Taxonomic relationships and interspecific hybridization in the genus Lolium (grasses)

Phylogenetic trees of the 8 species of the genus Lolium and of Festuca pratensis have been derived from frequency data at 13 isozyme loci using different distance algorithms. The best tree was obtained by the distance-Wagner method with the Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards chord distance. This tree appears robust when tested by bootstrap resampling of loci. This confirmed previous knowledge on species relationships in the genus Lolium, with supplementary data on the taxonomic position of the less studied L. persicum and L. canariense. Attempts were made to hybridize 4 Lolium species and F. pratensis. True interspecific hybrids, as confirmed by isozyme markers, were obtained for L. perenne x L. temulentum, L. temulentum x L. rigidum, L. temulentum x L. canariense and L. canariense x F. pratensis. This is the first report of this new form of Festulolium, which was obtained at a fairly high frequency, giving argument to a possible genetic proximity between L. canariense, an endemic species restricted to Atlantic islands, and F. pratensis, which has a more widespread, northern distribution. However, chromosome pairing analysis at meiosis did not support this conclusion, as the F1 L. canariense x F. pratensis definitely showed a higher level of asynapsis compared to that reported for L. perenne x F. pratensis. The apparently close relation between L. canariense and F. pratensis seen on the tree is therefore postulated to be an artefact, due to the low number of loci studied.     

Cytogenetic analysis of Kengyilia mutica (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen and Baum (Poaceae: Triticeae)

Kengyilia mutica (Keng) Yang, Yen et Baum is a hexaploid perennial grass of the tribe Triticeae native to western central China. The analyzer species with known genomic constitution used to produce interspecific hybrids with the target taxon were Roegneria kamoji Ohwi (StStHHYY), K. hirsuta (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY) and K. rigidula (Keng) J. L. Yang, Yen et Baum (PPStStYY). Analysis of metaphase I pairing configurations in the F₁ hybrids indicates that K. mutica possesses the P, St and Y genomes, with only minor structural rearrangements. Chromosome pairing in hybrids supports the inclusion of K. mutica in the genus Kengyilia.     

Expression and inheritance of isozymes in Brassica species and in their interspecific hybrids

Abstract

Gene expression was analysed by means of isozyme electrophoresis for three diploid species Brassica rapa (genome AA), B. nigra (BB), and B. oleracea/ B. oleracea var. alboglabra (CC), three amphidiploids B. juncea (AABB), B. napus (AACC) and B. carinata (BBCC), and in 15 interspecific hybrids from crosses within and between the diploids and the amphidiploids. Five enzyme systems were assessed: glucosephosphate isomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, phosphoglucomutase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase. Alleles descending from the diploid species were found both in natural and artificially produced amphidiploids. No effect of reciprocal crosses was observed. i.e., the Brassica isozymes were under nuclear gene control. Mendelian segregation in the F₂ generation from crossing two resynthesized B. napus was observed for the loci glucosephosphate isomerase-2 and phosphoglucomutase-3. Genome-specific alleles were identified for several loci. No alteration in the allelic expression of isozymes was found when assembling all three Brassica genomes in the trigenomic interspecific hybrids. Moreover, trigenomic hybrids were capable of disclosing a silent allele of leucine aminopeptidase from B. carinata, and thus in this study the capability of isozyme analysis for detecting hidden variation was demonstrated.     

农业工程与中国农业现代化相互关系分析

农业工程是中国农业现代化的重要技术支撑和物质保障,农业工程技术进步与农业现代化发展的相关度越来越高。在加快推进"工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化"同步发展的新要求下,农业现代化面对的是一个更加复杂的社会巨系统,其复杂性、动态性、开放性和异质性不断增加。农业工程作为农业现代化发展的核心要素,已不能仅靠本系统的力量孤立发展,而需在农业现代化这一更高层次系统的剧变中发现自身与系统中其他构成因素的关系和相互作用规律,从而更好发挥自身作用,实现与农业现代化的互动共赢。该文以"中国特色现代农业建设路径研究"为基础,综合利用有组织系统和先进生产力构建的理论、工具、方法,通过分析中国农业现代化的系统目标、系统构成以及农业工程在系统中的地位、作用和与其他要素、结构、环境的关系,从而获得农业工程发展的数量、质量、运动量、结构对中国农业现代化发展质量和速度的影响。研究表明,农业工程受现代农业发展环境、要素影响较大,而农业工程则对中国农业现代化的发展结构,特别是劳动力、土地、产品的结构产生显著影响并表现出许多同向性,因此农业工程可以通过主动发展、协同发展来加快现代农业发展方式的转变,并为农业工程自身的发展带来更好的发展环境和更多的发展机遇。     

Hybridization of AA genome rice species from Asia and Australia II. Meiotic analysis of Oryza meridionalis and its hybrids

To determine the genomic constitution of Oryza meridionalis Ng (2n=2x=24) and to estimate genomic affinity between Asian and Australian wild species of rice containing the AA genomes, chromosome pairing was analyzed at metaphase I in O. meridionalis, O. rufipogon Griff. (2n=2x=24), O. nivara Sharma et Shastry (2n=2x=24), O. sativa f. spontanea Rosch, and their artifical hybrids. The Oryza parental species and their F1 hybrids showed normal meiosis, but slightly reduced chiasma fequency was observed in the hybrids. It is concluded from the cytological analysis that (i) the Australian O. meridionalis contains the AA genome which has very high affinity to that in the Asian AA genome wild species of rice; (ii) chromosome structual changes, such as inversions and reciprocal translocations, have occurred in the genomes of the different species studied.     

Chemical and mineralogical studies on the citrus soils in Wakayama Prefecture,Japan

Wakayama Prefecture is one of the important districts of citrus production in Japan. The citrus groves are located in the northern districts of the prefecture along the watershed of the Kii, and Arita rivers. Geologically, the rocks in these districts are classified into crystalline schist, Palaeozoic Upper Chichibu and Mesozoic Cretaceous systems. The associated soils are chiefly members of the Red Yellow Podzolic and Lithosol group.⁷⁾     

瘿螨与寄主植物关系的研究概况

概述了目前国内瘿螨与寄生植物关系的研究进展。研究表明：瘿螨除直接危害植物外，还传播植物病毒病；此外，它与寄生植物之间有着高度的专一性。对其存在问题及今后的研究方向也作了讨论。     

Seasonal and spatial studies on pesticide residues in surface waters of the Shinano river in Japan

Water samples collected once a week from early April 1996 to the end of August 1996 from four sites on the Shinano River in Japan were analyzed for pesticides and their metabolites using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Among the total of 53 chemicals found, 22 were herbicides, 15 were insecticides, 11 were fungicides, and 5 were metabolites. The concentrations of chemicals found ranged from 3 ng/L (bromobutide) to 8200 ng/L (isoprothiolane). Herbicides were found primarily during May and June at all four sites. Insecticides and fungicides were found primarily during July and August at all four sites. The presence of pesticides in the river water correlated with the time of pesticide application to the rice fields near the river.     

Phylogenetic relationships, interspecific hybridization and origin of some rare characters of wild soybean in the subgenus Glycine soja in China

The Glycine subgenus Soja includes two species, cultivated soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.)] and the progenitor wild soybean (G. soja). However, a morphologically intermediate form, the semi-wild soybean (G. gracilis), exists between the two species, and its taxonomic position is under debate. In this study, we evaluated phylogenetic relationships and occurrence events within the subgenus Soja based on genetic variation of SSR loci using a set of accessions comprising wild soybeans (≤3.0?g 100-seed weight), semi-wild soybeans (>3.0?g) and soybean landraces (≥4.0?g). The results showed that semi-wild soybean accessions collected in natural fields should be treated as a variant of G. soja and not of G. max, and were genetically differentiated from the soybean landraces, even large-seeded semi-wild soybean accessions (6.01–9.0?g) with seed weights overlapping with or exceeding those of soybean landraces. Evolutionary bottleneck analysis indicated that semi-wild soybean is not a transitional form in the domestication of cultivated soybeans from wild soybean. G. soja contained two genetically differentiated forms, small-seeded type (typical, plus 2.01–2.50?g) and a large-seeded type (2.51–3.0?g). Genetically, the large-seeded wild soybean was closer to the semi-wild soybean, although in morphology it resembled the typical wild soybean. Ancestry analysis confirmed that cultivated soybean genes have introgressed into modern wild soybean populations. The green cotyledon character and other rare characters such as white flower, grey pubescence, no-seed bloom, and coloured seed-coats (brown, green, and yellow) in wild soybean were shown to be involved in introgression from cultivated soybeans.     

奶牛血样中铜及铜蓝蛋白含量及它们间的相关性研究

本试验检测西宁地区２３头西门塔尔育成牛血清和血浆样品中的铜和铜蓝蛋白（ＣＰＬ）含量，并检查了它们间的相关性。结果表明：血浆和血清铜平均值均低于正常值范围，其中血浆铜在０．５μｇ·ｍＬ－１以下者占被检牛数的６９．５７％，血清铜在０．４μｇ·ｍＬ－１以下者占８２．６１％，提示该牛场至少存在着低铜血症；血清铜与血清ＣＰＬ、血清铜与血浆ＣＰＬ含量间的相关系数ｒ分别为０．７９８５和０．８４９４，其余各关系间（血清铜与血浆铜、血浆铜与血浆ＣＰＬ、血浆铜与血清ＣＰＬ、血浆ＣＰＬ与血清ＣＰＬ间）相关系数ｒ均在０．９１以上。     

陇东黄土高原农田生态系统服务及其权衡协同关系

陇东黄土高原是中国农耕文明发祥地之一,探究其农田生态系统服务及其权衡协同关系对于维持农田生态系统多功能性,促进耕地保护、保障粮食安全具有重要价值。为了厘清其农田生态系统服务之间的权衡协同关系,该研究基于社会经济与资源环境数据,运用降水贮存量法、通用土壤流失方程、InVEST 等6种生态系统服务评估模型,测算2020年农田生态系统供给服务（食物供给）、调节服务（水源涵养、碳固存）、支持服务（土壤保持、生境维持）和文化服务（美学景观）的物理量,并采用皮尔逊相关系数、双变量莫兰指数,分别识别供给服务与其他3类服务之间的权衡协同关系、各项服务之间关系的空间异质性。结果表明：1）研究区农田生态系统食物供给、水源涵养、碳固存、土壤保持服务物质量分别为4.61×10⁶ t、2.45×10⁸ m³、2.94×10⁶ t、6.61×10⁹ t,生境质量服务均值为0.26;供给服务与文化服务均呈“东西高、中北低”的分布格局,调节服务与支持服务则呈“带状”分布格局。2）研究区农田生态系统供给服务与调节、支持、文化服务之间以及食物供给服务与水源涵养、碳固存、土壤保持、生境维持、美学景观服务之间均表现为不同程度的协同关系。3） 研究区农田生态系统4类服务之间、各项子服务之间的权衡协同关系均具有空间自相关性,空间异质性显著。各项服务之间的协同关系“组团”出现在陇东中北部地区,聚集性较明显;各项服务之间的权衡关系则零散分布,聚集性不明显。因此,应全力维持陇东黄土高原农田生态系统多功能性,实施分区管理策略,充分发挥农田生态系统各类服务的协同效应,整体提升农田生态系统服务功能（特别是食物供给服务）,巩固新时代“陇东粮仓”地位。     

石羊河流域绿洲农业发展对地表水与地下水转化关系的影响

基于绿洲农业发展对水资源的依赖性，分析了天然河道渠网化、灌溉面积扩大、渠道引水量增加、渠系高标准衬砌及地下水大量开采对流域平原区地表水与地下水转化关系的影响。结果表明：绿洲农业对水资源的开发利用，在造就了高效和集约化绿洲农业生态系统的同时，也使地表水与地下水之间的转化条件、转化数量及水体质量发生了明显变化，其负面效应已引发了严重的生态环境问题，并直接威胁着绿洲的稳定和发展。     

关于中西生态农业的比较研究

本文以18个项目对比分析，论述了我国的生态农业与西方发达国家生态农业间的差异，并进一步评价了中西生态农业的发展水平。指出我国生态农业在生产实践方面居于领先地位，但科学试验与专业教育较落后。最后指出农业生产的生态化是当代世界上所有生物再生产发展的必然趋势。但中西生态农业在今后相当长的发展过程中仍将存在差别，前者将继续以系统的挖潜增产为主，后者仍将以改善生存环境质量为主。但从生态农业获取优质食品方面，则又是两者今后兼而有之的目标。     

罗平烟区土壤有效硼、钼含量与烟叶硼、钼含量的关系分析

以罗平县植烟土壤为研究对象,分析了罗平县土壤有效硼、有效钼含量及其互作与烟叶硼、钼含量的关系。结果表明:(1)罗平县土壤有效硼含量平均值为0.540 mg/kg,变幅为0.051~3.033 mg/kg,变异系数为77.78%;土壤有效钼含量丰富,平均值为0.489 mg/kg,变幅为0~3.458 mg/kg,变异系数高达98.77%。(2)罗平县烟叶硼含量平均值为16.301 mg/kg,变幅为2.163~35.684 mg/kg,符合优质烤烟硼含量范围内的样本数占总数的88.89%;烟叶钼含量偏低,平均值为0.535 mg/kg,变幅为0.059~4.059 mg/kg,符合优质烟叶生长发育钼含量的样本数占总样本数的48.83%。(3)烟叶硼含量与土壤有效硼含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.215,烟叶硼含量(y^)与土壤有效硼含量(x)的回归方程为y^=14.720+2.925x;烟叶钼含量与土壤有效钼含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.411,烟叶钼含量(y^)与土壤有效钼含量(x)的回归方程为y^=0.335+0.409x;(4)土壤有效硼和有效钼的交互作用对烟叶硼含量存在极显著影响,但对烟叶钼含量的影响未达到显著水平。     

三江源区近数十年河流输沙及水沙关系变化

河川径流及泥沙在保障水资源、塑造河道形态、维持区域环境及生态系统等方面起着重要作用.为探讨三江源区河流输沙及水沙关系,基于三江源区9个水文站径流泥沙观测资料,采用Mann-Kendall趋势检验、Mann-Kendall突变检验方法分析输沙量、含沙量的变化趋势及突变特征,利用评级曲线法,分析水沙关系.结果表明:1)从输沙量来看,仅长江源区的新寨输沙量呈显著减少趋势,并在1998年发生突变;2)长江源区新寨含沙量显著减少,黄河源区的黄河沿、同仁及唐乃亥含沙量显著增加,其他水文站含沙量没有显著变化趋势,新寨和同仁含沙量分别在1999和1989年存在突变特征;3)直门达以上的长江源区及澜沧江源区水沙关系未发生明显变化,长江源区的新寨水文站控制区及黄河源区水沙关系发生变化;4)水流挟沙能力的变化表现出了明显的空间差异性,主要分为减弱、增强及稳定3种类型.河流输沙及水沙关系发生的变化,可能与气候变化和人类活动等有关,研究成果可为三江源区流域规划和生态保护,以及下游水库泥沙淤积研究等提供参考.     

亏缺灌溉对中国西北干旱区棉花生长、水分利用特征和产量的影响

Water shortage is a key constraint to sustainable agricultural production in Xinjiang, Northwest China. To enhance the use efficiency of valuable irrigation water resources, a 2-year experiment(2010–2011) was conducted to quantify the response of cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.) growth and yield to different degrees of deficit irrigation(DI) regimes; to determine the effects of DI on the characteristics of water use for cotton, seasonal water use, available soil water in the root zone, soil water depletion, evapotranspiration(ET)-based water use efficiency and irrigation-based water use efficiency, and to determine the best DI regime for optimal water-saving and yield output. The plots were irrigated at 100%(100ET), 85%(85ET), 70%(70ET), 55%(55ET) and 45%(45ET) of the regional ET of cotton in northern Xinjiang. The effect of DI irrigation on water use characteristics was evaluated by analyzing available soil water and soil water depletion in the root zone along with water use efficiencies of cotton. The study showed that the growth, water use characteristics and yield of cotton varied with irrigation regime. Seasonal ET and seed cotton yield were linearly correlated with irrigation amount. The second-order polynomial equation best approximated water-yield relationship of cotton in the study area.Cotton yield response factor was 0.65, suggesting limited water conditions were suitable for cotton cultivation. Economic evaluation of DI treatments confirmed that the yield loss was less than 10% under 70 ET and 85 ET, which was acceptable for greater sustainability.The results suggested that proper DI schemes were necessary for sustainable cotton production in the region. While irrigation at 85 ET was safe for high cotton yield, irrigation at 70 ET was a viable alternative under limited irrigation water availability.     

基于PSR模型的中国人地关系协调发展时空格局及其影响因素

科学认知人类活动与地域系统的互动关系是实现人地关系协调发展的重要依据.该研究构建了人地关系协调发展压力-状态-响应(Press-State-Response,PSR)评价理论体系,并利用2002、2007、2012和2017年中国省域截面相关数据,分析了中国人地关系协调发展时空演化特征及其空间分异影响因素.结果表明:1...     

中国土地资源研究进展与发展趋势

简要评述了近年来我国土地资源调查、土地利用规划、土地综合整治、可持续土地利用、土地资源优化配置与集约利用、土地资源安全与生态利用等领域研究取得的新进展。分析评判了中国土地资源学科发展的战略需求、目标定位和主要趋势。梳理总结了土地资源学术研究趋向和重点领域, 探讨了面向国民经济与社会发展转型战略, 进一步深化中国土地资源研究的具体建议和对策。指出了适应转型发展新形势, 中国土地资源创新研究要加强土地多学科集成研究、创新土地工程与技术体系、支撑土地整治规划设计和探索土地民生机制与途径, 扎实推进土地资源问题工程化、工程问题科学化和科学问题精准化。     

我国北方37个高产春玉米品种干物质生产及氮素利用特性

选育氮高效品种是实现玉米高产高效生产的根本途径。为探明我国北方目前主推高产春玉米的物质生产及氮素利用特性,本研究选择该区域高产品种37个,采用盆栽试验,依粒重和氮素子粒生产效率划分其类型,分为高产高效（I）、高产中效（Ⅱ）、中产中效（Ⅲ）及低产低效（Ⅳ）4种类型。其中,中产中效型品种最多,为56.8%;高产高效型品种最少,仅为8.1%;高产中效型和低产低效型品种分别为13.5%和21.6%。4个类型品种干物质生产及氮素利用效率开花前差异不显著,开花后是产生差异的关键时期;成熟期I型品种干物质和氮向子粒的分配比例较高,而Ⅳ型品种向根和茎秆的分配比例较高。同时,I型品种的氮转移量、氮转移效率和贡献率显著高于其他3类型品种。经相关和通径分析,氮素干物质生产效率、粒重及氮含量与氮素子粒生产效率显著相关。所以,较高的粒重和较低的植株氮含量是高产氮高效品种的基本特征。     

山区乡村多功能发展与乡村聚落演变的耦合机理

探究山区乡村功能多元化与乡村聚落演变的耦合关系,对山区乡村振兴和乡村可持续发展具有重要意义。通过构建二者的耦合协调综合评价指标体系,利用耦合协调度模型和地理探测器等方法,以三峡库区腹地奉节县为研究区,定量探究了乡村功能多元化与乡村聚落演变的耦合关系及驱动机制,进而提出了相关建议。结果表明：1）研究区乡村功能多元化和乡村聚落演变综合指数呈上升趋势;两系统耦合协调度逐年增长,失调乡镇数量减少,在空间上呈现“西低东高,南低北高”的发展态势。2）乡村功能多元化与乡村聚落演变耦合协调度具有明显的空间集聚特征,高高集聚区域主要集中在永安街道等中心城镇的郊区。3）基于功能多元化综合指数与聚落演变综合指数的增减关系,该文将各乡镇归纳为活力型、衰退型、转型型和传统型4种耦合模式。4）人口密度、人均GDP、人类活动强度等社会经济因素是主要驱动因子,各因子间的交互作用大部分为非线性增强和双因子增强。该文的研究方法和研究结果可为其他地区进行相关研究以及制定差异化的村落振兴方案提供参考。