米槠林分与杉木林分燃烧性比较研究

对人工促进天然更新的米槠林分与杉木人工林分的燃烧性进行比较研究。结果表明，米槠林分比杉木林分林内日均光照强度小，日均温度低，相对湿度大，林下植被含水量高，可燃物的水分贮量大，易燃危险物负荷量占总负荷量的比率低，其有效潜在能量占总潜在能量的比率亦较低，因此米槠林分的燃烧性低于杉木林分，米槠林分具有较强的抗御火灾的能力。     

米槠林分布与杉木林分燃烧性比较研究

对人工促进天然更新的米槠林分与杉木人工林分的燃烧性进行比较研究。结果表明，米槠林分比杉木林分林内日均光照强度小，日均温度低，相对湿度大，林下植被含水量高，可燃物的水分贮量大，易燃危险物负荷量占总负荷量的比率低，其有效潜在能量占总潜在能量的比率亦较低，因此米槠林分的燃烧性低于杉木林分，米槠林分具有较强的抗御火灾的能力。     

芒萁马尾松林下可燃物分布及其燃烧性

2004年春季,在福建省闽清县白樟林业站辖区,对刚发生不久的火烧迹地进行调查,并在火烧迹地四周选择与过火区域林分状况相似的芒萁马尾松林,对林下芒萁及主要灌木的负荷量进行了调查。在此基础上,对芒萁马尾松林下可燃物分布及其燃烧性进行了分析,计算了一旦发生火灾林下可燃物可能释放的能量,并将芒萁马尾松林下地表可燃物的潜在能量与其他林分进行了比较。提出了降低此类林分火险等级的几种技术措施。     

北京西山地区火烧迹地植被恢复研究

在土壤性质分析的基础上,应用丰富度、多样性、相似度指标,研究了火烧迹地植被恢复情况,并与未过火林地做出了比较,讨论了北京西山地区火烧迹地土壤性质的变化与植被恢复之间的关系。结果表明:1)火烧迹地土壤的土粒密度增加,pH值呈上升趋势,土壤有机质减少,全氮增加,有机质的C/N比值在15左右。2)火烧迹地上植被的物种丰富度、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数高于未过火林地,火烧迹地与未过火林地更新层的物种丰富度相差不大,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度和多样性则是火烧迹地上较高。3)火烧迹地与未过火林地土壤性质的差异导致了植被的差异,植被恢复也对土壤性质的变化产生了影响。     

渭北黄土高原东部尧山林场主要人工林土壤肥力综合评价

为给陕西渭北黄土高原建设和管理提供依据,以尧山林场油松林、侧柏林、刺槐林等3种主要人工纯林为对象,利用常规测试方法和主成分分析法对林地土壤肥力进行了测定分析和综合评价。结果表明3种林分土壤有机质含量均随土层深度增加而逐渐下降,腐殖质层pH值显著高于其他土层;刺槐林碱解N含量随土层的增加而逐渐下降,腐殖质层有效P含量显著高于其他土层;油松林有机质含量显著高于侧柏和刺槐林;刺槐林土壤pH值和碱解N含量显著高于油松和侧柏林,速效K含量显著低于油松和侧柏林;土壤有效P含量油松林>侧柏>刺槐林;3种林分土壤综合肥力差异较大,肥力综合分值油松林(1.01)>侧柏林(-0.34)>刺槐林(-0.99);油松林有机质含量高、刺槐林碱解N含量高;油松和侧柏林地土壤碱解N亏缺,刺槐林地速效K缺乏。     

十三陵林场低山林区针叶林地表可燃物负荷量及其影响因子

对北京十三陵林场人工油松林和侧柏林进行踏查,并根据地型、林分因子的差异性设置21块样地,调查样地的林分、地型因子及可燃物负荷量,进行可燃物负荷量及其影响因子的相关性分析。研究结果表明:对针叶林整体而言,灌木可燃物负荷量与枝下高呈正相关,与林分密度呈负相关,草本可燃物负荷量与平均胸径、平均树高呈正相关,1h,10h时滞枯枝负荷量与郁闭度呈正相关;对油松林而言,灌木可燃物负荷量与平均胸径呈负相关,1h,10h时滞枯枝负荷量与海拔、平均树高呈正相关;对侧柏林而言,灌木可燃物负荷量与平均树高呈正相关,草本可燃物负荷量与平均胸径、平均树高呈正相关,10h时滞枯枝负荷量与郁闭度呈正相关。     

威海市里口山火烧迹地植被恢复特征研究

以5.29里口山林火迹地为研究对象,通过设置不同过火等级的调查样地,系统研究了林火迹地内乔木树种受损状况、木本植物幼苗更新情况及群落物种多样性变化情况。结果表明:(1)在不同过火等级样地中,麻栎、刺槐为群落恒有种,说明麻栎、刺槐有较强的耐火及较好地自然更新能力。(2)火烧迹地木本植物的组成发生了较大变化,表现为阳性植物和固氮植物比例增加。(3)重度火烧迹地中,有臭椿的出现,表明臭椿具备较强的耐火性和更新作用。(4)轻度和中度火烧迹地的ShannonWienner指数、Margalef指数和优势指数增加,而在重度火烧迹地则恰好相反。     

北京地区森林燃烧性研究

根据北京地区林分状况,选择测定了栓皮栎林、油松林、洋槐林、元宝枫林和侧柏林的可燃物载量,分析结果表明这些林分都容易发生地表火;油松林和侧柏林易发生树冠火。在营林过程中应更注意林下枯枝和枯死木的清理,改变可燃物的空间分布,有利于防止发生树冠火。     

青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地的灌木群落特征

【目的】探究青藏高原东北边缘云杉-冷杉林火烧迹地植被恢复与重建过程中的灌木群落特征动态，阐明火烧迹地灌木群落多样性格局和维持机制的生态过程，为在火烧迹地恢复与重建过程中对植被进行合理干预、尽快恢复生态效益提供合理依据。【方法】以空间代时间方法，分析恢复5年和15年火烧迹地灌木群落和未过火林地林下灌木层物种组成特征、α物种多样性和β物种多样性。【结果】在5年、15年火烧迹地灌木群落与未过火林地林下灌木层之间，植物种类组成存在差异，5年火烧迹地共调查到11科17属24种，15年火烧迹地共调查到8科10属17种，未过火林地共调查到12科19属35种。5年、15年火烧迹地和未过火林地的物种丰富度指数与Pielou均匀度指数，以及5年火烧迹地的物种丰富度指数与Simpson指数、物种丰富度指数与Shannon-Wiener指数的相关性均不强（P<0.1或P>0.1），其他指数间的相关性均较强（P<0.001或P<0.01）。物种丰富度指数为5年火烧迹地>15年火烧迹地>未过火林地，Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均为15年火烧迹地>未...     

北京山区典型林分生长季叶面积指数动态变化

叶面积指数为植物冠层表面的物质循环与能量循环提供了结构化的定量信息,是估算植被冠层功能的重要参数,也是生态系统中最重要的结构参数之一。以北京西山实验林场作为研究区域,以研究区域内5种典型林分作为研究对象,对各林分生长季内的叶面积指数进行测量,结果表明:1)不同植物类型叶面积指数表现为乔木林草本层灌木林;4种乔木林分类型生长季平均叶面积指数大小排序为栓皮栎林刺槐林油松林侧柏林。2)在整个生长季,4种乔木林分的叶面积指数表现出了一致的变化趋势,均表现为"增大—平稳—减小"的趋势;3)灌木林叶面积指数的变异系数均高于乔木林与草本层,就整个生长季,5种林分的变异系数为灌木林(荆条)栓皮栎林刺槐林侧柏林油松林。     

贵州喀斯特地区侧柏人工林天然更新效果的因子分析法研究

以2005年设于贵州喀斯特地区普定县的12块侧柏人工林样地的调查资料为基础,利用统计软件SPSS中的因子分析方法,分析了喀斯特地区侧柏人工林分的8个因子对其林分天然更新幼树株数的影响。结果表明:每公顷天然更新的侧柏幼树株数与其林分的郁闭度、林木株数以及林地的坡向具有显著的相关性。可将影响侧柏人工林天然更新效果的8个因素归并为林分结构、土壤条件和地形条件,它们在其更新中作用的大小顺序为林分结构>土壤条件>地形条件。     

Distribution of saproxylic beetles in a recently burnt landscape of the northern boreal forest of Québec

This study evaluated the importance of burned habitat characteristics as well as the likely dispersal from specific habitats in the distribution of saproxylic beetles the same year as a fire occurred, in burned black spruce stands (Picea mariana [Mill] B.S.P.) in the northern boreal forest of Québec. The distribution of early post-fire saproxylic species was mainly driven by burned habitat attributes at the plot scale (0.04 ha), especially fire severity, suggesting that the effect of environment attributes can act at a relatively fine scale. Some xylophagous and most predaceous species were more abundant in severely burned stands whereas fire severity had the opposite effect on several common mycophagous species. The amount of newly fire-killed trees that could be used as breeding substrates in the burned stands had only a weak positive influence on these functional groups. The great majority of early saproxylic species were weakly associated with the distance from unburned forests or other recently burned patches that could act as potential “source habitats”. Indeed, these variables were of lesser importance than the attributes of the burned habitat. Woody debris that were already present in plots before the fire, potentially serving as local of source-populations for early colonizers, had virtually no influence on the local abundance of species. Many saproxylic species, including some true pyrophilous, clearly showed higher abundance as distance from unburned stands increased. This unexpected relation may reflect that dispersal of insects toward the burnt landscape very shortly after fire could be driven by the higher amount of volatiles released by severely burned forests, which are more likely as distance from unburned forest increased.     

Forest structure and woody plant species composition after a wildfire in beech forests in the north of Iran

Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forest covers about 565,000 ha of land in Guilan province, north of Iran and forms a major carbon pool. It is an important economic, soil protection and recreation resource. We studied long-term effects of fire on the structure and composition 37 years after fire occurrence in these forests. To do this research, we selected 85 ha burned and 85 ha unburned beech forests). The results indicated that the fire had not changed the overall uneven-aged structure, but it changed forest composition from pure stands to mixed stands that now include species such as Carpinus betulus, Acer cappadocicum and Alnus subcordata. The density of trees and regeneration was significantly increased, while the density of shrubs significantly decreased. The main reasons for increased tree regeneration were attributed to (1) reduction of litter depth, and (2) increase in available light from opening of the canopy and reduction in shrub competition. It is apparent that the forest is on a path to return to its natural state before the fire after 37 years.     

Understorey fuel load estimation along two post-fire chronosequences of Pinus halepensis Mill. forests in Central Greece

Pinus halepensis forests are among the forest ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin most affected by fire. Their distribution across lowland areas, in particular along the wildland–urban interface, increases the need to understand their ecology and responses to fire regime for their effective management. Apart from the extremely flammable tree layer, in several stands of these forests there is an increased fuel load attributed to the well-developed understorey of evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs. Taking into consideration that, in contrast with the long period required for full development of post-fire-regenerating pines, these shrubs resprout vigorously within the first post-fire weeks, it is important to explore the temporal trend of fuel accumulation to determine the risk of a second fire across a burned landscape. Two post-fire chronosequences of, in total, 12 P. halepensis stands were considered for sampling in Central Greece. The first chronosequence corresponds to pine stands characterized by the dominance of evergreen sclerophyllous shrubs in the understorey (Type 1) whereas the second chronosequence corresponds to pine stands where the cover of such shrubs was lower (Type 2). This study helps in understanding the fuel dynamics according to the type of P. halepensis forest stand and to anticipate future biomass growth. The proposed equations are simple tools, enabling land managers to estimate understorey total fuel load easily by visually recording the cover and height of the evergreen sclerophyllous shrub component, to justify understorey fuel reduction measures.     

延安城郊防护林外貌结构及林下植物的多样性

在延安对刺槐、油松、侧柏纯林及刺槐 侧柏、刺槐 油松混交林等几种黄土高原主要人工林群落外貌结构、林下植物多样性特征进行了研究.结果表明:混交林群落外貌结构较为复杂,林下植物群落类型各不相同;林下植物的Simpson多样性指数和Shnnon-wiener多样性指数分别为0.902 57～0.674 88和2.012 88～1.479 67,刺槐 油松林最高,16年生刺槐纯林最低;32年生刺槐纯林林下植物优势度最高者是糙隐子草,16年生刺槐纯林则为牡蒿,其它林型都是铁杆蒿;本地区选择防护林类型时,应优先选择刺槐 油松或刺槐 侧柏混交,对已有的成熟或衰退刺槐纯林可采取择伐萌蘖抚育,并间植油松或刺柏,形成针阔混交林.     

北京西山林场可燃物含水率与气象要素关系

在北京西山林场建立侧柏、栓皮栎、黄栌、元宝枫和油松5种森林类型内建立观测点,从2008年12月至2009年9月,在各个类型内测定活可燃物和死可燃物含水率,并且建立可燃物含水率预测模型预测可燃物含水率。结果表明:1)可燃物含水率与气象要素中的温度、湿度、风速、降水量和连旱天数显著相关;2)可燃物含水率在每日变化呈现谷状,13:00—14:00达到每日最小值;3)可燃物含水率在1—3月初始值较低,4—6月活可燃物含水率急速增加,7—9月可燃物含水率基本达到一年内最大值。     

Spatial variability in stand structure and density-dependent mortality in newly established post-fire stands of a California closed-cone pine forest

Fire is an important process in California closed-cone pine forests; however spatial variability in post-fire stand dynamics of these forests is poorly understood. The 1995 Vision Fire in Point Reyes National Seashore burned over 5000 ha, initiating vigorous Pinus muricata (bishop pine) regeneration in areas that were forested prior to the fire but also serving as a catalyst for forest expansion into other locales. We examined the post-fire stand structure of P. muricata forest 14 years after fire in newly established stands where the forest has expanded across the burn landscape to determine the important factors driving variability in density, basal area, tree size, and mortality. Additionally, we estimated the self-thinning line at this point in stand development and compared the size-density relationship in this forest to the theorized (−1.605) log-log slope of Reineke’s Rule, which relates maximum stand density to average tree size. Following the fire, post-fire P. muricata density in the expanded forest ranged from 500 to 8900 live stems ha⁻¹ (median density = 1800 ha⁻¹). Post-fire tree density and basal area declined with increasing distance to individual pre-fire trees, but showed little variation with other environmental covariates. Self-thinning (density-dependent mortality) was observed in nearly all stands with post-fire density >1800 stems ha⁻¹, and post-fire P. muricata stands conformed to the size-density relationship predicted by Reineke’s Rule. This study demonstrates broad spatial variability in forest development following stand-replacing fires in California closed-cone pine forests, and highlights the importance of isolated pre-fire trees as drivers of stand establishment and development in serotinous conifers.     

Forest fire effects in beech dominated mountain forest of Iran

Most of world's forests of different climates have a history of fire, but with different severities. Fire regimes for broadleaf deciduous forests have return intervals that vary from many decades (or less) to centuries (or more). Iran has a total of 1.2 million ha of temperate forest in the north, where fires burn about 300–400 ha annually. This study focused on the impact of fire on forest structure, tree species quality, and regeneration composition (specially beech) in the Chelir forest of northern Iran. The results showed that forest fires changed the structure and had different effects on tree species composition between burned and control areas. Thin barked species such as oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and coliseum maple (Acer cappadocicum Gled.) have been affected more than those with thick bark, like hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) and chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey). The density of oriental beech regeneration in the unburned area was greater than in the burned area, while the quantity of regeneration of hornbeam, coliseum maple and velvet maple (Acer velutinum Boiss) was higher in burned area. Forest fire had a greater effect on oriental beech quality, and changed regeneration composition in the burned area. Fire prevention activities should be considered as a silvicultural treatment for preserving these valuable forests.     

Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros oak forests,Iran

Zagros forests are mainly covered byQuercus brantii L. coppices and oak sprout clumps occupy the forest area like patches. We investigated post-fire herbaceous diversity in the first growing season after fire. For this purpose neighboring burned and unburned areas were selected with the same plant species and ecological conditions. The data were collected from areas subjected to different fire severities. Overall 6 treatments were considered with respect to fire severity and the mi-crosites of inside and outside of oak sprout clumps including： unburned inside and outside of sprout clumps （Ni and No）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with high fire severity （H）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with moderate fire severity （M）, outside of sprout clumps that burned with low fire severity （OH and OM）. Different herbaceous com-position was observed in the unburned inside and outside of oak sprout clumps. The species diversity and richness were increased in treatments burned with low and moderate fire severity. However, in treatment burned with high fire severity （H）, herbaceous cover was reduced, even-ness was increased, and richness and diversity were not significantly changed. We concluded that besides the microsites conditions in forest, fire severity is an inseparable part of the ecological effect of fire on her-baceous composition.