我国高等院校兽医教育发展现状分析

为了解我国高等院校兽医教育的发展现状,准确掌握我国动物医学专业本科生教育培养单位基础数据,分别于2014年和2017年对我国兽医教育单位进行调研,获得了基本情况、培养方案、师资队伍、办学条件等方面的基础数据,并依此构建了我国兽医高等院校兽医本科教育单位数据库.基于该数据库,对我国兽医教育现状进行了分析.     

Exploring the foundations of population health and preventive medicine as essential elements for veterinary education

The evolution of preventive medicine and public health training in professional veterinary medicine curricula is documented. Most veterinary colleges in the US began with a single course in meat hygiene or public health, with a focus on food hygiene issues. These courses laid the foundation for modern veterinary preventive medicine and public health training for veterinary students. Most graduates of veterinary colleges today have extensive training in population health, preventive medicine, and zoonotic diseases.     

Developing and fostering a dynamic program for training in veterinary pathology and clinical pathology: veterinary students to post-graduate education

Recent reports project a deficiency of veterinary pathologists, indicating a need to train highly qualified veterinary pathologists, particularly in academic veterinary medicine. The need to provide high-quality research training for veterinary pathologists has been recognized by the veterinary pathology training program of the Ohio State University (OSU) since its inception. The OSU program incorporates elements of both residency training and graduate education into a unified program. This review illustrates the components and structure of the training program and reflects on future challenges in training veterinary pathologists. Key elements of the OSU program include an experienced faculty, dedicated staff, and high-quality students who have a sense of common mission. The program is supported through cultural and infrastructure support. Financial compensation, limited research funding, and attractive work environments, including work-life balance, will undoubtedly continue to be forces in the marketplace for veterinary pathologists. To remain competitive and to expand the ability to train veterinary pathologists with research skills, programs must support strong faculty members, provide appropriate infrastructure support, and seek active partnerships with private industry to expand program opportunities. Shortages of trained faculty may be partially resolved by regional cooperation to share faculty expertise or through the use of communications technology to bridge distances between programs. To foster continued interest in academic careers, training programs will need to continue to evolve and respond to trainees' needs while maintaining strong allegiances to high-quality pathology training. Work-life balance, collegial environments that foster a culture of respect for veterinary pathology, and continued efforts to reach out to veterinary students to provide opportunities to learn about the diverse careers offered in veterinary pathology will pay long-term dividends for the future of the profession.     

Quality assurance: the key for amendments of the EU-directive/s regulating veterinary training in Europe

The free movement of persons, goods and services within the European Union (EU) is one of the major principles established by the European treaties. This free movement shall now be reinforced through the full application of the new general system for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, in which veterinary medicine is included. The success of this measure for internal market development imposes availability of professionals with the highest possible basic training and opportunities for continuing education and specialisation. Such benchmark definition requires the establishment of veterinary training throughout the EU to focus on the qualitative aspects of the basic training they impart. New production forms, new labour markets and a higher degree of consciousness of the producers and the consumers, together with an ever-increasing load of new information and knowledge in most veterinary fields had forced changes in veterinary education strategies. These changes have led to the adaptation of curricula and the application of new pedagogical concepts ultimately leading to the design of new, exciting programmes of veterinary training. Some of them use a combination of basic education and elective terms while others have focused training in species-oriented tracks already by the time students enter the clinical level. There is general consent that the quality of basal training must enable the student to achieve a level of confidence in life-long learning so he/she would be able to follow relevant CPD's and, eventually, pursue specialisation. At the same time, veterinary establishments are concerned with their ability to achieve these goals, mostly due to the usual high costs of veterinary training that constrain their chances to maintain equality of training levels through the EU. We need to find tools to harmonise veterinary training among the establishments of veterinary education in Europe, beyond the compulsory subject and training minimum requirements laid down by the Directive 78/1027. Harmonisation requires regulations but also awareness. Establishments of veterinary education must not only comply with regulations but also become aware of the advantages of quality assurance of their basic training. The present paper is a series of personal reflections by the author who ultimately addresses veterinary educators and interest organisations such as the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) and the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) to focus on strategies of quality assurance as the basis for claims of amendments of the EU-Directive/s regulating veterinary training in Europe.     

Quality Assurance: The Key for Amendments of the EU-Directive/s Regulating Veterinary Training in Europe

The free movement of persons, goods and services within the European Union (EU) is one of the major principles established by the European treaties. This free movement shall now be reinforced through the full application of the new general system for the mutual recognition of professional qualifications, in which veterinary medicine is included. The success of this measure for internal market development imposes availability of professionals with the highest possible basic training and opportunities for continuing education and specialisation. Such benchmark definition requires the establishment of veterinary training throughout the EU to focus on the qualitative aspects of the basic training they impart. New production forms, new labour markets and a higher degree of consciousness of the producers and the consumers, together with an ever-increasing load of new information and knowledge in most veterinary fields had forced changes in veterinary education strategies. These changes have led to the adaptation of curricula and the application of new pedagogical concepts ultimately leading to the design of new, exciting programmes of veterinary training. Some of them use a combination of basic education and elective terms while others have focused training in species-oriented tracks already by the time students enter the clinical level. There is general consent that the quality of basal training must enable the student to achieve a level of confidence in life-long learning so he/she would be able to follow relevant CPD's and, eventually, pursue specialisation. At the same time, veterinary establishments are concerned with their ability to achieve these goals, mostly due to the usual high costs of veterinary training that constrain their chances to maintain equality of training levels through the EU. We need to find tools to harmonise veterinary training among the establishments of veterinary education in Europe, beyond the compulsory subject and training minimum requirements laid down by the Directive 78/1027. Harmonisation requires regulations but also awareness. Establishments of veterinary education must not only comply with regulations but also become aware of the advantages of quality assurance of their basic training. The present paper is a series of personal reflections by the author who ultimately addresses veterinary educators and interest organisations such as the European Association of Establishments for Veterinary Education (EAEVE) and the Federation of Veterinarians of Europe (FVE) to focus on strategies of quality assurance as the basis for claims of amendments of the EU-Directive/s regulating veterinary training in Europe.     

Effects of a pilot training program on veterinary students' pain knowledge, attitude, and assessment skills

The prevention and management of pain is fundamental to the practice of both human and veterinary medicine. The recognition and treatment of pain represents an important indicator of the quality of care delivered in human hospitals and veterinary hospitals. Yet, both human and veterinary health care professionals have cited inadequate knowledge as a significant barrier to effective pain management. The aims of this pilot study were twofold: (1) to gauge veterinary medical students' current attitudes regarding their training in pain management and (2) to assess the impact of training and practice on the use of a canine acute pain assessment teaching tool. Participants, third-year professional veterinary medical students, completed a 16-item survey questionnaire before a 30-minute training session on pain assessment using the teaching tool and completed it again after training and a one-week practice period. Questions related to canine pain, assessment of canine pain, pain management education in the professional veterinary curriculum, and an example case presentation (video) were included in the survey. The analysis of survey results indicated that professional veterinary medicine students find value in didactic and clinical training in canine pain assessment. Additionally, use of the canine acute pain teaching tool in conjunction with a training program improved students' knowledge and skill in assessment while pointing out the importance of further training. Differences with regard to gender and tracking were found and warrant further exploration.     

高职院校兽药类专业实训基地运行模式研究

实训基地建设是高等职业教育健康、快速发展的关键环节,拥有功能强大、设施齐全、服务于人才培养全过程、具有真实企业化育人环境的实训基地,是衡量新时期高职院校办学条件的重要依据之一。从江苏农牧科技职业学院兽药类专业实训基地的运行情况入手,分析了高职院校兽药类专业实训基地建设的具体措施,并从基地管理和运行机制以及基地建设要点等角度提出高职院校兽药类专业实训基地运行的方案,旨在为高职院校兽药类专业实训基地建设提供可借鉴的经验。     

Teaching veterinary students using shelter animals

Veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) are experiencing case-load trends that have negatively affected efforts to prepare students for entry-level veterinary practice, particularly in the area of technical skills training. This article examines the clinical training available to veterinary students through a variety of collaborative shelter models. Benefits and potential problems related to initiating a collaborative shelter clinical training program are reviewed. Collaborative efforts between animal shelters and veterinary schools can provide crucial opportunities for outreach teaching initiatives, particularly for teaching medical and surgical skills.     

专业认证背景下动物医学专业人才培养目标分析

专业认证是高等教育质量保障的手段之一。结合2018年云南农业大学动物医学专业认证的契机,从培养目标的定位、评价机制及毕业生预期发展等方面对该校动物医学专业培养目标进行分析和探讨,以期在培养目标的修订过程中采取一系列的改进措施,更好地适应新时期动物医学专业人才培养的需求。     

以能力培养为核心的动物医学专业实践教学研究

按照动物医学（兽医）专业培养双创型人才的要求和卓越兽医师的需求，建设以开放性实训（实验）中心为特色的动物医学专业实践教学，以强化学生创新素质和实践能力的培养核心，构建动物医学专业实践教育新体系，以期为培养不同行业需要的兽医人才提供强有力的保障。     

畜牧兽医专业创业导向型实践体系的构建与实践

为探索以"创业型畜牧生产实训"为特征的畜牧兽医专业实践体系,结合畜牧兽医专业创业导向型实践体系构建与实践进行的10多年教学探索,提出了创业实践体系、校内课程实践体系、教学实践实习体系和社会实践教学体系共4种实践体系并运用于畜牧兽医专业人才培养,取得了提高人才培养质量的良好效果,为畜牧兽医专业人才培养探索新途径.     

VMSTP Combined Degree Training (VMD/PhD): key features of the program at the University of Pennsylvania

The Veterinary Medical Scientist Training Program (VMSTP), a combined degree program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine (Penn), has been in existence for approximately 35 years and has an excellent track record of producing veterinary physician-scientists. There are a number of key features of the program that I believe have been crucial to its success. Many of these features relate to how the PhD training component of the combined degree program is accomplished. Rather that describing the veterinary training component of the program, I will describe the PhD training component and how this training intersects with the veterinary curriculum. The key features of the VMSTP program at Penn are (1) admitting the right candidates, (2) placing the PhD training component of the program in the hands of individual graduate groups, (3) being committed to PhD training of veterinary students that is not compromised in terms of quality or time, (4) devising mechanisms to interdigitate VMD and PhD training to generate synergy between the programs, (5) providing continual advice to students from numerous perspectives, and (6) providing the monetary and emotional support needed for the long-term commitment students must make in order to complete the program.     

The scientific component of residency training

This article focuses on the role of veterinary teaching hospitals (VTHs) at public and private colleges and universities in the growth and nurturing of today's veterinary clinician scientists, who will assume the ranks of tomorrow's veterinary academic faculty. Virtually all residency programs offer some level of scientific education and training concurrently or sequentially with professional clinical training; approximately half (51%) include, or at least offer, the opportunity to obtain advanced scientific degrees (MS/MSc and/or PhD). If veterinary schools and colleges are the gatekeepers for the veterinary profession, then VTHs are the gatekeepers for the profession's scientific development, defining the future role of veterinary medicine in society. Although struggling to find their place in a financially challenging and competitive environment fueled by the demand for more and better clinical services, VTHs are in a potentially strong position to capitalize on the uniqueness of their faculty and academic resources and thus make an unparalleled contribution to the scientific evolution of the veterinary profession.     

高职动物医药专业“123”实践教学体系改革与实践

为了顺应"工学研融合"人才培养模式的发展要求,根据动物医药专业人才培养目标定位,提出了"123"递进式实践教学模式,从优化实践教学内容、搭建多层次实践教学平台、改革实践教学模式、打造"三能型"师资队伍、改革考核评价体系、建立"三级监督、三方联运"的监督保障体系等方面着手,对动物医药专业实践教学体系进行改革并付诸实践,使动物医药专业人才培养质量明显提高。     

新形势下畜牧兽医专业应用型人才培养模式初探

高职院校畜牧兽医专业是以培养从事畜牧兽医生产、服务及管理等工作第一线的高级应用型人才为目的。随着现代畜牧业的快速发展,用人单位对畜牧兽医专业毕业生综合实践能力提出了更高的要求。从如何提高教师素质、优化课程体系、完善实践教学环节、改进教学内容、建设专业特色教学资源库以及人才培养考核评价体系等方面探讨了新形势下畜牧兽医专业应用型人才的培养模式。     

Veterinary medical work of Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben, the first teacher of veterinary medicine in Germany]

Erxleben could be regarded as the founder of the modern, systematic and scientific training of verterinary surgeons in Germany. Thanks to an open-minded up-bringing and a large interest in other scientific fields beyond his medical studies he acquired the ideal basis to turn veterinary medicine into a subject at university. He acquired his knowledge in veterinary medicine by reading numerous veterinary books and by visiting the Netherlands and France and the expert of horses Johann Baptist von Sind. Since 1770 he started with veterinary lessons. When planning his teaching, he tried to avoid the mistakes made by the first schools in France. In order to do so he attached a great importance to a fundamental but practical training. Erxleben also wrote two volumes about veterinary medicine, which he used as a literary basis for his lessons.     

兽医硕士专业学位研究生教育现状与发展前景分析

通过介绍近年兽医硕士专业学位研究生教育在招生规模、招生对象及培养过程中存在的相关问题,对兽医硕士专业学位研究生教育发展前景进行分析,指出我国教育体制改革、兽医体制改革及社会对兽医人才的需求是影响兽医硕士专业学位研究生教育发展的几个重要因素。     

Academic and private practice partnerships in veterinary radiology residency training

As veterinary radiologists devote greater time to telemedicine consultation, residency training must evolve to reflect the skills of these services. The contribution of private practice/consultant radiologists to residency training has traditionally been minimal but academic and private practice partnerships in education and research can provide the framework for a well‐rounded residency. These partnerships can also lessen the impact of workforce shortages in academia and provide financial compensation to academicians through external consultation. The purpose of this commentary is to review existing collaborative interactions between academic and private practice veterinary radiologists; with a focus on ways to sustain, improve, and cautiously increase the number of veterinary radiology training programs.     

North American veterinary pathology residency training programs: an overview of where they are today and where they were five years ago, with an analysis of trends

An e-mail/telephone survey of all active North American residency training programs in veterinary pathology was conducted in September 2005. The purpose of this survey was to determine current numbers of trainees, their program length and type, and salaries; to compare current numbers to five years earlier; and, finally, to gauge interest in expanding current programs. All 41 training institutions contacted responded to the survey. Briefly, the survey found that there are currently 235 veterinary pathology residents, for a mean of 5.7 residents per training program. The number of residents currently in training programs and the number of applicants for these programs has increased compared to five years earlier. There is widespread interest in further expanding capacity in these programs, and the coalition of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists and the Society of Toxicologic Pathology is a well-known source of possible funding for additional residents. This survey report further documents the numbers of combined residency/PhD programs, average starting salaries for new residents, outside sponsorship effects on pathology training programs, and some of the common concerns regarding veterinary pathology training programs voiced by the respondents. While residency training capacity has expanded in the last five years, and there is widespread desire to further expand these training programs, a shortage of veterinary pathologists for future market needs will need to be addressed by increased funding from as yet unspecified sources.     

Emergency medicine clerkship: a joining of private-practice referral veterinary medicine with an academic institution

Novel approaches to the clinical training of veterinary students in many disciplines are being sought by veterinary colleges. In 2004, the University of Florida College of Veterinary Medicine approached the Small Animal Department and Florida Veterinary Specialists (FVS) in Tampa with a proposal to jointly design and run an elective clerkship in emergency medicine. The program would focus on providing increased emergency case exposure in a real-world environment to interested third- and fourth-year veterinary students. The purpose would be to better prepare these students for emergent cases while increasing their overall level of clinical confidence. This article reviews in detail the clerkship structure, its objectives, and the logistics of training and support at FVS. In this instance, the academic-private institution partnership has been successful in providing effective learning for veterinary students over the last three years. This clerkship structure may serve as a template for other institutions exploring alternatives to the traditional clinical training of veterinary students.