四川地区云南松切梢小蠹监测技术研究

在四川云南松切梢小蠹发生有代表性的云南松林中采用漏斗状诱捕器和饵木堆在切梢小蠹梢转干高峰期 ,在目测踏查无切梢小蠹发生危害和切梢小蠹发生危害轻两种不同发生程度的云南松林分中使用漏斗状诱捕器和饵木堆两种方法对切梢小蠹是否发生、发生危害程度能进行有效的监测 ,两种方式的监测有效率均达 10 0 %。在无切梢小蠹发生危害和切梢小蠹发生危害轻的两种云南松林分中诱捕器监测准确率分别达 70 %和 6 0 %以上 ,监测有效半径为 30m ,安置方式为每 35m× 35m置漏斗状诱捕器 3套 ;饵木监测准确率分别达 80 %和 70 %以上 ,监测有效半径为 2 0m ,安置方式为每 30m× 30m置饵木堆 3堆 ,每堆 12根饵木按 #字型排立。两种方式的监测效果均高于人工目测踏查法     

不同诱捕器与引诱剂诱杀松墨天牛效果比较

为给泰山景区松材线虫病预报和防控提供依据,利用不同诱捕器结构、悬挂高度、诱捕药剂等对松墨天牛成虫羽化期、成虫雌雄比例以及诱捕效果进行了试验研究,结果为松墨天牛在泰山景区5月20日前后开始羽化,7月30日前后羽化结束,羽化期约70d,6月羽化数占总数53.7%,是羽化盛期,成虫雌雄比为1.3～1.5;试验诱捕器结构（四片、多层）、诱捕器悬挂高度（0.5、1.5m）都对诱捕效果无显著影响（P>0.05）,4种不同诱捕药剂之间诱捕效果存在极显著差异（P<0.01）,诱捕效果药剂2>药剂1>药剂3>药剂4。建议松墨天牛防控采用药剂2（浙江农林大学研制）、多层或四片结构的诱捕器悬挂高度0.5m或1.5m。     

1%噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂林间防治松褐天牛试验

林间用1%噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂进行防治松褐天牛试验。结果表明,该药剂对松褐天牛有较强的杀灭效果,且持效期达30 d以上。在喷洒1%噻虫啉微胶囊粉剂的林区,平均每个诱捕器的成虫诱捕量为32.4头,诱木上平均成虫产卵刻槽数为19.6个/m2;而在对照区,平均每个诱捕器的成虫诱捕量为93.8头,是喷药区的2.83倍,平均刻槽数达191.02个/m2,是喷药区的9.75倍。施药的相对防治效果可达86.3%。     

诱捕器不同处理方式对油松毛虫捕捉量的影响

以诱捕器的悬挂高度和油松毛虫的趋色性为研究对象,研究诱捕器不同处理方式对油松毛虫捕捉量的影响。结果表明:红、黑、白和黄四种颜色诱捕器中,黑色的诱捕器对油松毛虫飞蛾趋向性较好;在1、1.5、2和2.5m四个高度中,以1.5m和2m的悬挂高度效果较好。选择1.5m的悬挂高度和黑色诱捕器比较适合当地油松毛虫的防治。     

不同波长的黄板对沙棘绕实蝇引诱效果研究

为沙棘绕实蝇种群动态监测和无公害防治提供科学依据,在田间悬挂6种不同波长的黄色粘虫板进行沙棘绕实蝇诱捕试验。结果表明:不同波长黄色粘虫板平均诱捕量顺序为570 nm560 nm580 nm585 nm590 nm600 nm;黄色粘虫板悬挂高度为1.5 m处诱集效果最好,单日最高诱捕数量47头/张,平均诱捕量8.24头/张;不同高度平均诱捕量阴面高于阳面,1.5 m阴面与其他面之间相比均有极显著差异(P0.01),南、北两方向12 d的平均诱捕量分别是7.68,13.60头/张,悬挂方向以北方最佳;波长570 nm的粘虫板持效期最长,各时间段的平均诱捕量均高于其他波长,诱集数量主要集中在前8 d,均占90%以上。     

柳毒蛾性信息素诱捕杨毒蛾林间试验

1998年 8月 1 2～ 2 0日 ,在中国林业科学研究院院内杨树林树高 3m处放置粘性诱捕器 ,内放人工合成的柳毒蛾诱剂内芯 3Z-cis-6 ,7-cis-9,1 0 -Di-epoxy-heneicosene,每天上午检查一次。在杨毒蛾 L eucoma candida Staudinger种群密度很低的情况下 ,9天共诱捕雄成虫 2 1头。试验结果表明 ,该信息素对杨毒蛾确有引诱作用 ,为进行监测和防治提供了有效途径     

性诱剂诱杀白杨透翅蛾成虫的试验

通过在黑龙江省甘南林场进行性诱剂诱杀白杨透翅蛾成虫的试验研究,结果表明:白杨透翅蛾成虫期有3个诱捕高峰期,即6月初、6月下旬和7月下旬;诱捕器最佳悬挂高度为1.2～1.6 m,以0.2 hm2挂1只诱捕器效果最佳,诱杀效果可达95%以上。     

甘草的栽培技术及经济效益

甘草栽培可分为集约经营和一般经营。集约经营即先育苗后移栽 ;一般经营即直播种植。1　集约经营1.1　甘草育苗1选购种子 :秋后选购质量好的红甘草种子 ,净种率达 90 %以上 ,千粒重达 9.8g,室内发芽率达 85%～ 90 %。2育苗 :选定土层深厚的沙壤土、灌水方便的地块 (或大棚 )作为苗田。深翻 3 0 cm施足基肥 ( 2 0 0 0～ 3 0 0 0 kg/ 667m2 )。喷施 3 %乐果粉 2 kg/ 667m2 (或多菌灵 ) ,清除杂草及石块等 ,然后平整作床(长 8～ 10 m,宽 2～ 3 m,中间开浅沟以便灌水 )。播种量 :田间 4 kg/667m2 ;大棚内 7kg/ 667m2。播种方法 :浅沟条播或撒播 …     

霞浦县松墨天牛诱捕效果及综合防控研究

2014—2015年在霞浦县松城街道马尾松纯林内101~200m、201~300m和301~400m~3个不同海拔高度分别设置4个APF-I型松墨天牛引诱剂和相同的配套诱捕器诱捕松墨天牛,通过2014年和2015年不同海拔高度的诱虫数量,分析霞浦县内松墨天牛诱捕器的诱捕效果和设置适宜海拔高度。结果表明:2014年设置在海拔高度101~200m和201~300m的松墨天牛诱捕器诱捕效果极显著(P0.01)高于设置在海拔高度301~400m的诱捕器;2015年设置在201~300m之间的松墨天牛诱捕器诱捕效果显著(P0.05)高于设置在海拔高度101~200m和301~400m的诱捕器。霞浦县松墨天牛诱捕器挂设最佳海拔在201~300m之间。     

诱捕器的空间位置对红脂大小蠹防治效果的比较研究

针对辽宁省区域内出现的红脂大小蠹,研究了诱捕器不同挂置高度、放置坡位和颜色等3个因素对诱捕效果的影响。结果表明:挂置高度方面,2m的高度处理平均诱捕量最高;放置坡位方面,山腰处放置处理平均诱捕量最高;诱捕器颜色方面,红色的诱捕器处理平均诱捕量最高。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.