唑虫酰胺在西兰苔中的残留消解动态与膳食风险评估

通过田间试验研究露地栽培条件下唑虫酰胺在西兰苔上的消解动态和最终残留情况,明确使用该药剂防治害虫可能产生的食用安全风险。结果表明,15%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂按2倍最高推荐剂量(有效成分225 g·hm^-2)施药1次,在西兰苔上的消解半衰期为3.35 d。最终残留量试验结果表明,该药剂的残留超标风险与田间用药量、用药次数正相关。经膳食风险评估,以225 g·hm^-2的剂量施药1次,药后1 h～17 d风险商值RQ均小于1,施药2～3次则药后1～7 d均存在较大膳食风险;以112.5 g·hm^-2的剂量施药2次,药后3 d起膳食风险处于可接受水平。建议生产中采用15%唑虫酰胺悬浮剂以有效成分112.5 g·hm^-2的剂量用药,每季最多使用2次,在露地栽培西兰苔上安全间隔期为5 d。     

广西荔枝农药残留现状及膳食风险评估

[目的]调查了解广西荔枝主产区荔枝中的农药残留情况,并进行农药残留风险评估,为荔枝生产上安全合理使用农药及荔枝农药最大残留限量制定提供参考依据.[方法]对在广西荔枝主产区抽取的49份样品进行105种农药残留检测与分析,并对检出的农药品种进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险(%ADI)评估、急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)评估及农药残留风险排序.[结果]49份荔枝样品中共有46份样品检出农药残留(占93.9%),检出率超过20.0%的有除虫脲、噻螨酮、氯氰菊酯、多菌灵、丙环唑和氯氟氰菊酯6种农药,检出率分别为73.5%、71.4%、69.4%、28.6%、22.4%和20.4%;检出的22种农药%ADI均远低于100.00%,在0~0.75%范围内,平均为0.16%;%ARfD均低于100.00%,在0~12.66%范围内,平均2.09%.根据残留风险得分,检出残留的22种农药可划分为高风险(5种)、中风险(9种)和低风险(8种)3类.[结论]广西荔枝的农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险均很低,但氯氰菊酯、仲丁威、克百威、灭多威和甲维盐5种农药残留风险高,在荔枝生产和监管中应重点关注.     

嘧菌酯施药措施与最终残留量间的相关性分析 及其膳食摄入风险评估

[目的]对嘧菌酯在花生植株、花生、花生壳及土壤中的最终残留及其消解动态进行分析,评价嘧菌酯在花生生产上的残留安全性.[方法]对不同施药次数、施药剂量及采收间隔期与花生植株、花生、花生壳及土壤中嘧菌酯最终残留量间的相关性进行分析,同时对嘧菌酯进行了膳食摄入风险评估.[结果]嘧菌酯在花生植株和土壤中的消解半衰期分别为7.24~12.07 d和5.57~13.48 d.嘧菌酯在花生植株、花生、花生壳和土壤中的最终残留量分别低于1.135、0.154、0.922和0.957 mg/kg,嘧菌酯残留量排序为花生<花生壳<土壤<花生植株.根据最终残留量试验结果,嘧菌酯在花生中的残留中值为0.05 mg/kg,普通人群嘧菌酯的国家估算每日摄入量为0.418785 mg/kg,占日允许摄入量的3.32%左右.采收间隔期为21和28 d时,在不同施药次数、施药剂量和采收间隔期条件下,嘧菌酯在花生植株、花生、花生壳和土壤中的残留量差异均不显著(P>0.05).[结论]按常规方式施用嘧菌酯通常不会对一般人群健康产生不可接受的风险,但采收间隔期为14 d时,施药剂量和施药次数对最终残留量有一定影响.     

Declining wild salmon populations in relation to parasites from farm salmon

Rather than benefiting wild fish, industrial aquaculture may contribute to declines in ocean fisheries and ecosystems. Farm salmon are commonly infected with salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), which are native ectoparasitic copepods. We show that recurrent louse infestations of wild juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), all associated with salmon farms, have depressed wild pink salmon populations and placed them on a trajectory toward rapid local extinction. The louse-induced mortality of pink salmon is commonly over 80% and exceeds previous fishing mortality. If outbreaks continue, then local extinction is certain, and a 99% collapse in pink salmon population abundance is expected in four salmon generations. These results suggest that salmon farms can cause parasite outbreaks that erode the capacity of a coastal ecosystem to support wild salmon populations.     

日本知床半岛海域细鳞大马哈鱼和大马哈鱼的移动生态调查

在北海道知床半岛周边海域,用小型数据记录器监测细鳞大马哈鱼Oncorhyncus gorbuscha和大马哈鱼O.keta的回归游泳行为,探讨其与环境水温的关系。数据记录间隔时间为1 s,连续记录时间为226 h。于2008年8月至10月期间,在知床沿岸放流了带有数据记录器的洄游途中的大马哈鱼和细鳞大马哈鱼个体(分别为30尾和5尾),分别有13尾、3尾个体被捕获。研究表明:试验个体有一系列的上浮和下沉行为,并且频繁地回到表层水面,垂直移动中的深潜水是对表层高水温和暖流分层水中的一种适温调节行为。因此,尽管表层水温较高,性成熟后的大马哈鱼仍会回到表层水面寻找其产卵场所。     

日本知床半岛海域细鳞大马哈鱼和大马哈鱼的移动生态调查

在北海道知床半岛周边海域,用小型数据记录器监测细鳞大马哈鱼Oncorhyncus gorbuscha和大马哈鱼O.keta的回归游泳行为,探讨其与环境水温的关系。数据记录间隔时间为1 s,连续记录时间为226 h。于2008年8月至10月期间,在知床沿岸放流了带有数据记录器的洄游途中的大马哈鱼和细鳞大马哈鱼个体(分别为30尾和5尾),分别有13尾、3尾个体被捕获。研究表明:试验个体有一系列的上浮和下沉行为,并且频繁地回到表层水面,垂直移动中的深潜水是对表层高水温和暖流分层水中的一种适温调节行为。因此,尽管表层水温较高,性成熟后的大马哈鱼仍会回到表层水面寻找其产卵场所。     

Ecology. Pacific salmon run hot and cold

Using a novel technique, described on page 795, paleoceanographers have been able to chart the abundance of sockeye salmon in the Bristol Bay and Kodiak Island regions of Alaska over the past 300 years--by far the most complete record yet. Through time, they found, sockeye populations have alternately soared and slipped, following natural climate variations--well before commercial fishers began throwing nets over the sides of boats.     

Regulation of food intake and obesity

This is not the place to consider the medical significance of obesity in terms of conditions such as heart disease and hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis. These very complex interrelationships have been dealt with elsewhere (69). We hope that enough evidence has been presented to demonstrate that energy balance is normally maintained by a precise and reliable physiologic mechanism, and that the energy surplus represented by obesity may reflect direct failure of this mechanism or some combination from a variety of neurological, endocrine, enzymatic, and psychological disorders. Environmental conditions as well as genetic and traumatic factors may contribute to the development of obesity. If increasing mechanization brings tus below the level of energy expenditure at which food intake is properly regulated, appropriate habits of exercise will have to be established and maintained.