青蟹的营养需求研究及其配合饲料研制

青蟹属(Scylla)有锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata),拟穴青蟹(S.paramamosain),紫螯青蟹(S.tranquebarica)和榄绿青蟹(S.olivacea)等4个种.     

美国红鱼的营养需求和配合饲料

本文对近年来有关美国红鱼营养需求的研究进行概述,在此基础上,设计6种配合饲料,分别对美国红鱼进行饲养。结果表明：在美国红鱼配合饲料中,大豆粕和花生麸能代替大部分鱼粉,取得了满意的养殖效果。     

河蟹的营养需求与配合饲料制作

河蟹是我国特有的水产珍品,它以营养价值高、风味独特而享誉海内外,成为我国出口创汇的重要产品。因此,从湖泊、水库到池塘、稻田都在大规模的推行河蟹养殖,河蟹养殖的迅速发展,要求配合饲料产业也要相应跟上。而我国目前关于河蟹     

石斑鱼的营养需求及其饲料的研制

主要综述了石斑鱼的营养需求及其饲料的研制。主要内容包括：(1)石斑鱼对饲料中蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物、维生素等的营养需求。(2)石斑鱼饲料的研制概况。(3)针对石斑鱼营养学研究以及目前我国石斑鱼养殖还是以小杂鱼为主,配合饲料使用率很低的现状,对今后开展石斑鱼营养与饲料研究提出了若干建议。     

鳜鱼营养需求及其饲料研究进展

鳜鱼是我国水产养殖业近十年来发展迅速、具有良好发展前景的淡水养殖品种之一.随着市场对高品质水产品需求的增加和活饵料鱼生产问题的解决,鳜鱼养殖产业进入蓬勃发展时期,养殖规模不断扩大,产业发展呈现出区域化、规模化、专业化、标准化、品牌化的特点.自 2016 年以来,我国鳜鱼养殖年产量均在30 万t以上,产值超过200 亿元.但由于鳜鱼驯化和饲料养殖技术还不够成熟,目前采用配合饲料养殖的比例不高.文章综述了鳜鱼对蛋白质和脂肪的需求、碳水化合物和益生菌的适宜添加量及其饲料的研究进展,可为鳜鱼配合饲料的开发和优化提供参考.     

河蟹的营养需求与配合饲料研制

河蟹即中华绒螯蟹是我国特有的水产珍品,它以营养价值高、风味独特而享誉海内外,成为我国出口创汇的重要水产品.因此,从湖泊、水库到池塘、稻田都在大规模的推行河蟹养殖,河蟹养殖迅速发展,而我国目前关于河蟹配合饲料营养的研究还相对较少.笔者从事多年河蟹配合饲料的研制、生产工作,现将河蟹的营养需求与配合饲料研制作一综述,供业内人士参考.     

淡水虾蟹营养需求与配合饲料技术

淡水养虾业的主要养殖品种包括罗氏沼虾、淡水青虾、刀额新对虾、红螯螯虾、克氏原螯虾、南美白对虾等；淡水养蟹业主要指河蟹养殖、本文着重就河蟹、罗氏沼虾、淡水青虾的营养需求与配合饲料技术作一概述。 一、河蟹 河蟹是杂食性偏动物性的水生动物。目前生产上大面积养殖还是以天然饵料与人工饲料交替投喂为主。天然饵料包括浮物生物、水生植物、陆生植物和底栖动物等。人工饲料包括植物性原料、动物性原料及人工配合饲料等。 １．河蟹的营养需求 （１）蛋白质与氨基酸 在河蟹营养研究方面，国外研究报道极少，国内有不少单位已先后开展…     

甲鱼的营养需求

本文采用稚鳖、幼鳖和成鳖三种没生长阶段的全甲鱼及成鳖肉为原料,进行了生化分析,初步摸清了甲鱼的苯营养需求情况。     

甲鱼营养需要和配合饲料的研究现状

甲鱼又称鳖,其经济价值很高,味道鲜美,营养丰富,全身均可入药,具有滋补的功效,是国内外筵席上的珍肴。近几年来,养鳖热席卷全国许多地方,养殖者不断增加,不少科研单位对甲鱼的营养需要及配合饲料作了一些研究,本文现把散见于国内外的有关资料综述如下,供饲料厂,养殖场科学配制配合饲料和饲养管理参考。     

Dietary protein requirement of giant mud crab Scylla serrata juveniles fed iso-energetic formulated diets having graded protein levels

The protein requirement of juvenile mud crab Scylla serrata (body weight=0.25±0.051 g, carapace width=9.3±0.04 mm) fed with different iso-energetic, iso-lipidic diets with graded protein levels (15–55% crude protein at 5% intervals) was determined. The feeding trial was conducted for a period of 63 days to determine the minimum and optimum protein requirement of juvenile S. serrata . The crabs fed with 15% and 20% dietary protein levels showed 100% and 12.5% of mortalities respectively. The mortalities observed in the above treatments were associated with the prolonged intermoult duration (46 and 32 days respectively). All other treatments recorded 100% survival. The best growth performance as well as the nutrient turn-over was recorded in crabs fed with 45% crude protein in the diet. Second-order polynomial regression of specific growth rate (SGR) as well as body protein gain vs. dietary protein levels suggested that 46.9–47.03% dietary protein is required for the best growth response and protein deposition in juvenile S. serrata . An extrapolation of 'SGR' and 'daily protein gain' upon the 'dietary protein level' axis ( Y =0) showed that 14.7–16.2% dietary protein is necessary for the minimum maintenance metabolism.     

Efficacy of various lipid supplements in formulated pellet diets for juvenile Scylla serrata

Efficacy of sunflower oil (diet SF) and soybean oil (diet SB) alone and in combination with cod liver oil (diets M1‐2.80:1.40:1.40, M2‐2.80:2.24:0.56 and M3‐2.80:0.56:2.24; cod liver oil:sunflower oil:soybean oil) as lipid supplements (5.6%) in formulated diets (crude fat ～9.79%) for juvenile Scylla serrata (weight=0.28±0.07 g, carapace width=9.7±0.1 mm) were compared with diet CL, containing cod liver oil alone as the lipid supplement (6 diets × 24 crabs stocked individually, randomized block design). Growth performance, nutrient (protein and lipid) intake and gain of crabs fed M1, M2 and M3 were higher (P≤0.05) than the crabs fed SF and SB, but were not significantly different (P≥0.05) from crabs fed CL. Dietary fatty acids (FAs) are found to influence the FA profile of test crabs. Higher tissue levels of 16:1n‐7, 18:1n‐9 and 18:1n‐7 reflected the essential FA deficiency in crabs fed diets supplemented only with vegetable oils. Results confirmed that S. serrata could utilize vegetable oil supplements in the formulated diets as a partial replacement (50%) of cod liver oil without compromising growth and survival. Partial substitution of marine fish oil with suitable vegetable oils can reduce the feed cost considerably, in the context of rising fish oil prices.     

Assessment of dietary lecithin and cholesterol requirements of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa using semi-purified microbound diets

The effects of varying dietary lecithin and cholesterol levels on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa were evaluated using six semi‐purified, microbound diets formulated to be iso‐energetic and containing three levels of supplemental lecithin (0, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight) and two levels of supplemental cholesterol (0 and 7 g kg⁻¹ diet dry weight). Fifteen megalopa were reared individually in each treatment and the nutritional value of diets was assessed on basis of mean dry weight and mean carapace width of newly settled first crab stage, as well as development time to the first crab stage and overall survival. A significant interaction between supplemental dietary lecithin and supplemental dietary cholesterol was found for final mean dry weight of newly settled crabs, and highest survival (60%) was recorded for megalopa fed diets containing the highest levels of dietary lecithin (39.7–44.1 g kg⁻¹) (diet 5 and 6) regardless of whether diets were supplemented with cholesterol; this rate of survival was identical to that of megalopa fed live Artemia nauplii. The results indicate that supplemental dietary cholesterol may not be essential for mud crab megalopa when fed diets containing sufficient levels of supplemental dietary phospholipids.     

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients in diets formulated for the sub-adult mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, in Vietnam

The present study was conducted to explore the potential to incorporate local plant-based feed ingredients into diets formulated for the mud crab species, Scylla paramamosain , commonly exploited for aquaculture in South-east Asia. Four test ingredients (defatted soybean meal, rice bran, cassava meal and corn flour) were incorporated at 30% or 45% inclusion levels in a fishmeal-based reference diet and used in digestibility trials where apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) for experimental diets and test ingredients were determined. Generally, high ADC values were obtained using diets containing 30% soybean meal or rice bran. By contrast, the lowest ADC values were obtained for the diet containing 45% cassava meal [70.9% for dry matter (ADMD); 77.1% for crude protein (ACPD) and 80.2% for gross energy (AGED)]. Similar trends were observed when ADC ingredient (I) digestibilities were compared. Specifically, the highest ADCI values were obtained for soybean meal when used at a 30% inclusion level (87.6% ADMDI; 98.4% ACPDI and 95.6% AGEDI) while the lowest ADCI values were obtained using cassava meal at a 45% inclusion level (53.8% ADMDI; 60.2% ACPDI and 67.3% AGEDI). Based on the current findings, we propose that soybean meal and rice bran could be considered for incorporation into formulated diets for S. paramamosain .     

Influence of binder type on leaching rate and ingestion of microbound diets by mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål), larvae

Microbound diets (MBD), composed of nutrients held within a matrix or binder, were shown to be readily ingested by larvae of the mud crab, Scylla serrata (Forsskål). In an effort to improve experimental MBD developed for S. serrata larvae, this study determined the effects of various binders on estimated larval ingestion of MBD as well as their leaching rates. Microbound diets with the same dietary compositions were bound with either agar, alginate, carrageenan, gelatin or zein. All diets contained ¹⁴C‐labelled rotifers and were fed to Zoea I, III, V larvae and megalopae. The ¹⁴C content of larvae fed ¹⁴C‐labelled MBD for 2 h was used to estimate the relative ingestion rates of MBD. For all larval stages tested, the estimated mean larval ingestion of MBD did not differ significantly between binder types (P>0.05). Determination of the amount of ¹⁴C‐labelled nutrient leaching from MBD bound with various binders after 30, 60 and 240 min of immersion showed that for all types of binders, ¹⁴C leaching occurred primarily within the first 30 min of immersion. Zein‐bound MBD consistently showed the lowest numerical leaching rate among the five binders tested for all immersion periods examined, and the differences compared with other binders were often significant, particularly after 60 and 240 min of immersion. Larval feeding experiments showed that MBD prepared with binders showing higher rates of leaching were not utilized to a greater degree by S. serrata larvae. Furthermore, unnecessary leaching from MBD particles wastes dietary nutrients and is likely to impact on water quality. On this basis, our results suggest that because of its consistently lower leaching rates, zein is probably a more suitable binder for MBD developed for S. serrata larvae.     

Ovarian maturation stages of the mud crab Scylla serrata

Ovarian maturation in adult wild‐sourced and pond‐grown Scylla serrata (Forsskål) was determined based on gross morphology and histological appearance. There were no significant differences noted in the histological features of both wild and pond‐reared S. serrata females. Ovarian maturation was classified into five stages: immature, early maturing, late maturing, fully mature and spent. The immature ovaries are thin and translucent to off white and contain oogonia, primary oocytes with large nuclei. The follicle cells were found around the periphery of the lobes and an area among groups of oogonia and oocytes. The follicle cells gradually enclosed the oocytes. The early‐maturing ovaries were yellow and small yolk globules started to appear in larger oocytes. In late‐maturing ovaries, the colour became light orange and lobules were apparent. Yolk globules occurred in the cytoplasm with larger globular inclusions towards the periphery, while follicle cells were hardly recognizable. Fully mature ovaries were orange to deep orange and had swollen lobules. Large yolk globules were apparent in the entire cytoplasm. Follicle cells were hardly seen. Spent ovaries were similar to the early‐maturing and late‐maturing stage in partially spawned females. The ovarian development was correlated closely to the gonadosomatic index, oocyte diameter, and ovarian histology. The classification of ovarian maturation provides baseline information for further studies on reproductive biology. Likewise, the information provides a guide for broodstock management in the hatchery.     

影响锯缘青蟹幼体成活的几个因素

本文对海捕和养殖的锯缘青蟹抱卵及胚胎发育情况进行了观察,并对幼体饵料营养强化、适口性、幼体的培育方式等进行了研究。结果表明：自然诲区捕获的亲蟹其抱卵率和幼体质量要好于人工养殖的亲蟹;胚胎发育的最适盐度为28～33,最适温度为26～30℃;幼体\期和大眼幼体时期摄食的饵料以边缘毛状的活体为佳,便于抱握;涵状幼体、期起应降低苗池中的直射光,投饵多餐少量．增加附着面积．可降低相互残杀率。     

拟穴青蟹vasa基因cDNA的特征分析与性腺特异表达

vasa蛋白属于DEAD家族蛋白,是一种RNA解旋酶,在生殖细胞的分化中具有重要作用。本研究从拟穴青蟹卵巢中克隆得到vasa基因cDNA全长(将其命名为Sp-vasa),Sp-vasa序列长度为2 944 bp,其中开放阅读框(ORF)长度为1 899 bp,编码632个氨基酸,具有DEAD-box家族蛋白的7个高度保守的结构域。半定量RT-PCR结果显示,Sp-vasa只在卵巢和精巢中特异表达,在其它组织则未检测到表达。由此可见,vasa属于拟穴青蟹性腺特异表达基因。因此,Sp-vasa基因可有望作为有效的分子指标研究拟穴青蟹原始生殖细胞的起源、迁移以及生殖腺的发生。     

The effects of supplemental dietary cholesterol on growth, development and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata, megalopa fed semi-purified diets

The effects of varying levels of dietary cholesterol on growth, development time and survival of mud crab, Scylla serrata megalopa were investigated using semi-purified microbound diets (MBD). Five iso-energetic diets containing different level of cholesterol ranging from 0.14% to 1% of dry weight of the diet were tested. Fifteen megalopa were reared individually for each dietary treatment, and development time and survival were recorded on a daily basis. More than 25% of megalopa from all treatments were able to metamorphose into the first crab stage, suggesting that the endogenous level of cholesterol in the basal diet (0.14%) was sufficient to support development of the megalopa stage of this species. Widest mean carapace width (3.53 ± 0.08 mm) and highest mean dry weight (2.11 ± 0.22 mg) were recorded for juveniles that molted from megalopa fed live Artemia, whereas no megalopa in the unfed control treatment metamorphosed into crabs. The average development time from megalopa to the juvenile crab stage varied between the treatments, where megalopa fed live Artemia or MBD containing 0.2%, 0.4% or 0.8% total cholesterol showed the most synchronized molting (between 8.0 and 9.9 days). Longest development time was recorded for the megalopa fed diets containing 0.14% or 1% total cholesterol (both 11 days). Highest survival (74.3%) was recorded for the megalopa fed a diet containing 0.8% cholesterol. The results of this study are valuable in research to develop formulated diets for mud crab larvae as a replacement for live food in hatchery culture.