黄金鲈与伊犁鲈杂交后代在气提泵循环水养殖系统中生长分析

研究通过黄金鲈(Perca flavescens)雌鱼与伊犁鲈(Perca schrenki)雄鱼进行杂交,以期加快鲈鱼的生长速度,推迟其性成熟和提高上市规格.为减少饲养环境条件和人为管理差异造成生长试验误差,研究采用试验鱼同池混养的方法进行生长比较.在气提泵循环水养殖系统中,经690 d的生长比较试验.结果表明:杂交鲈体重增长比黄金鲈快33.91%;杂交鲈的性腺发育被推迟或性腺发育不良;黄金鲈和杂交鲈的成活率分别为87.50%和82.08%,二者在成活率上无显著差异(P=0.29).杂交鲈适宜在高密度循环水养殖条件下生长,杂交优势较为显著,可以取代黄金鲈进行集约化养殖生产.     

黄金鲈♀×伊犁鲈♂杂交代的形态特征与人工养殖技术

对黄金鲈♀×伊犁鲈♂杂交后代的形态特征与黄金鲈和伊犁鲈进行了比较,并就其人工养殖技术进行了探讨。结果表明:2龄杂交鲈体长26.5～31.5cm,(L=28.53±1.69cm),体重339.0～650.5g,(=447.31±94.23g)。体长为体高的3.58～3.93倍,两背鳍分离,第一背鳍棘14～16根,体侧扁,长椭圆形,形态特征与黄金鲈相似,体背为灰绿色,颜色介于黄金鲈与伊犁鲈之间,身体两侧有5～9条黑色横斑,属于温、冷水性鱼类,生长的最适温度为22～25℃,室内养殖条件下,投喂颗粒饵料,并辅以动物性饵料,生长迅速,日均增重率可达0.62g/d。     

温度对黄金鲈(Perca flavescens)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

在不同水温(15、20、25和30℃)下,对体重(46.1±4.5)g黄金鲈(Perca flavescens)的耗氧率和排氨率进行了测定与分析。结果显示:黄金鲈的耗氧率和排氨率均随温度的升高而显著增加(P<0.01);耗氧率和排氨率与温度的关系可用指数方程拟合,其方程分别为:RO=0.0682 e0.0633t,R2=0.9879;RN=2.4593 e0.0904t,R2=0.9703;随着温度的升高氧氮比(O:N)逐渐降低;耗氧Q10值和排氨Q10值均在20~25℃之间最小。结果表明:在各温度水平下黄金鲈基础代谢消耗底物主要均以蛋白质为主,脂肪其次,然而随着温度的升高,黄金鲈利用糖类和脂肪供能的比例逐渐下降,而蛋白质供能的比例逐渐增加。黄金鲈的最适生长温度为20~25℃。     

PPARs调控剂对加州鲈生长及糖脂代谢的影响

为研究PPARs(过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体)调控剂对加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长及糖脂代谢的影响,试验采用单因素梯度设计,以基础饲料为对照组,在基础饲料中分别添加调控剂罗格列酮0.3、1.5、7.5和37.5 mg/kg,饲喂初始体重为(3.90±0.04)g的加州鲈56 d后,测定了PPARs调控剂罗格列酮对加州鲈生长和糖脂代谢相关血液生化指标的影响。结果显示:与对照组相比,饲料中添加罗格列酮对加州鲈增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率无显著性影响(P>0.05)。添加7.5 mg/kg罗格列酮试验组加州鲈鱼体脂肪和肝脏脂肪含量显著低于对照组及其它试验组(P<0.05)。添加7.5 mg/kg和37.5 mg/kg罗格列酮试验组血清甘油三酯的水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05);随着饲料中罗格列酮添加水平的增加,试验各组鱼体血糖和谷丙转氨酶的水平呈下降趋势,但试验各组鱼体血糖和血清谷丙转氨酶的水平与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果表明,添加罗格列酮可预防加州鲈糖脂代谢混乱,防止加州鲈脂肪肝的发生。     

杂交条纹鲈

杂交条纹鲈(Hybrid striper)是由雌性条纹鲈(Strlped Bass)与雄性白鲈(White Bass)杂交的子一代,在美国也称棕榈鲈,具有显著的杂交生长优势：生长速度快。个体大,产量高,抗病力强,肉质非常鲜美。其体型、体色和肉质在我国现有鲈科养殖品种中最为上乘,目前市价达每公斤80元。该鱼是广盐性鱼类。既适宜在淡水池塘里饲养。也适宜在沿海地区的咸淡水池塘里养殖。     

三角帆蚌三个优异群体杂交后代生长性能比较研究

于2003年5月21日至2004年12月23日,在浙江诸暨的养殖池塘比较研究了三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cum-ingii)的洞庭湖群体(DD)、鄱阳湖群体(PP)和太湖群体(TT)自交F1与其6个杂交F1(DP,PD,DT,TD,TP和PT)的生长性能。结果显示:19月龄的9个群体三角帆蚌壳长已趋于相对恒定,但早期各群体间壳长差异明显。壳宽性状从6月龄至19月龄,PP、PD和TD三者均无明显差异,但均优于其余6群体(P<0.01)。特别发现PD从4月龄至19月龄均呈现明显的生长优势。从整个试验阶段来看,PD的体重也具有生长优势;经572 d生长发育,生长最快的依次为PD((0.42±0.07)g/d)、TD((0.37±0.04)g/d)和PP((0.37±0.08)g/d),生长最慢的是TT((0.30±0.08)g/d)、DP((0.32±0.06)g/d)和PT((0.32±0.07)g/d)。各性状的杂种优势率在-1.95%～17.08%之间。对于壳宽性状,PD、TD和PT均产生了杂种优势,且以PD最大,达到7.99%。在体重性状上,PD的杂种优势最大,达到了17.08%,其次为TD(14.10%),因此,PD与TD的养殖性能最好。     

摄食不同饵料对加州鲈生长性能及体成分的影响

对摄食不同饵料(冰鲜小杂鱼和配合饲料)加州鲈(Micropterus salmoides)(初始体重为(4.87±0.02)g)生长性能、形体指标和体成分进行了比较分析.结果显示:饲喂冰鲜小杂鱼组的加州鲈末均重、增重率、特定生长率、成活率、肥满度、肌肉粗蛋白质和脂肪显著高于配合饲料组(P＜0.01),饲料系数、肝体比和...     

复合蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈生长、消化能力和肠道健康的影响

以初均重为(5.80±0.07) g的花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)幼鱼为实验对象,研究复合蛋白替代鱼粉对花鲈生长、消化和肠道健康的影响。用复合蛋白分别替代对照组饲料中0、20%、40%、60%和80%的鱼粉,配制成5种等氮等脂的实验饲料,分别用这5种饲料投喂花鲈70 d;养殖实验期间水温为(29.5±1.5)℃,盐度为29±1,溶解氧≥6.5 mg/L。养殖实验结束后采集样品进行分析,结果显示,20%替代组花鲈生长性能与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05),但随鱼粉替代比例的升高,花鲈增重率(WGR)、存活率(SR)、饲料效率(FE)以及蛋白质效率(PER)显著下降(P<0.05),花鲈肠道蛋白酶活性以及饲料干物质、粗蛋白与粗脂肪表观消化率皆显著降低(P<0.05),且花鲈后肠黏膜组织结构出现损伤,肠道促炎因子TNF-α、IL-1β基因表达量升高,抗炎因子基因IL-4、IL-10表达量相应降低。研究表明,复合蛋白替代花鲈饲料中鱼粉比例不宜超过20%。     

杂交青虾“太湖1号”越冬试验

2010年12月—2011年3月对南京地区杂交青虾(Macrobrachium nipponensis)"太湖1号"越冬的成活率及生长情况进行了研究。结果显示,越冬后,"太湖1号"青虾的产量与规格均比放养时明显提升(P<0.05),平均成活率为(84±9.17)%,成活率较高。各次采样的体长(x,cm)体重(y,g)方程分别为:y=0.024x2.808,R2=0.958;y=0.039x2.519,R2=0.857;y=0.016x3.085,R2=0.956;y=0.021x2.917,R2=0.923;y=0.015x3.120,R2=0.882。越冬前期为负异速增长(b<3),越冬中期为等速增长(b≈3),越冬结束后为正异速增长(b>3)。     

饲料钙磷水平对宝石鲈生长和体成分的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶作为蛋白源,乳酸钙（Ca-lactate）和磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4•2H2O)为钙源和磷源,配制成D1（0.0%钙,0.0%磷）、D2（0.5%钙,0.0%磷）、D3（0.0%钙,0.6%磷）、D4（0.5%钙,0.6%磷）、D5（1.0%钙,0.6%磷）和D6（1.5%钙,0.6%磷）六种等氮等能纯化试验饲料。每组饲料饲喂3个重复,每重复饲养20尾宝石鲈幼鱼,经过室内网箱60天生长试验,探讨在饲料中添加钙磷对宝石鲈幼鱼（初始体质量13.42±0.68g）生长性能、全鱼和肌肉营养成分以及脊椎骨钙磷含量的影响。试验结果表明: 饲料中未添加磷组（D1和D2）试验鱼的终末体质量、特定生长率和脊椎骨钙磷含量显著低于添加组(P<0.05),而饲料系数、全体和肌肉脂肪含量显著高于添加组(P<0.05)。当饲料中未添加磷时,添加0.5%钙对宝石鲈的特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼和肌肉营养成分、脊椎骨的灰分和钙磷含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的添加量（0~1.5%）对宝石鲈的终末体质量、特定生长率、饲料系数、全鱼组成、肌肉组成（水分、粗蛋白和灰分）和脊椎骨组成（粗灰分、磷和钙磷比）没有显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中钙添加量过大（1.5%）组脊椎骨钙含量显著减少(P<0.05)。饲料中添加磷显著降低了鱼体中粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),但提高了脊椎骨钙磷的含量(P<0.05)。各组脊椎骨钙磷比均处于1.78～1.82范围内,组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过宝石鲈幼鱼生长性能和脊椎骨矿化作用分析表明,当饲料中添加0.6%磷时,钙的适宜添加量为0.5%。 关键词：宝石鲈;钙;磷     

First-year overwinter mortality in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) Results from a field study and a simulation experiment

Abstract– The importance of overwinter mortality of 0+ perch ( Perca fluviatilis L.) in central European lakes was estimated using a stochastic simulation model. The probability of overwinter mortality of a perch cohort was calculated by using a model developed for yellow perch ( P. flavescens Mitchill). Winter duration from a long-term data set and the length of perch at the end of the first year from five lakes were used as input data. After 1000 simulation runs, the total extinction of a cohort in the lakes studied was never predicted. Mortality rates of more than 0.5 were only predicted in two of the five lakes, and rates of more than 0.3 in these two lakes were predicted in approximately 10% of all cases. For two consecutive winters differing in duration, the length-frequency distributions of 0+ perch in the autumn and following spring were compared by a graphical method. No significant size-dependent mortality of smaller individuals could be detected in any of the populations studied. Simulated spring length-frequencies were derived from observed autumn length distributions by the same model that was used for the stochastic simulation. These simulated and the empirical spring length-frequency distributions were not identical. The differences between the two distributions were attributed to growth, which occurred between the sampling dates. The results from the simulation and the analysis of the empirical data suggest that high overwinter mortality caused by starvation is rare in central European lakes.     

The energy requirements of Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) in intensive culture

Fish feed constitutes one of the largest costs in aquaculture, therefore inefficient feed management will have a negative impact on fish farm economics. Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis L.) is a relatively new candidate for freshwater aquaculture, however little is known about the energy requirements of this species. The aim of this study was to develop an energy requirement model for intensive culture of Eurasian perch reared at rational temperatures. Data on growth (the thermal unit growth coefficient, TGC, ³√g · (°C · days)^?1) and digestible energy need (DEN, kJ DE · g^?1) of Eurasian perch at a size range of 20–180 g and at temperatures of 17–23 °C were used. Regression analysis revealed that both TGC and DEN were affected significantly by fish size (P < 0.001) but not by temperature (P > 0.05). Two models including body size of the fish were developed: (i) an inverse TGC model for evaluation of the daily theoretical weight increment (TWi, g · day^?1) and (ii) a linear DEN model. The TGC model was validated by comparing theoretical data with data obtained from a commercial growth trial. By combining the TWi and the DEN, a model describing the daily theoretical energy requirement (TER, kJ · day^?1) at different temperatures and for Eurasian perch of different sizes was successfully developed.     

Effects of dietary fat levels on growth, feed efficiency and biochemical compositions of Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis

A feeding experiment was conducted for 10 weeks with Eurasian perchPerca fluviatilis juveniles (33.1–35.9ginitial body weight) using three dietary fat levels (11.7, 15 and 19.3%). Theresults showed that increasing dietary fat content increased growth, feedefficiency and protein utilization of perch (P < 0.05) but did not affectmortality. Lipid analysis showed that the composition of some perch tissueswerealso significantly affected by increasing dietary fat content, with an increaseof lipid deposition in the viscera (from 64.9% in fish fed 11.7 % fat to 78.8%in fish fed 19.3% fat) and liver (from 12.4 to 23.8%) (P < 0.05), while themuscle composition was not affected by the dietary treament. Highdocosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA) and high docosahexaenoicacid/eicosapentoenoic acid (20:5n-3, EPA) ratios were found in the liver andmuscle lipids as compared to the dietary fatty acid compositions, suggestingthat Eurasian perch might possess a high capability of converting the longchainhighly unsaturated fatty acids, especially DHA from its dietary precursors.     

Comparison of exploited and unexploited yellow perch Perca flavescens (Mitchill) populations in Nebraska Sandhill lakes

Exploitation can have a pronounced effect on fish populations. Yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), populations in Nebraska Sandhill lakes were sampled in 1998 and 1999. Three of the 29 lakes containing yellow perch have been closed to fishing for at least 10 years. Unexploited yellow perch populations had fast growth rates, but age structure was similar to exploited populations. For unexploited lakes combined, mortality and condition were not different from exploited lakes. However, one unexploited lake, Marsh Lake, had the fastest growth, highest proportion of older fish and highest condition of all populations sampled. This lake had low interspecific competition and high invertebrate abundance, which likely resulted in fast growth and high condition. However, size structure and growth were also related to lake productivity. Although exploitation may affect yellow perch populations, other factors (food availability, predators and lake productivity) also play an important role in structuring these populations. Regardless, these results indicate the potential of yellow perch in Nebraska Sandhill lakes given no exploitation.     

Evaluation of two soybean meals fed to yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Aquaculture of yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has been increasing, yet there have been few nutritional studies and no evaluations of alternative protein sources in diets. Solvent‐extracted, dehulled soybean meal (SBM) and expelled‐extruded soybean meal (exSBM) were fed to yellow perch to evaluate their effectiveness in replacing dietary fish meal (FM) in isonitrogenous practical feed formulations. Both soy ingredients were incorporated in graded amounts from 100 to 730 g kg⁻¹ of the diet. Feed consumption, weight gain, feed efficiency (FE) and survival were significantly affected by type of soy ingredient, concentration and the interaction of the two main effects. Consumption was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 400, 600 and 730 g kg⁻¹ compared to fish fed diets containing lower concentrations. Weight gain was significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 600 g kg⁻¹ and FE significantly lower in fish fed diets containing 500 g kg⁻¹ compared to fish fed the control diet or lower concentrations of soy ingredients. Most fatty acid concentrations were affected by feeding exSBM compared to fish fed the control diet, but long chain fatty acids remained at relatively high concentrations. Based on feed consumption, weight gain and FE data, yellow perch are able to effectively utilize both soy ingredients in practical diets. A conservative recommendation of 300 g kg⁻¹ diet appears appropriate for growout diets.     

The effect of feed supply rate on growth of juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis)

This study investigates the effect of the feed supply rate within a meal on growth of juvenile perch (Perca fluviatilis). Groups of PIT-tagged, feed-trained juvenile perch (12 g) were held in 100-L tanks at 18 °C, under a 24L:0D photoperiod and fed five meals per day in excess. Feed was applied at rates of 1.2 (Low), 4.2 (Medium) and 14.3 (High) pellets fish⁻¹ min⁻¹ during two periods, each of 50 days. Cumulative meal-time per day ranged from 10 to 225 min. Specific growth rates (SGR) in the two periods were positively correlated, indicating a consistent individual growth performance. There was growth dimorphism between the sexes. Females grew about 20% faster than males, resulting in final mean weights of ≈ 87 and 58 g respectively. Autopsy revealed differences in sex ratios between treatments and the effect of feeding rate was analysed according to sex. There was a tendency for fish fed at the lowest rate to have a higher SGR than fish in other treatments, both for females (L = 1.98 ± 0.0, M = 1.84 ± 0.08, H = 1.88 ± 0.19% bw day⁻¹) and males (L = 1.68 ± 0.01, M = 1.55 ± 0.16, H = 1.57 ± 0.02% bw day⁻¹). Fish fed at the lowest rate also tended to have the lowest feed conversion ratio (L = 0.88 ± 0.05, M = 1.02 ± 0.11, H = 1.04 ± 0.10) but the effects were not significant. These results suggest that juvenile perch can feed efficiently under a range of conditions.     

Emergence of larval yellow perch, Perca flavescens, in South Dakota lakes: potential implications for recruitment

Abstract  Temporal patterns in length frequency distributions and hatch dates were described for larval yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), captured in surface ichthyoplankton trawls from late April to mid-June 2000 to 2002 in six South Dakota, USA lakes. Fewer than 15 larval yellow perch were collected in four of six lakes during 2002, suggesting that in some cases factors prior to, during or immediately after hatching likely play a critical role in the perch recruitment process. When larval yellow perch were encountered in larger numbers, temporal trends in total length (TL) frequencies indicated that only a single cohort was produced annually in each lake. Most yellow perch in these lakes hatched between 29 April and 17 May, and most hatching occurred during 5–11 days each year. Larval TL was not related to hatch date. The apparent prevalence of relatively short hatch periods in these yellow perch populations probably increases the risk of catastrophic losses resulting from periods of poor environmental conditions.     

博斯腾湖河鲈早期发育阶段关键生境特征的调查

为研究博斯腾湖河鲈(Perca fluviatilis)早期发育阶段繁殖水域的生境特征,于2014年3-4月对白海子及相邻水域的水体理化因子、鱼类组成、高等水生植物、底栖动物群落结构进行了调查。结果表明:河鲈在3月进入繁殖期,4月结束;虽然鱼类种类组成相似,但繁殖期白海子河鲈优势度明显高于相邻水域,白海子是河鲈主要繁殖水域;繁殖期水温8~17℃,繁殖盛期水温11~14℃,繁殖水深(1.4±0.2)m,DO(6.8±0.1)mg/L,pH 7.9,电导率(46.5±0.4)ms/m,矿化度(351.7±2.4)mg/L,总磷(0.02±0.00)mg/L,总氮(1.18±0.07)mg/L,氨氮(0.98±0.00)mg/L,叶绿素a(0.32±0.01)μg/L;白海子高等水生植物由臭轮藻(Chara foetida)单一群落构成,覆盖率约88.1%,密度和生物量分别为6154.7 ind/m~2和8346.4 g/m~2,相邻水域则由金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、狐尾藻(Myriophyllum)、竹叶眼子菜(Potamogeton malaimus)和白睡莲(Nymphaea alba Linn)等群落构成,覆盖率约66.7%,密度和生物量分别为171.7 ind/m2和2 097.8 g/m~2。白海子采集底栖动物5种,为羽摇蚊(Chironomus plumosus Larve)幼虫、小斑蜻(Libellula quadrimaculata)幼虫、长叶瘦蟌(Ischnura elegans)幼虫、耳萝卜螺(Radix auricularia)和扁旋螺(Gyraulus comperssus),总密度和总生物量分别为23 150 ind/m~2、76.663 g/m~2;其中,栖于底泥的底栖动物仅羽摇蚊幼虫,密度和生物量分别为(736.0±117.2)ind/m~2、(7.478±1.320)g/m~2,附着于臭轮藻茎叶表面的底栖动物有羽摇蚊幼虫、小斑蜻幼虫、长叶瘦蟌幼虫、耳萝卜螺和扁旋螺,密度和生物量分别为22 414 ind/m~2、69.185 g/m~2。相邻水域底泥及水生植物茎叶表面均未采集到底栖动物。水温、透明度及水深是影响河鲈繁殖水域分布的主要水环境因素,而附卵基质则是主要的生物因素;河鲈选择臭轮藻作为附卵基质有着明显的倾向性,其在避害、栖息、摄食等方面发挥重要功能。