Application of a Photochemical Model in Alpine Forest Sites

Mountain rural sites can be subject to high ozone concentrations (Puxbaum et al., 1991; Gay, 1991; Sandroni,1994) that can lead to plant injuries. Very often, unfortunately,such sites do not have a sufficient number of monitoring stations to accurately capture the spatial patterns and temporal evolution of ozone concentrations. The present studyaims at the reproduction of ozone patterns in a forest site onthe southern slopes of the Alps. The calculation of ozone concentrations has been carried out for a three days episode,by using the CALGRID model. Meteorological fields have been obtained by the application of the CALMET model. Emissions have been calculated for the main sources categories in the area (biogenic and road transport), with a bottom up techniqueand derived from a regional inventory for minor sources. Finally, boundary conditions have been derived from a simulation performed over a larger area (240 × 232 km²). The CALGRID model application has provided realistic ground-level concentrations. However, some differences have been spotted between estimated and observedconcentrations, particularly at nighttime, when concentrationsare more influenced by local effects. The methodology used andresults obtained are presented, the comparison with measurements and the temporal evolution of ozone vertical profile in different locations of the domain is discussed.     

Statistical Assessment of the Surface Water Quality Monitoring Network in Saskatchewan

Surface water quality monitoring is one of the responsibilities of a number of provincial and federal environmental departments in Canada. In Saskatchewan, the Ministry of Environment is responsible for the province water quality monitoring network. The sampling effort was initiated 40 years ago and has been ongoing since, with varying degrees of spatial and temporal coverage. The main objective of the Saskatchewan monitoring network is the assessment of ambient water quality status. In addition, one of the main uses of the generated water quality data is the calculation of a Water Quality Index. The adequacy of the monitoring network to perform these tasks needs to be validated. The objective of this study is to provide a statistical assessment of two of the monitoring network main aspects, the water quality variables and their sampling frequency. A new rationalization approach is applied for the assessment and reselection of water quality variables. The proposed approach provides, in a systematic way, the optimal combinations of variables to continue measuring, variables that may be redundant and could be considered for discontinuance, and variables that may need to be added to the list of variables being measured. The confidence interval around the mean is used as the main criterion for the sampling frequency assessment. A design chart is provided for the sampling frequency assessment, which is easy to use, and provides an initial assessment of the number of samples required to provide a mean value with a predefined error percentage.     

贵州省水土保持监测点观测数据整编方案及分析评价方法

水土保持监测工作开展较晚,相应的观测数据整编方案及整编数据的分析评价方法相对欠缺.主鼢要介绍了贵州省水土保持监测点概况及贵州省已投入运行的3个水土保持监测站点的降雨观测场、坡面径流小区、小流域控制站等观测数据的整编内容、程序及步骤,便于水土保持监测成果数据的查找、保存等.在初步分析评价整编数据合理性、可靠性的基础上,提出了当前监测点观测数据中存在的主要问题.该研究对充分发挥水土保持监测点观测数据的整编工作在水土保持监测中的桥梁作用,以及对促进水土保持监测工作的交替和可持续发展都具有重要意义.     

Formation and Deposition of Ozone in a Red Pine Forest

Concentrations of ozone and nitrogen oxides, together with air temperature and solar radiation intensity, were measured at several heights on a tower standing through the canopy of a red pine forest in summer and in autumn. In the summer observation, the diurnal variation patterns of ozone concentration both above and below the canopy were all similar and parallel to the solar radiation intensity. Using the data collected immediately above the canopy, deviation from the Leighton relationship and variations of concentration sums [O₃] + [NO] and [NO₂] + [NO] were examined, and as a result, it was supposedthat ozone was photochemically formed there in the daytime, probably because hydrocarbons emitted from pine trees broke the photostationary state among ozone and nitrogen oxides. The vertical temperature profile exhibited an inversion at the leaf-layer, which must have hindered vertical mixing of the air and made the trunk space more or less isolated from the upper atmosphere. These observations led to an idea that the similarity of the ozone variation pattern at every height was caused by the photochemical formation that proceeded simultaneously above and below the canopy rather than by vertical transport. Such situations of ozone formation were supported by observation of two maximums in the ozone vertical profile, one immediately above the canopy and another in the trunk space. Another feature of the ozone profile was a deep minimum in the leaf layer, which indicated ozone deposition onto leaf surfaces. This study thus revealed concurrence of ozone formation and deposition, and left two potentially important implications worthy of further investigation: (1) a forest is not always a sink but can be a source of ozone in sunlit conditions, and (2) deposition of ozone to trees can take place not only from outside but also from inside of a forest. In the autumn observation, however, the ozone formation was barely recognizable above the canopy and no longer found in the trunk space; in addition, the ozone concentration minimum in the leaf layer disappeared, suggesting that the deposition or removal was dependent on temperature.     

地面温度与气温关系的统计分析

运用气象统计学和气候学的原理和方法 ,分析北京市海淀地面气象观测站 195 5～ 1999年的逐日平均气温资料和 1981～ 1999年逐日地面温度资料 ,建立了以气温为基础的地温预测模型 ,并探索地气温差的年变化规律。结果表明 :夏半年地面平均温度高于气温 ,冬半年相反 ;农作物生长季 (3～ 10月 )平均地气温差为 2 0℃ ,年平均地气温差 0 9℃ ;地气温差 6月中旬最大 ,为 4 9℃ ,12月下旬最小 ,为 - 2 7℃ ,与辐射的最大值及最小值出现时间基本一致。用地温预测模型估算 1999年作物生长季逐日地温 ,相对误差 <2 9%。     

Implementation of Quality Assurance Procedures in the Italian Programs of Forest Condition Monitoring

In 1996 the assessment of tree condition in Italy was subjected to a Quality Assurance (QA) program. The QA program consisted in (i) the adoption of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), the set of Measurement Quality Objectives (MQOs) expressed by Data Quality Limits (DQLs), (iii) a national training and intercalibration course, and (iv) field checks, performed on a number of areas spread over the country. In general, DQLs were achieved for a number of tree condition indices. However, problems were identified with crown transparency, the most used index in the international reports. Additional problems arose when considering the data quality at plot level as a result of the combined achievement of DQLs for the different tree condition indices.     

小流域监测数据资源的调查与分析评价

通过对小流域监测数据资源的调查,摸清了黄河流域水土保持监测数据在相关行业的分布、采集数据的质量状况和目前数据资源的共享方式及存在问题,同时根据水土保持工作的需要,提出比较结合实际的水土保持监测数据的种类和数量,对今后水土保持监测数据库建设和数据资源共享具有一定的引用价值和参考作用。     

环境监测数据处理的多元分析法与应用进展

本文综述了环境监测数据处理最强有力的工具——多元分析法在环境监测中的应用范围、特点和前景。并介绍了一些国内外应用实例。     

高寒草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳分布特征的影响

灌丛化是草地生态系统面临的重大生态环境问题之一,是影响高寒草地土壤碳库储量的重要因素。采集青藏高原灌丛化和未灌丛化草地土壤样本,用Cambardella和Elliott湿筛法和沉降虹吸法测定土壤团聚体含量及其稳定性、有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量,分析了草地灌丛化对土壤团聚体数量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,灌丛化和未灌丛化草地土壤团聚体以2～0.25 mm粒径为主,但灌丛化草地土壤微团聚体(≤0.053 mm)含量显著低于未灌丛化草地,表明草地灌丛化主要影响土壤微团聚体而对大团聚体含量影响不显著。灌丛化草地土壤团聚体稳定性低于未灌丛化草地土壤,表明草地灌丛化后土壤结构稳定性降低。灌丛化草地土壤SOC和TN含量显著低于未灌丛化草地土壤,说明在气候变化影响下高寒草地灌丛化可能会降低土壤碳库储量。     

关川河流域水土保持质量效益监测及成果分析

关川河流域水土保持综合治理工程,以系统理论为指导,通过建立监测机构,制定监测方法,培训监测人员,组织监测实施,形成了较为系统的质量、效益监测体系。4年监测结果表明:实施的12项工程措施中有9项合格率达到95％～100％,3项达到79％～89％,粮食、“三料”、人畜用水困难已基本得到解决,土壤侵蚀模数、径流模数比治理前分别降低47.25％和40.77％,农林牧副各业经济收入实现同步增长,治理期内流域农业总收入增长56.97％,预测的各项措施指标接近或超过了项目计划指标。     

Effects of Environmental Stress on Forest Crown Condition in Europe. Part IV: Statistical Analysis of Relationships

Site-specific estimates for various environmentalstress factors were related with measured crowncondition data at a systematic 16 ×: 16 km² gridover Europe, according to previously statedhypotheses, using a multiple regression approach,including interactions, and lagged effects of stressfactors. Methodological differences among countriesaccounted for >30% of the variation in defoliation.Nevertheless, crown condition was found to varynaturally with tree age, altitude, drought stress and,most likely, also pathogenic fungi and insects.Significant impacts of air pollution (specificallyozone but also NO_x, SO_x and acid deposition)were found at regional levels in parts of centralEurope, particularly for deciduous species. Impactsseemed less significant for conifers, especially forspruce, but this might be affected by confoundingeffects or strong correlations between (a harsh)climate and (low) atmospheric deposition in the areawhere spruce predominates. National studies indicatethat ozone and acid deposition can have a significanteffect on the defoliation of spruce as well. Weconclude that while forest condition varies naturally,continued emissions will contribute further to forestdecline in the long term.     

拉萨河流域高寒湿地水质影响因子分析

西藏高寒湿地在生态平衡、生态建设和经济社会发展中发挥着重要作用。本文以西藏拉萨河流域内各个典型高寒湿地为研究对象,通过系统聚类法和综合污染指数法,对流域内各项水质指标进行综合分析和评价。结果表明:各个湿地的总N、Cu元素含量都超出了Ⅰ类水质标准;总P、Zn没有超标;Mn元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标3倍外,其他均小于国家标准;Fe元素含量除了塘嘎郭湿地超标7倍外,其他均小于标准。总N、总P、pH值、Cu、Fe等因子对拉萨河流域内各个高寒湿地水质污染贡献最大。拉萨河水体有机污染较重,其余各个湿地有水体富营养化的趋势,同时流域内湿地独特的自然因素造成该流域内重金属污染偏高。对策建议包括应加大对城市污水的治理,加强流域内及周边矿藏资源的开发管理等。     

青海高寒区人工林枯落物及土壤水文效应

以青海省大通县宝库林场5种典型人工林的枯落物层和土壤层为研究对象,对其水文效应进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)枯落物储量为34.69~67.84t/hm²,大小为落叶松林 > 云杉落叶松混交林云杉林 > 白桦林 > 云杉白桦混交林。枯落物最大持水量为80.30~150.73t/hm²,持水量最大为云杉落叶松混交林,其次是落叶松林,白桦林和云衫白桦混交林,最小为云杉林。云杉落叶松混交林有效拦蓄能力最强,为94.32t/hm²;云杉林有效拦蓄能力最弱,为45.40t/hm²。(2)未分解层枯落物浸水在8h左右基本达到饱和状态,而半分解层在6h已经接近饱和;在0.5h内,枯落物吸水速率达到最大,6h左右下降速度明显放缓。(3)土壤层持水能力最强的是云杉落叶松混交林,最小的是云杉白桦混交林。     

青海高寒山区5种林分土壤特性及其水源涵养功能

为定量评价青海省大通县高寒山区不同森林的土壤特性和水源涵养功能,从而为森林的合理空间配置提供理论依据,采用浸水法、环刀法、定水头法、硫酸重铬酸钾法,分别测定5种林分的枯落物性质和0—40cm土层的孔隙度、渗透性及养分状况等。结果表明:(1)枯落物总储量及最大持水量依次为云杉白桦混交林云杉落叶松混交林青海云杉林华北落叶松林白桦林。(2)0—40cm土层的土壤有机质含量平均值依次为云杉落叶松混交林云杉白桦混交林白桦林青海云杉林华北落叶松林。(3)土壤容重随着深度增加而增大,0—40cm土层均值依次为白桦林华北落叶松林云杉白桦混交林青海云杉林云杉落叶松混交林。(4)土壤总孔隙度随土层加深而降低,0—40cm土层均值依次为云杉落叶松混交林青海云杉林云杉白桦混交林华北落叶松林白桦林。(5)0—40cm土层的土壤平均初渗速率和稳渗速率大小依次为白桦林云杉白桦混交林云杉落叶松混交林华北落叶松林青海云杉林。(6)依林地总贮水量评价的水源涵养功能依次为云杉落叶松混交林(4 427.40t/hm~2)青海云杉林(4 365.33t/hm~2)云杉白桦混交林(4 055.04t/hm~2)华北落叶松林(3 729.64t/hm~2)白桦林(2 650.31t/hm~2)。     

Temporal and Spatial Variations in Soil Water Chemistry at Three Acid Forest Sites

As acid deposition declines, recovery from acidification is delayed by the fact that the soil processes that earlier buffered against acidification are now being reversed. Monitoring of within catchment processes is thus desirable. However, soil sampling is destructive and not suitable for long-term monitoring at a single site, whereas sampling of soil water with suction lysimeters may be more suitable. In this paper we evaluate 8–11 years of soil water chemistry from E- and B-horizons in three acid forest soil plots within monitored catchments. Five years of sampling also included the C-horizon. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term lysimeter study including the E-horizon showing recovery from acidification, and one of few studies including the B-horizon. Soil water concentrations of SO₄ decreased significantly between –9.5 and –1.4 μeq L^-1 yr^-1, with much higher rates of change at two southern sites compared to a northern site, where levels and changes of deposition were lower. The average annual bulk deposition of S ranged between 3 kg S ha^-1 at the northernmost site to 11 kg S ha^-1 at the southernmost site. The SO₄ decline in E-horizons was smaller than the decline in deposition, which indicated leaching of SO₄ from the O-horizon. At the two southern sites, a weaker decline in SO₄ in the B-horizon compared to the E-horizon indicated desorption of SO₄. The negative trends in SO₄ were to a large extent balanced by decreases in base cations but there were also tendencies of recovery from acidification in soil solution at the southern sites by increasing pH and ANC. However, these were contradicted by increasing Al concentrations. A high influence of marine salts in the early 1990s may have delayed the recovery. Decreasing trends of the Ca/(H⁺)² ratio in the soil solution, most pronounced at one of the southern sites, suggested that the soils were becoming more acidic, although the soil solution tended to recover.     

A Suggestion of a Simple Transfer Function for the Use of Ozone Monitoring Data in Dose-response Relationships Obtained Using Open-Top Chambers

A simple relationship for transforming ozone monitoring data from different measurement heights to the level relevant to response functions obtained using open-top chambers is suggested. The transfer function was tested using measurements at different heights above the ground (1.1, 2 and 10 m) over a field crop of oat. Only daytime conditions with ozone concentrations above 30 ppb at 10 m height were considered. The agreement between the measured and the calculated ozone concentration at plant height was good, with the exception of situations with very low wind speeds. Thus, the transfer function offers an opportunity to make corrections for the vertical ozone concentration gradient in estimations of yield loss due to ozone. Required input data are monitoring height, stand height of the crop and wind speed. The canopy resistance to ozone uptake, r_c, for cereals was set to 75 s m-¹ based on published data. Using the present data set, a typical daytime value of r_c was found to be 80 s m-¹. Considering only situations with Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) >700 mole m-² s-¹, a typical value was around 60 s m-¹.     

An Efficient Approach to Spatiotemporal Analysis and Modeling of Air Pollution Data

A statistically efficient approach is adopted for modeling spatial time-series of large data sets. The estimation of the main diagnostic tool such as the likelihood function in Gaussian spatiotemporal models is a cumbersome task when using extended spatial time-series such as air pollution. Here, using the Innovation Algorithm, we manage to compute it for many spatiotemporal specifications. These specifications refer to the spatial periodic-trend, the spatial autoregressive moving average, the spatial autoregressive integrated and fractionally integrated moving average Gaussian models. Our method is applied to daily pollutants over a large metropolitan area like Athens. In the applied part of our paper, we first diagnose temporal and spatial structures of data using non-likelihood based criteria, such as the empirical autocorrelation and covariance functions. Second, we use likelihood and non-likelihood based criteria to select a spatiotemporal model among various specifications. Finally, using kriging we regionalize the resulting parameter estimates of the best-fitted model in space at any unmonitored location in the Athens region. The results show that a specific autoregressive integrated moving average spatiotemporal model can optimally perform in within and out of spatial sample estimation. Supplemental materials for this article are available from the journal website.