含量均在老叶中为最高;3个试验材料成熟叶中,无刺刺梨的总酚含量及其对ABTS自由基的清除能力、刺梨的Vc含量及其对DPPH自由基的清除能力,以及无籽刺梨的SOD活性及其对FRAP抗氧化能力均高于其他2个材料,刺梨老叶中的总三萜含量显著高于其他2个材料。相关性分析表明,总酚、总黄酮、Vc与3种抗氧化方法测定结果呈显著正相关;主成分分析表明,成熟叶中具有抗氧化能力的5种活性物质对抗氧化能力贡献依次表现为总酚、Vc>总三萜、SOD>总黄酮,且3种主成分的累计贡献率达90%以上。本研究结果为了解和开发利用上述3个蔷薇属种质叶片功能成分提供了理论依据。     

Effects of cultivation of preceding plants on the development of Fusarium wilt of cucumber and daikon

The effects of the cultivation of preceding plants on the inhibition of Fusarium wilts, vessel diseases of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum (FOC) and yellows of daikon (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani (FOR), were examined. When the cucumber or daikon plant was cultivated as a succeeding plant in the pots where the soils had been inoculated with a spore suspension of FOe or FOR and then various preceding plants had been cultivated, the percentage of disease of the succeeding plants was lower in some plots than in the control plot without preceding plants. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea, cv. Atlas) and burdock (Arctium lappa, cv. Takinogawa) inhibited significantly the vessel disease caused by FOe. Thrnip (Brassica rapa, Parental Line Nou No.1) and spinach (S. oleracea, cv. Try) suppressed the yellows caused by FOR. When the number of FOC or FOR was estimated by the recovery using Komada med.ium and by testing their pathogenicity to the host plant, cucumber or daikon, the numbers of both were not reduced in the plots even where these plants had been cultivated initially. The soil extract from the pots, where preceding plants had been cultivated, did not affect the conidia of FOC and FOR. In both FOC and FOR experiments, the cultivation of preceding plants increased the number of bacteria in soil. Additionally, in the FOR experiment, preceding plants, turnip and spinach, increased the number of F. oxysporum (FOX) except for FOR and decreased the proportion of FOR to FOX. It was suggested that these preceding plants might affect the pathogens of Fusarium wilt indirectly by the changes in the numbers and flora of soil microorganisms.     

The Prevalence and Distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian Cereals: a Survey

In the period 1994–1996 a post-harvest survey was conducted in wheat, barley and oats to assess the occurrence and geographic distribution of Fusarium species in Norwegian cereals. The number of samples investigated was adjusted proportionally to the production of each cereal species within the regions. A total of 695 grain samples were analysed. The amount of Fusarium infection varied with cereal species and region of origin. The most frequently isolated Fusarium spp. from all samples were F. avenaceum, F. poae, F. tricinctum and F. culmorum. Other important toxigenic Fusarium spp. were F. graminearum, “powdery F. poae”, F. equiseti and F. sporotrichioides. A north-south gradient was valid for F. tricinctum, F. poae and in 1994 for “powdery F. poae”. In 1994 “powdery F. poae” was the most abundant potential producer of HT-2 and T-2 toxins in Norwegian cereals. Distribution of F. graminearum and F. culmorum demonstrated in this study, corresponded to previously reported DON-distribution, although DON seems to be produced by different species in different regions. Distribution of the isolated Fusarium species and comparison between cereals and locations are discussed.     

氮磷钾对大棚青椒产量的影响及最佳配比的研究(初报)

本试验采用二次通用旋转组合设计,通过计算机分析,建立了氮磷钾与大棚青椒早期产量及总产量的数学模型。初步揭示了在本试验条件下,氮磷钾对大棚青椒产量形成的影响规律及其边际效应,探讨了氮磷钾之间的交互作用。结果表明氮对青椒产量影响最大,钾最小,前期磷钾有显著的交互作用。讨论了最佳氮磷钾配比及适宜范围。     

镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响

采用土培和水培试验,研究了镉胁迫下磷供应对芥菜生长和镉吸收的影响。土培试验表明:施磷可以提高镉胁迫下小叶芥菜和雪里蕻种子的发芽率,提高小叶芥菜的生物量,而对雪里蕻生物量影响不大;施磷可以减少土壤中有效态镉含量,明显降低植株体内镉含量;植株体内的全磷含量随外加磷浓度的提高而显著增加。水培结果表明:镉胁迫下,磷供应对雪里蕻植株生物量影响不大;随着磷供应水平的增加,植株体内的全磷含量明显增加,但植株地上部镉、锌、钙、镁、锰等元素的含量明显降低。     

Effect of rootstocks on greenhouse rose flower yield and leaf nutrient levels

Abstract

‘Carina’ rose was grown on seven different rootstock clones. These, combinations were tested for effect on flower production and mineral content of the leaves when grown in fumigated ground beds in an evaporatively cooled plastic greenhouse. Plants growing on R. odorata ISU 5710–2 produced the highest flower yields followed by R. fortuniana and R. manetti while R. multiflora ISU 62–5 produced the lowest number of blooms. Rootstocks caused large differences in the levels of some minerals in the leaves. R. fortuniana caused a Mn accumulation that was five times the quantity developed by R. odorata but this did not seem to be related to flower production. However, R. odorata was a superior accumulator of K and under conditions of relatively low supply R. fortuniana and R. odorata were good accumulators of N and K. These factors were related to flower yield.     

Variation Among and Within Dogrose Taxa ( Rosa sect. caninae ) in Fruit Weight,Percentages of Fruit Flesh and Dry Matter,and Vitamin C Content

Important fruit traits were screened in a plant breeding program concerning a newly domesticated crop in Sweden of rose hips. The taxa Rosa dumalis subsp. coriifolia , R . dumalis subsp. dumalis , R . rubiginosa and R . villosa subsp. mollis, collected from 23 localities in Scandinavia, were investigated for fruit weight, percentage of fruit flesh, percentage of dry matter and vitamin C content. R . dumalis subsp. coriifolia, R . dumalis subsp. dumalis and R . villosa subsp. mollis had significantly larger fruits and a higher percentage of fruit flesh than R . rubiginosa. Analysis of intraspecific variation showed that R. dumalis subsp . coriifolia was the most variable taxon, followed by R . dumalis subsp. dumalis and R . villosa subsp. mollis , whereas R. rubiginosa showed the most restricted variability. A highly significant positive correlation was found between fruit weight and percentage fruit flesh which in turn showed a moderate negative correlation with percentage dry matter.     

5种笛鲷属鱼类的遗传多样性及分子标记

运用RAPD及SSR技术对笛鲷属的画眉笛鲷(Lutjanus vitta)、金带笛鲷 (L. fulvus)、金焰笛鲷 (L. fulviflamma)、千年笛鲷(L. sebae)和星点笛鲷(L. stellatus)等5种鱼的遗传多样性及其分子标记进行了研究。RAPD研究结果表明, 5种鱼的平均多态性位点比率(P)依次为89.30%、86.70%、92.11%、86.47%和86.00%; 种内两个体间平均遗传距离(D)分别为0.3431，0.2130，0.3121, 0.1825和0.1775；平均遗传多样性指数(Hi)分别为0.1634、0.1095、0.1353、 0.1022和0.1024。引物OPA8和OPP10的扩增产物中得到9个RAPD标记，分别为OPA8-413bp、OPA8-140bp、OPP10-418bp、OPA8-697bp、OPP10-526bp、OPA8-361bp、OPP10-449bp、OPA8-311bp和OPP10-599b，可鉴别5种鱼。SSR研究结果显示, 5种鱼的有效等位基因数依次为1.9610、3.3793、3.2957、1.7893和3.6591；群体的杂合度(H)分别为0.332、0.462、0.593、0.367和0.676；多态信息含量(PIC)分别为0.302、0.438、0.554、0.332和0.641。 在11个微卫星位点上得到6个微卫星标记，分别为13 Prs229-115 bp、4 Lca43-212 bp、4 Lca43-240 bp、13 Prs229-288 bp、19 Prs275-156bp和7Lca91-118 bp可用于鉴别5种鱼。