马铃薯营养综述

马铃薯块茎大约含有20%干物质,干物质主要由淀粉组成,还含有少量的蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素、矿物质等。马铃薯储存能量的形式几乎完全是淀粉,因为烹饪过的马铃薯淀粉糊化以后几乎能够完全被消化吸收,被认为是高血糖指数食品,但是糊化后返生的马铃薯淀粉含有抗性淀粉,抗性淀粉可以被当成膳食纤维。马铃薯蛋白必需氨基酸含量高,营养价值高,富含赖氨酸,这一点刚好能弥补大米、小麦等主粮的缺陷。然而,马铃薯可溶性蛋白营养价值的一个限制因素是含硫氨基酸含量低,包括蛋氨酸和半胱氨酸。尤其是半胱氨酸含量低,这一点会对马铃薯面条、馒头的开发造成不利影响。对马铃薯块茎的营养进行了全面综述:阐述马铃薯淀粉的理化性质及消化过程中对血糖的影响,马铃薯蛋白的营养价值及对加工性能的影响,同时也对马铃薯膳食纤维、维生素、矿物质和植物营养素的研究进展进行综述。     

小麦淀粉与面条质量关系的研究进展

小麦淀粉品质对白盐面条的质量（尤其是煮后的感官特性）有重要影响。直链与支链淀粉的含量及比例是影响面条质量的重要因素,是造成不同小麦品种淀粉糊化和膨胀特性及面条质量差异的物质基础。较低直链淀粉含量的小麦粉具有较好的糊化和膨胀特性,制作的面条煮制时吸水率高,烹调损失低,具有较高的感官评分。优质白盐面条的直链淀粉含量应在22%左右。峰值黏度、稀懈值、峰值时间是影响面条质量的重要糊化参数,这3项参数高的小麦粉适合制作优质面条。高膨胀势或膨胀体积的小麦粉制作的面条中等偏软,光滑且富有弹性,可以作为面条用小麦的重要选择标准。一般认为,直链淀粉含量较低、峰值黏度和稀懈值高、峰值时间长、膨胀势或膨胀体积高的小麦粉适合制作优质白盐面条。其中,直链淀粉含量、峰值黏度和膨胀势是优质面条小麦评价的关键品质性状。     

马铃薯原淀粉及变性淀粉的特点及应用

马铃薯原淀粉是一种极为重要的天然高分子材料,具有其他植物淀粉不可替代的特性,可广泛用于食品工业、造纸工业、纺织工业和医药工业。通过物理、化学或其他方式将马铃薯原淀粉改造为变性淀粉后进一步拓宽了其用途。中国马铃薯分布广、种植面积大,为马铃薯原淀粉和变性淀粉的加工提供了巨大的原料来源。尽管受原料困扰和效益影响,马铃薯原淀粉和变性淀粉加工业在中国仍属于朝阳产业,产品的数量、种类和用途都将会有进一步的扩展。     

小麦淀粉的粒度分布、组分及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应

为明确氮硫肥对小麦淀粉粒度分布及主要理化特性的影响,以强筋小麦品种西农9718和中筋品种陕农138为材料,采用不同氮硫肥水平进行处理,系统分析了小麦A、B淀粉的粒度分布、淀粉组成、膨胀势及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应。结果表明,强筋和中筋小麦品种的淀粉粒度分布基本一致。A淀粉粒体积分布占总淀粉的74.95%～75.43%,但淀粉粒数量远少于B淀粉粒。A淀粉的直链淀粉、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、崩解值、最终黏度以及回生值高于B淀粉,而B淀粉有更高的支链淀粉、膨胀势和糊化温度。不同氮硫肥处理改变了小麦淀粉的粒度分布,进而影响淀粉的组成和糊化特性。在施氮(230kg.hm-2)条件下,强筋品种西农9718和中筋品种陕农138的A、B淀粉分别在硫肥施用量为46和56kg.hm-2时有较低的直链淀粉含量、较高的膨胀势及较好的糊化特性。陕农138淀粉的粒度分布、组成及糊化特性对氮硫肥的响应比西农9718更敏感。适当的氮、硫肥配施有利于改善小麦的淀粉品质。     

不同纬度引种对马铃薯产量和淀粉品质的影响

影响马铃薯引种成功与否的因素有很多,如纬度、海拔、气候条件和品种生育期等。本试验选取当地主栽马铃薯品种‘龙引薯1号’和‘克新13号’,分别来源于不同纬度地区呼玛县、嫩江县和林甸县的种薯,引种到林甸县,测定生长期间的株高和茎粗、收获后的块茎产量和大中薯率,淀粉含量,提取淀粉产量并测定淀粉黏度和糊化温度,以分析比较不同纬度引种对马铃薯植物学性状、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,两个品种均表现为来源于高纬度地区的种薯长出的马铃薯植株高大、茎秆粗壮,产量高、大中薯率高,淀粉产量也高,但淀粉提取率、淀粉黏度及糊化温度变化规律不明显。     

马铃薯不同杂交组合及后代淀粉品质性状的评价

以马铃薯品种大西洋和资源材料1533为母本配制的10个杂交组合无性二代为试验材料,对其淀粉粘度、糊化温度和峰值粘度温度性状进行评价。结果表明:以大西洋为母本配制的各杂交组合后代无性系个数在粘度高值端、糊化温度低值端及峰值粘度低值端所占比例较大。以1533为母本配制的各杂交组合后代无性系个数在粘度高值端占比例也较大、但在糊化温度低值端和峰值粘度低值端占比例很小。综合性状表现最好的是大西洋×东农308,该组合后代平均粘度为1 480 BU、平均糊化温度为67.7℃、平均峰值粘度温度为78.5℃,其次表现较好的组合是1533×D2和大西洋×D2。这3个组合是选育马铃薯淀粉加工专用型品种的优良群体材料。     

马铃薯淀粉制备条件对淀粉主要品质特性的影响

以马铃薯品种克新12号和晋薯11号为供试材料,研究试验用水和块茎捣碎时间对马铃薯淀粉主要品质特性的影响,优化实验室提取淀粉的工艺参数。试验结果显示,块茎捣碎时间对淀粉糊化温度、峰值粘度温度、峰值粘度、崩解值和回升值品质指标影响较小,而试验用水对上述品质特性有明显的影响。蒸馏水和去离子水所制备的淀粉品质特性明显优于硬水制备的淀粉。不同试验用水和块茎捣碎时间对直链淀粉的含量影响无明显规律。因此,在实验室制备少量淀粉时,要获得精确度高、有代表性的淀粉品质特性数据,要严格选择试验用水,至少选用蒸馏水。     

稀土元素对马铃薯产量和品质的影响

<正> 马铃薯在我国各省区均有栽培,全国栽培面积居世界第二位。马铃薯的产量高,用途广,有较高的经济价值,单位面积干物质产量比其它禾谷类作物高2～4倍。马铃薯块茎中除含丰富的淀粉外,还含有适量的蛋白质、维生素、脂肪、糖类和矿物质,所以马铃薯既是蔬菜又是粮食。在工业上利用马铃薯块茎所含的淀粉可制造多种产品。在我国北方,由于马铃薯耐贮藏,又是人     

不同生态环境对四川小麦品种(系)籽粒淀粉含量及理化特性的影响

为了明确不同生态点对不同小麦品种籽粒淀粉含量及理化特性的影响,对四川省27个小麦品种(系)在四个生态点(温江、西昌、崇州、仁寿)3年的籽粒淀粉总含量、直链/支链淀粉比例(直/支比)以及小麦淀粉糊化温度等参数进行了分析。结果表明,同一个生态点的小麦淀粉品质指标在不同年份间没有显著差异;同一性状在不同生态点间存在一定的差异,仁寿地区的小麦淀粉直/支比和直链淀粉含量显著高于其他三个生态点,总淀粉含量显著高于崇州点;仁寿和崇州地区的小麦淀粉糊化初始温度显著高于其他两个生态点,且仁寿地区的小麦淀粉糊化峰值温度和结束温度均显著高于温江地区。淀粉组成对淀粉的糊化特性有一定影响,且总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、直/支比与淀粉的糊化特性之间均存在显著正相关关系。不同气象因子对小麦淀粉不同品质指标影响程度不同,其中,降雨量、温度和光照时间对大多数淀粉品质指标有显著影响。     

响应面法优化菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的制备工艺

为确定快速粘度计（rapid visco analyzer, RVA）制备菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的最佳工艺条件，探讨椰子油添加量、复合时间、复合温度3个因素对菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的复合指数的影响。在此基础上，利用Box-Benhnken响应面法优化RVA制备菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的工艺条件。此外，对比了菠萝蜜淀粉和复合物的糊化特性、膨胀力和溶解性。结果表明，菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的最佳制备条件参数为：椰子油添加量为4%，复合时间为2.40 min，复合温度为90.70℃。在最佳条件下，菠萝蜜淀粉-椰子油复合物的复合指数理论值为24.64%，实际验证值为24.33%，拟合模型预测值与实际验证结果吻合。复合物的糊化温度、峰值黏度和谷值黏度高于原淀粉，而最终黏度和回生值有所下降，说明复合物的热稳定性提高；复合物的形成阻止了淀粉膨胀，导致膨胀力和溶解度相较原淀粉明显降低。     

稻麦双晚对病虫草发生的影响及解决措施

随着早熟晚粳、中熟晚粳广泛种植,水稻轻型省力栽培方式旱直播的推广,病虫也发生了变化,成熟期显著推迟,下茬无法在适宜播期种植,影响粮食丰产稳产。提出筛选早熟当家品种、大力推广机插秧、加大粮食烘干设备的投入、合理施肥、精准植保等对策。     

加强闽台科技合作交流发展我省甘蔗业

概述了海峡两岸农业交流与合作的现状,提出了应该共同呼吁尽快实现两岸“三通”,开放农业生物技术图书期刊资料交流以及开放生物学科方面网络的思路,以便为农业交流与合作的顺畅开展打好基础,并寄希望能够就糖蔗、果蔗以及甘蔗笋等方面的研究与开发到台湾学习取经,开展学术交流或与台湾同行共同开展研究,为我省甘蔗业的发展作出贡献。     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

大豆几种常见病虫草害的诊断与防治

1大豆花叶病毒病 大豆病毒病（Soybean Mosaic Virus,SMV）是世界性病害之一。我国东北地区已鉴定的有5种,即大豆花叶病、顶枯病、蚕豆萎蔫病、南方菜豆花叶病、花生条纹病毒。其中大豆花叶病在全国大豆主要产区都有发生,十分常见。     

大豆根潜蝇及根腐病的发生与防治

近年来，随着大豆播种面积的增长，受病虫危害日趋严重。特别是大豆根潜蝇（又名根明）与根腐病共同发生危害，严重影响大豆的生产。综合防治技术主要手段是三年以上轮作，适时播种及种衣剂拌种等措施。     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Yield and quality of winter and spring triticales for forage and grain

In field experiments conducted over 2 years in Mediterranean conditions, five winter and five spring triticales were evaluated for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. The experiments had two treatments, namely harvesting for grain only, and dual-purpose forage and grain production. In the latter treatment, forage was cut when the first node was detectable (Zadoks' stage 31), without removing the apical meristems. Grain was harvested when ripe (Zadoks' stage 92) in both cut and uncut plots.
Environmental conditions affected grain production and protein content more than forage yield and quality. Winter triticales yielded about 43% more forage than spring types, but after forage removal the spring types yielded about 36% more grain than winter triticales.
Reductions in grain yield after clipping were more pronounced in winter (32%) than in spring (19%) types. Forage crude protein content was significantly higher in the spring types studied (24.6%) than in the winter types (23.5%), the opposite being true for fibre content (20.7 and 21.6% respectively). Grain crude protein content did not differ between grain and dual-purpose treatments, but was higher in the spring triticales (12.8%) than in the winter types (11.9%). There was more variability for the measured traits within the winter triticales studied than within the spring types.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.