施氮水平对芥菜生长及土壤硝态氮残留的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究不同氮用量水平(0、112.5、225、337.5kg/hm2)对芥菜生长、养分吸收利用、品质以及土壤硝态氮残留、累积的影响。结果表明,施氮显著增加芥菜产量、促进芥菜植株对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,且随氮用量增加,芥菜产量和养分吸收量呈增加趋势。芥菜植株氮肥利用率随氮用量增加而降低。施氮明显提高芥菜地上部可溶性糖、维生素C含量及硝酸盐含量,但随氮肥用量的增加,芥菜可溶性糖含量显著降低,硝酸盐含量有增加趋势,维生素C含量没有显著变化。不同处理土壤硝态氮主要分布于0～40cm土层,随土层深度增加,硝态氮含量总体呈现下降趋势。施氮显著增加菜地土壤0～100cm土层硝态氮残留累积量,且硝态氮累积量随氮用量增加显著提高。从兼顾芥菜产量、氮肥有效利用及减轻氮对环境污染等角度考虑,芥菜以225kg/hm2的施氮量较为适宜。     

氮肥调控对土壤供氮特征及花生氮素吸收利用的影响

为探明氮肥调控对土壤供氮特征及花生氮素吸收利用的影响,大田条件下,以不施氮肥为对照,研究了氮肥基施、基施加追施、速效氮缓释氮配施3种氮肥调控方式对土壤硝态氮含量、植株氮累积分布及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,与不施氮相比,增施氮肥土壤0~60cm土层硝态氮含量显著增加;等氮量条件下,氮肥基施生育前期硝态氮含量高,成熟期低;而基施加追施和速效氮缓释氮配施两种处理,生育前期土壤硝态氮含量低,成熟期维持较高的水平。与氮肥基施相比,成熟期速效氮缓释氮配施处理中,氮向叶片中的分配比例显著降低,而在荚果中的分配比例呈增加趋势,荚果产量、氮农学效率和氮偏生产力显著提高。因此,速效氮控释氮配施处理可以维持花生生育后期耕层土壤的氮素供应,显著提高花生氮素利用率。     

不同茬口对小麦养分利用和产量的影响

为了探究不同茬口对小麦生产的影响,在测定玉米、大豆、花生、甘薯4种不同作物收获后土壤养分状况的基础上,对不同茬口下小麦植株养分吸收、利用和产量进行了研究。结果表明,与玉米茬相比,大豆茬的土壤速效磷含量降低,土壤速效氮和速效钾含量提高,花生茬的土壤速效氮和速效磷含量提高,甘薯茬的土壤速效氮和速效钾含量下降;大豆、花生和甘薯茬有利于小麦植株养分的积累,并能显著提高千粒重,但甘薯茬的小麦产量显著低于玉米茬。因此,大豆和花生可作为冬小麦种植区两熟复种模式的适宜前茬作物。     

不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆产量与品质的影响

为明确河北地区不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆产量与品质的影响,以大豆品种冀豆17为供试材料,在河北省农林科学院大河试验站设置不同的氮磷钾用量水平田间试验,分析不同氮磷钾水平对夏大豆收获期土壤养分含量、产量及其构成要素和品质的影响。结果表明：收获期0～20 cm土层速效氮、磷、钾含量分别为7.55～9.62 mg·kg^-1、14.0～27.2 mg·kg^-1、139～218 mg·kg^-1;与缺素处理相比,施氮、磷、钾使0～20 cm土层硝态氮、速效磷、速效钾分别增加16.8%～25.2%、34.3%～93.6%、18.7%～62.6%。土壤速效氮含量较低时,施氮使大豆单株有效荚数、单株粒数和产量显著增加,增幅分别为15.6%～43.8%、13.7%～42.8%和12.2%～29.4%,且大豆产量与施氮量(0～195 kg·hm^-2)显著正相关;施氮使大豆籽粒蛋白质含量增加1.31%～3.39%、脂肪含量降低2.55%～3.40%,大豆籽粒蛋白质含量随着施氮量的增加呈现先增加后降低的趋势。土壤速效磷、钾含量处...     

生物质炭配施氮肥对茶树生长及氮素利用率的影响

通过水泥池小区试验,采用¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,研究了生物质炭配施氮肥对茶树生长及氮素利用率（茶树吸收、土壤氨挥发、N₂O和土壤残留量）的影响。结果表明,与不施生物质炭且不施氮肥（B₀N₀）处理相比,施氮能促进茶树的生长发育,茶树株高、树幅和基部径粗均显著增加,茶叶增产68.06%~112.63%。生物质炭对茶叶产量的影响因施氮量而异,在不施氮（N₀）和减量化施氮（N₁）条件下,配施生物质炭处理茶叶产量增加8.82%和8.75%,而常规施氮（N₂）条件下配施生物质炭处理茶叶产量略有降低,但差异均不显著。与B₀N₀处理相比,施氮处理土壤氨挥发和N₂O排放量显著增加;在N₁条件下,配施生物质炭（B₁N₁）处理氨挥发和N₂O累积排放量分别降低了5.87%和4.99%;在N₂条件下,配施生物质炭（B₁N₂）处理氨挥发和N₂O累积排放量分别降低了9.97%和11.41%,B₁N₂处理氮素减排效果更好。与单施氮肥处理相比,配施生物质炭均能增加茶树各器官氮含量、¹⁵N丰度和Ndff值,有利于茶树对氮素的吸收利用。与单施氮肥处理相比,配施生物质炭处理茶树¹⁵N利用率和¹⁵N残留率分别增加了0.46~3.93百分点和4.09~14.37百分点,¹⁵N损失率下降4.54~18.30百分点,其中B₁N₁处理效果优于B₁N₂处理。总体而言,生物质炭配施氮肥促进了茶树对氮的吸收,增加土壤氮素持留,并降低氮素气态损失,从而提高了氮素利用率,以减量化施氮配施生物质炭（B₁N₁）处理茶树能起到“减氮增产”效果,具有良好的应用前景。     

减施氮肥对稻田土壤剖面养分分布特征的影响

为探讨减施氮肥对养分在剖面垂直的分布与迁移的影响,采用大田试验,探讨了减施氮肥对稻田剖面养分累积和分布的影响.结果表明:3个处理下土壤剖面养分累积的趋势是:有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量随土层深度的增加而降低,而全钾及速效钾含量则随土层深度的增加而提高.T3(80％的习惯施氮量)处理中除耕层的有效氮、速效磷及速效钾含量较T2(习惯施氮量)处理降低外,土壤其它各层有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效氮、速效磷以及速效钾含量均较T2处理有所增加.T3处理有机质的增加主要集中在0～60 cm土层中,氮素主要集中在0～40 cm土层中,钾素则主要集中在0～20 cm土层中,土壤中各层的磷素在两个施肥处理中无显著差异,说明T3处理增加的养分主要集中在作物能吸收的范围内,这意味着对土壤培肥和作物生产更有利.     

钾肥施用对菜用大豆和普通大豆开花后氮素积累的影响

钾素营养充足,可以提高作物抗逆能力和产量。随着氮、磷肥在生产中施用的增加,钾肥已逐渐成为作物产量的最大限制因子。大豆开花后籽粒形成期是大豆氮素积累、产量提高的重要时期,文章对钾肥施用后菜用大豆和普通大豆两者开花后氮素的积累进行了比较研究。在正常氮磷种肥用量基础上,设置3种施钾处理:不施钾(K0)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)(K1)、种肥施钾120 kg·hm~(-2)且在花、荚期喷施30 kg·hm~(-2)叶面钾肥(K2),探究菜用大豆、普通大豆开花后28~56 d内籽粒、叶片、茎中氮素积累动态。结果表明:施用钾肥增进两种类型大豆植株各部位中氮素积累。同时期内,两种类型大豆在各施肥处理下各部位的氮素积累量均为K2K1K0,大豆植株各部位中相对氮素累积量均为籽粒叶片茎。钾肥施用对提高菜用大豆籽粒氮素含量的效应高于普通大豆,与K0相比,K2处理下菜用大豆、普通大豆籽粒平均氮素含量分别增加了0.19%和0.1%。施用钾肥提高了菜用大豆叶片氮素转移效率,相比K0处理,K1、K2处理分别增加了6.1%、8.2%,而对普通大豆影响不大。钾肥施用显著增加普通大豆茎中氮素积累,但菜用大豆品种间差异较大。     

生物炭还田条件下磷肥减施对玉米产量及养分利用的影响

通过4年田间定位试验,研究辽宁昌图棕壤区生物炭还田条件下磷肥减施20%对玉米产量及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,生物炭还田(3 000 kg/hm~2)后各处理促进玉米增产,最高增产5.5%,生物炭还田配施磷肥减量20%处理的产量表现略有增加的趋势。生物炭还田后各处理均提高了玉米植株N、P和K的养分吸收量,提高玉米植株氮素和磷素回收率,生物炭还田配施常规肥处理可更好促进玉米氮、磷、钾养分吸收,提高玉米氮素回收率,4年综合提高5.3个百分点;生物炭还田配施磷肥减量20%处理可更好提高玉米磷素回收率,提高4.9个百分点。     

应用~(15)N示踪技术对大豆氮磷营养与产量形成关系的研究

1983—1985年我们应用同位素示踪方法,对大豆氮磷营养中的一些特点,土壤养分供应和根瘤固氮作用等问题进行了研究。结果表明,大豆植株三种氮源(肥料氮、土壤氮、根瘤固氮)之间和两种磷源(肥料磷和土壤磷)之间互相制约关系,同时还看出氮营养和磷营养之间的联因效果及氮肥发挥肥效的条件。即在磷肥,钾肥与马粪配合施用基础上,凡增施氮肥的都有增产效果。 大豆的氮素来源以根瘤固氮为主,其次是土壤氮,对所施化肥氮摄取量最少,而且随施氮肥量的增加以及随施肥时间的拖后,植株固氮量也有降低的趋势。 大豆在磷素吸收过程中,对肥料磷和土壤磷的吸收量随大豆的生育都有不断增加,但土壤磷素是大豆的主要磷源,各生育期吸收量都高于肥料磷。     

生物质炭施用方式对土壤水分养分及茶树生长的影响

通过对贵州中部山区茶园土壤进行生物质炭施用及覆盖的盆栽试验,探讨不同生物质炭施用方式对植茶土壤水分、养分、微量元素的影响及春茶生长的响应.试验设置对照(未施用炭)、炭全部覆盖、炭全部施用、1/2炭覆盖加1/2炭施用4个处理,测定春梢的着叶数、叶面积,土壤常规理化性质和有效铁、锰、铜、锌,且定期测定土壤体积含水率.结果表明:用生物质炭覆盖表土后,在春季和夏季降雨及干旱时段,植茶土壤含水率均显著增加,土壤保水能力的大小顺序为炭全部覆盖>1/2炭覆盖+1/2炭施用>炭全部施用.施用生物质炭降低土壤酸度和提高土壤有机质含量,同时提高土壤养分含量,生物质炭全部施入土壤后较对照土壤有效氮、磷、钾含量分别平均增加13.61％、172.04％和48.23％.生物质炭覆盖表土增加土壤有效性氮、磷、钾含量.利用生物质炭覆盖表土或把生物质炭施入土壤均能显著地增加茶树春梢的叶面积,利于提高春茶产量.     

豫北优质大豆产业发展策略

针对豫北地区的大豆生产现状，从气候、土壤、品种、生态因素及市场需求等方面提出了优质大豆的发展策略与途径。     

Analysis of nutritional components of eight famine foods of the Republic of Niger

In the western Sahel, indigenous plants become important staples when cereal harvests are inadequate to support populations inhabiting that region of Africa. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient content of several of these edible wild plants. The leaves of the following seven plant foods were analyzed: Ziziphus mauritiana, Cerathotheca sesamoides, Moringa oleifera, Leptadenia hastata, Hibiscus sabdarifa, Amaranthus viridi, and Adansonia digitata. The fatty acid, vitamin E, carotenoid, selected mineral and amino acid contents of these plant foods were determined. These same analyses were performed on the fruit of the Adansonia digitata. In quantitative and qualitative terms, Amaranthus viridis was found to be an excellent source of protein. Its amino acid composition compared favorably to that of a World Health Organization (WHO) protein standard. It also contained considerable amounts of the two fatty acids that are essential in humans (linoleic and -linolenic) and a number of minerals including iron, magnesium, calcium and zinc. The leaves of Hibiscus sabdarifa contained an appreciable quantity of protein the composition of which was comparable to the WHO standard. The mineral content of the leaves of this plant was also exceptionally high; noteworthy was its high zinc content. H. sabdarifa also contained significant quantities of the two essential fatty acids. Ziziphus mauritiana was an excellent source of the essential fatty acid linoleic acid and several of the metals including iron, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Its content of other essential nutrients, however, was rather low. In general, Adansonia digitata leaves were nutritionally superior to the fruit of the tree; however, the fruit did contain useful quantities of potassium, phosphorus, zinc and -linolenic acid. The Leptadenia hastata leaves were an especially good source of lutein and -carotene. These data should be useful to the people who inhabit the western Sahel in helping them devise healthy diets during times when cereal staples are in short supply.     

狗牙根诱变后代抗寒性评价

通过电解质外渗法和匍匐茎恢复试验对‘阳江’狗牙根及其12个通过形态鉴定选出的坪用价值高且花序密度低的诱变后代进行抗寒性鉴定。电解质外渗法结果表明:诱变后代间的抗寒性具有较大差异,其叶片半致死温度(LT₅₀)的变异范围为-7.6～-0.2℃(最低值与最大值相差7.4℃);参试材料抗寒性由强到弱依次为M18>M4>M26>M28> M22>阳江>M29>M31>M10>M37>M16>M1>M25,其中,有5个诱变后代抗寒性优于亲本,分别是M18、M4、M26、M28、M22。匍匐茎恢复实验结果表明:诱变后代M1、M22、M26、M31、M25在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫后的恢复生长率都高于亲本,恢复能力均优于亲本;M10、M37、M28在-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长能力低于亲本,抗寒性相对较弱,M16和M4在0℃和-5℃低温胁迫下,恢复生长率都低于亲本,抗寒性明显弱于亲本。综合2种方法鉴定结果显示:诱变后代M1、M25的恢复能力较强;M4、M28的叶片抗寒性较好,青绿期较长;M22、M18、M26的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较强;M29,M31的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力与亲本相似;M10、M16、M37的叶片抗寒性和匍匐茎恢复能力均较弱,整体抗寒性较弱。     

Comparisons of methods of scheduling irrigations of potatoes

Irrigation of Netted Gem potatoes was scheduled during three growing seasons by three methods: (a) when plants displayed first visual symptoms of moisture stress, (b) when indicated by a soil moisture budget involving estimated evapotranspiration, and (c) on the basis of tensiometer readings of soil moisture suction. When the tensiometer method of scheduling was used, the mean yields of tubers were 55.0 and 25.8 cwt/acre (6160 and 2890 kg/ha) higher than those obtained with the other two scheduling methods. Methods did not affect the specific gravity of potatoes. Method (a) scheduled irrigations least frequently. Scheduling by the budget method was not always adequate because it was based on the assumption that the crop extracted water from a constant 4 ft (1.2 m) profile from planting to full vegetative growth. In one year the budget method scheduled the first irrigation earlier than necessary and delayed the second irrigation during a critical period of crop growth. From full vegetative cover to harvest the irrigation schedules were alike for both the budget and tensiometer methods.     

吉林省平安农业科学院大豆所大豆研究工作报告

1　吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究工作简介吉林省平安农业科学院大豆研究所 ,设在吉林省长春市西安大路种子大厦内。现有科技人员 6人 ,其中研究员 2人 ,农艺师 2人 ,技术员 2人 ,定向培养研究生 2人。大豆研究所的主要任务是选育稳产、高产、优质及抗病虫大豆新品种 ;同时密切     

湖南沅陵4种绿茶品质成分分析

以长沙县高桥相同嫩度茶鲜叶原料采用卷曲形毛尖茶加工工艺制绿茶为对照,分别对沅陵县齐眉翠峰、凤娇碣滩茶、干发茶和军大坪茶4种绿茶的主要生化成分与感官品质进行初步分析。结果表明,沅陵4种绿茶的茶多酚总量28.76%~30.34%,游离氨基酸总量2.35%~3.22%,咖啡碱含量3.00%~3.63%,水浸出物含量37.26%~40.07%,可溶性糖总量5.46%~5.65%,可溶性蛋白含量1.50%~1.74%,类黄酮化合物总量1.16%~1.79%,叶绿素总量1.36%~2.01%,儿茶素总量13.53%~16.20%。与对照相比,4种绿茶的茶多酚、可溶性糖和儿茶素总量均高于对照,除齐眉翠峰外其余3种茶样水浸出物和叶绿素总量均高于对照,除干发茶外其余3种茶样类黄酮化合物总量均高于对照。     

Comparison of two methods of PCNB application for control of Rhizoctonia infection of potatoes

A broadcast application of PCNB (Terraclor) resulted in a reasonably uniform distribution of the chemical in the soil with the concentration decreasing in a linear fashion with increasing depth in the soil profile. A banded application resuluted in a considerably higher chemical concentration at the 4–6 inch depth than at the 0–2 or the 2–4 inch depths. The problem of the lack of uniformity of chemical distribution could probably be solved by altering nozzle placement and size and allow use of the band method of application to minimize grower cost. More complete disking in the case of the broadcast treatment would probably result in a relatively uniform distribution of the chemical but at higher cost to the grower. PCNB application rates of 10, 15 and 25 lbs per acre broadcast and 71/2, 10 and 121/2 lbs per acre in a band significantly reduced the severity ofRhizoctonia infection of Russet Burbank potatoes but did not increase potato yields significantly.     

Prediction of the digestibility of the diet of horses: evaluation of faecal indices

Data from in vivo digestibility trial with four to six horses fed twenty-seven forage-based diets are used to calculate prediction equations for the digestibility of dry and organic matter, based on the crude ash (CA), crude protein (CP) and crude fibre (CF) contents of diets and faeces. The most precise prediction of dry-matter digestibility (r.s.d. = 0.032, R²= 0.80) was derived from a multiple regression including faecal (CP, CF) and dietary parameters (CF). Among faecal parameters, CP was the best single predictor of both digestibility (r.s.d) = 0.040, r²= 0.63) and dietary CP content (r.s.d = 0.028, r²= 0.59). For biological reasons we propose a non-linear model that allows prediction of dry- and organic-matter digestibility from faecal CP Content with reasonable Precision (r.s.d = 0.038, 0.036, r²= 0.65, 0.74, respectively). This will be adequate for many studies, especially for free-living animals in rangelands.     

橡胶树丛枝病病原的抗血清制备与应用

以感染橡胶树丛枝病病原的长春花为材料,制备得到橡胶丛枝病病原菌抽提液,以抽提液为抗原免疫家兔,制备抗血清,经微量沉淀测定,抗血清效价为１：２０４８。应用橡胶丛枝病抗血清检测橡胶褐皮病,无症苗木检出率达３０％－３７％,可疑的褐皮病树检出率达８５．７％。