几种优良人工牧草矿质元素含量的比较研究

就地上部而言,在3种豆科牧草中,白三叶以N、P、K、Fe、Co、Na含量较高,红三叶以Mg、Zn含量较高.在3种禾本科牧草中,鸭茅以P、K、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo含量较高,草地早熟禾以Fe较高.3种豆科牧草N、Ca、Mg、V、Sr的平均含量显著高于禾本科牧草.地上部与地下部比较,豆科牧草的P、K、Ca、Mn、Zn、Na含量前者显著高于后者;禾本科牧草的N、P、K、B含量,前者明显高于后者.     

几种优良人工牧草矿质元素含量的比较研究

就地上部而言,在3种豆科牧草中,白三叶以N、P、K、Fe、Co、Na含量较高,红三叶以Mg、Zn含量较高。在3种禾本科牧草中,鸭茅以P、K、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn、Mo含量较高,草地早熟禾以Fe较高。3种豆科牧草N、Ca、Mg、V、Sr的平均含量显著高于禾本科牧草。地上部与地下部比较,豆科牧草的P、K、Ca、Mn、Zn、Na含量前者显著高于后者;禾本科牧草的N、P、K、B含量,前者明显高于后者。     

移栽羊草在不同pH土壤上的生长反应及主要生理变化

采用人工配制的具有不同pH梯度(pH 7.15～10.48)的盐碱土进行盆栽试验,研究了2叶龄羊草幼苗的移栽成活率、成活后的生长状况以及主要生理指标的变化,初步探讨了羊草幼苗对不同盐碱胁迫的适应机理.结果表明,2叶龄羊草幼苗移栽后在重度盐碱土(pH 10.48)中的最终成活率为0%,在pH 7.15～10.17土壤中的成活率为70%～85%.移栽羊草幼苗株高、分蘖数、地上部干重的增长以及体内可溶性糖的积累在土壤pH 8.5左右(pH7.87～8.72)最大,但与对照(pH 7.15)无显著差异,可溶性糖含量的变化与羊草分蘖数以及地上部干重呈显著正相关.羊草地上部K 含量变化范围在13.4～21.0 mg/g,Na 在1.5～12.4 mg/g,K /Na 比值为1.1～13.7.K 含量随着土壤pH的升高而显著下降,与Na 含量呈显著负相关(r=-0.8045*),羊草地上部维持较高的K 水平可能是羊草耐盐碱的重要机制之一.     

绵羊宿营法防除天然草地灌木杂草研究Ⅳ新鲜羊粪尿对土壤和植物矿物质元素含量的影响

新鲜绵羊粪尿对土壤和植物矿物质元素含量影响的试验于 1998年在贵州高原草地试验站进行。结果表明 ,绵羊新鲜粪尿加入土壤后 ,土壤 K呈波浪型升高。 K又显著影响土壤 Ca、Fe和Mn的浓度及土壤 p H值。土壤 Na水平呈下降趋势。土壤中 Ca含量与土壤可交换性亚硝态氮和硝态氮显著相关。土壤 Mg的变化不如其他元素变化明显。土壤 Cu受 Ca、Fe和亚硝态氮及硝态氮的影响显著。土壤 Zn比试验前有所下降 ,其含量与土壤铵态氮和亚硝态氮呈显著负相关 ,而与土壤Na、Mg和 Cu呈显著正相关。土壤 Fe在整个试验过程中呈上升趋势 ,UDT处理几乎呈直线上升。土壤 Mn的变化和土壤 K有显著正相关 ,还与铵态氮相关极显著 (R=0 .80 51,P<0 .0 1)。绵羊新鲜粪尿使植物体内 Fe、Zn水平降低 ,但促进植物 Mn的含量升高 ,而对植物 Cu水平影响最小。结果还表明 ,植物体内 K含量受土壤 Cu和 Na的抑制 ,同时还与植物吸收 Mg、Na和 Fe发生拮抗作用 ,促进了植物 Ca的吸收。植物吸收 Na与土壤 Na的浓度显著相关 ,但受到植物吸收 K、Ca和 Mn的抑制。植物 Ca水平与降雨及植物体内 Fe水平呈显著负相关 ,而与土壤可交换性铵态氮和植物体内 K、Mg含量呈显著正相关。植物体内 Mg含量受土壤可交换性铵态氮和硝态氮的显著影响 ,但受土壤 Ca的抑制     

微量有机磷农药胁迫对家蚕血液中部分生命元素含量的影响

通过微量浓度(0.05mg/L)辛硫磷在5龄家蚕的添毒处理,测定处理后家蚕血液中部分生命元素K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量变化。实验结果表明:正常5龄家蚕血液中大量元素K、Na、Ca、Mg的含量是CaNaMgK,经过微量辛硫磷处理后Ca、Na含量降低,Mg、K含量升高;正常5龄家蚕血液中微量元素Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn的含量是FeCuZnMn,经过处理后Fe、Cu含量升高,Mn、Zn含量降低。     

土壤脱湿过程中NaCl胁迫对羊草生长和矿质元素吸收的影响

用不同盐分浓度的NaCl中性盐对羊草进行胁迫,探讨在土壤脱湿过程中,NaCl胁迫对羊草生长和矿质元素吸收分配的影响。结果表明,当土壤溶液NaCl浓度小于125mmol/L(土壤总盐小于o．34％)时,盐分胁迫对羊草株高、根长、干物质积累量和相对生长率(RGR)无显著影响,且根系的钾钠吸收选择性和运输选择性随盐度处理水平的增加而增强。但当NaCl浓度超过225mmol/L(土壤总盐大于0．53％)后,其株高、根长、干物质积累量和相对生长率(RGR)随盐度增加而显著降低(P＜0．05),根系的钾钠吸收选择性和运输选择性也随盐度处理水平的增加而逐渐减弱。NaCl胁迫条件下,羊草对K、Ca的比吸收率(SAR)降低,茎叶K、Ca含量随盐度的增加显著减少(P＜0．05),Na、Cl含量则均随盐度的增加而显著提高,植株K／Na降低。羊草茎叶的盐分离子(Na^ 、Cl^-)含量与相对生长率(RGR)之间呈显著的负相关关系。     

中药锁阳营养成分分析研究

对甘肃河西地区不同产地锁阳Cynomoirum songaricum Rupr.中主要营养成分及无机营养元素进行了比较研究.张掖红沙窝锁阳总糖和还原糖含量为45.24%和15.54%;肃南锁阳粗蛋白含量为28.34%,是张掖产的3.04倍;高台锁阳粗脂肪含量为9.91%,其次是肃南锁阳6.49%.K、Na、Ca、Mg含量普遍较高,张掖产锁阳K、 Cu 、Fe含量最高, Mg、Ni的含量最低;安西产锁阳K、Na、Cu、Fe、Mn的含量最低,而Zn的含量最高;肃南产锁阳Ca、 Mg的含量最高,Zn 、Co的含量最低;高台产锁阳Na、Ni、Mn、Co的含量最高,其中Na的含量是其它地区的5倍以上.     

盐胁迫下白三叶幼苗离子分布规律的初步研究

以白三叶耐盐品种1212与敏盐品种83- 159为试验材料,用ICP- MS测定NaCl胁迫下白三叶幼苗根、茎、叶中Na+、K+、Mg2的含量,探讨盐胁迫对白三叶苗期生长Na+、K+吸收与运输的影响.结果表明:随着盐胁迫浓度增大,白三叶幼苗茎与叶中Na+含量升高,地上部积累大量Na+,根中Na+含量升幅较小;耐盐品种茎中Na+含量高于敏盐品种,叶中Na+含量则低于敏盐品种.白三叶幼苗根、茎、叶中K+含量随盐浓度增加均呈下降趋势,耐盐品种根与茎中K+含量高于敏盐品种,叶中K+含量则低于敏盐品种.Mg2+含量受盐胁迫影响较小,且不呈现规律性变化.K+/Na+比与Mg2+/Na+比均随着盐浓度增加而降低,耐盐品种根与叶中的K+/Na+与Mg2+/Na+高于敏盐材料,说明耐盐材料更易于通过维持K+、Na+、Mg2+等离子的平衡来维持生长活跃部位的活力,从而提高耐盐性;随着盐浓度增加,根与茎的SK.Na运输选择性系数逐渐降低,茎与叶的SK.Na运输选择性系数增大,这种运输方式使得茎中Na+大量积累,K+含量显著降低,从而说明茎是白三叶植株重要的Na-K库,能通过输出K+和纳入Na+来缓解盐害胁迫.     

食土奶牛和健康奶牛行为与饲粮、粪便、土壤和血液中矿物元素含量关系的比对研究

试验旨在研究奶牛食土原因与饲粮、粪便、土壤和血液中矿物元素的关系。通过对食土奶牛进行观察和分组,按照产奶量、泌乳天数等条件分组,食土奶牛为试验组,正常奶牛为对照组,每组6头奶牛。采集饲粮、粪便及土壤样品,测定样本中微量元素(Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu)、常量元素(K、Ca、Mg、P)和粗蛋白质(CP)的含量。结果表明：1)饲粮中P、Zn、Mn、Cu的含量能满足奶牛营养需要量,其中Zn、Cu显著高于营养需要量(P<0.05);Mg和CP显著低于奶牛营养需要量(P<0.05),K、Ca、Fe极显著低于奶牛营养需要量(P<0.01)。2)食土组土壤样品中K、Mg、Mn含量均低于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05),Ca、Fe、Zn、Cu、P含量均高于对照组,差异不显著(P>0.05)。3)食土组奶牛粪便中各元素含量均高于对照组;其中K、Ca、Mg显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)血液中K、Fe、Zn、Cu元素含量均高于对照组;其中K和Fe显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论：奶牛饲粮中K、Ca、Mg、Fe和CP不能满足奶牛的营养需要量时可能会导致奶牛食土...     

‘都克’蓝莓成熟期矿质营养元素积累和分配特性研究

为明确‘都克’蓝莓果实成熟期树体矿质营养元素的积累和分配特性,利用整株树体挖掘解剖的方法,测定各组织的生物量和矿质营养元素含量。结果表明：‘都克’蓝莓果实成熟期单株树体总生物量为915.77 g,地上部与地下部生物量的比值为1：0.82。N、Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn和B元素表现为叶片中含量最高,P元素为根系中含量最高,K元素为果实中含量最高,Fe、Cu和Mo元素为根颈和根系中含量最高。‘都克’蓝莓树体N元素积累总量最大,大部分矿质营养元素主要向根系中分配。生产1 000 kg果实树体地上部需要吸收的矿质营养元素总量为N 4.16 kg、P 1.25 kg、K 1.69 kg、Ca 2.15 kg、Mg 0.51 kg、Fe 37.68 g、Mn 42.23 g、Zn 6.47 g、Cu 2.27 g、B 3.30 g和Mo 0.12 g。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -