清水河上游流域可收集雨水资源量估算与检验

以北京市西部山区典型流域——清水河上游流域为例,采用地理信息系统(GIS)和SCS(Soil Conservation Service)相结合的方法,估算了该流域不同土地利用类型在不同水文年6-8月可收集雨水资源量;并选取2008-2009年6-8月10场降雨的实测径流量数据,与SCS-CN模型计算的径流量进行误差分析,用来检验SCS-CN模型的精确度。结果表明:(1)研究区枯水年(p=75%),平水年(p=50%),丰水年(p=25%)6-8月可收集雨水资源量分别为7.16×10⁷,1.04×10⁸,5.71×10⁷ m³,占全年的平均百分比为82.43%;(2)不同土地利用类型在平水年6-8月可收集雨水资源量占总量百分比分别为:草地和林地占86.13%,耕地和园地占4.87%,工矿仓储用地、住宅等其他土地利用类型占9%;(3)利用SCS-CN模型计算径流值与实测值相比,合格率达到90%。     

用偏最小二乘法及傅立叶变换近红外光谱快速检测白酒酒精度

为了得到白酒工业中酒精度的快速检测技术,将偏最小二乘法与傅立叶变换近红外光谱相结合,通过解析白酒样品的近红外光谱图和对光谱进行不同的预处理,结果表明：用最大最小归一化法预处理光谱,光谱范围选择9747.1～7498.3 cm^-1和6102～5446.3 cm^-1,采用内部交叉验证建立模型,决定系数(R²)为99.99%,交互验证均方根差(RMSECV)为0.165%,主成分数为4,此条件下建模效果较好;模型进行验证结果表明预测集相关系数(R²)为99.80%,预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.264%,模型的预测效果很好,具有较高的精密度和良好的稳定性,能满足生产中白酒酒精度的快速检测要求。     

基于气候阻力的温室黄瓜蒸腾速率模拟

在北方地区玻璃温室内,观测黄瓜生长期叶温与温室内微气象因子,利用基于能量平衡方程和水汽扩散理论的叶-气温差方程计算植株气孔阻力(ri),结合同期气候阻力(r^*)和边界层阻力(re)进行分析,结果发现：不同天气条件下ri/re的比值与r^*/re比值之间呈极显著正相关关系,晴天时：ri/re=1.207(r^*/re)-0.326(n=328,r=0.8055),阴天时：ri/re=0.169(r^*/re)+0.278(n=222,r=0.8076)。根据此拟合方程,以r^*/re代替ri/re代入修正后的P-M公式中计算温室黄瓜的蒸腾速率,与直接代入ri值的计算结果比较,结果晴天与阴天条件下的相对误差均<10%,一致性指数达0.96以上,说明利用拟合方程建立的模型模拟效果很好。此模型能够直接利用气象数据计算温室作物气孔阻力并进而计算蒸腾速率,使温室作物蒸腾速率的计算更简单方便,该文结果对同类温室和作物有参考价值。     

二价锰离子对柠檬酸还原六价铬的催化作用

The catalysis of manganese(Ⅱ) (Mn²⁺) on chromium(Ⅵ) (Cr⁶⁺) reduction by citrate was studied through batch experiments with the concentration of citrate greatly in excess of Cr⁶⁺ at 25℃ and in pH ranges of 4.0 to 5.0. Results showed that at pH 4.5 within 22 h direct reduction of Cr⁶⁺ by citrate was not observed, but for the same time when Mn²⁺ (50 to 200μmol L^-1) was added, nearly all Cr⁶⁺ was reduced, with the higher initial Mn²⁺ concentration having faster Cr⁶⁺ reduction. In the initial stage of the reaction, the Cr⁶⁺ reduction could be described with a pseudo-first-order kinetics equation. In the later stage of the reaction, plots of lnc(Cr⁶⁺) versus t, where c(Cr⁶⁺) is the Cr⁶⁺ concentration in the reaction and t is the reaction time, deviated from the initial linear trend. The deviations suggested that the pseudo-first-order kinetics did not apply to the whole experimental period and that some reaction intermediates could have greatly accelerated Cr⁶⁺ reduction by citrate. The catalysis of the intermediates increased with the reaction time and gradually reached stability. Then, the plot of lnc(Cr⁶⁺) versus t in the presence of Mn²⁺ was linear again, with the rate constant increasing by 102 times compared with the absence of Mn²⁺. Complexation between Mn²⁺ and citrate was likely a prerequisite for the catalysis of Mn²⁺ on the reaction. Additional experiments showed that introducing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) into the reaction system strongly suppressed the catalysis of Mn²⁺.     

棉秆生物质炭添加对棉田土壤理化性质及根际微生物群落结构的影响

以新疆滴灌棉田为研究对象,研究生物质炭施用对棉田土壤理化性质和棉花根际土壤微生物群落特征的影响。试验采集了不施生物质炭(CK)、施生物质炭3 t/hm²(BC1)、施生物质炭6 t/hm²(BC2)和施生物质炭9 t/hm²(BC3)4种处理棉花根际土壤,分析土壤理化性质和根际土壤微生物群落结构和组成的变化。结果表明,生物质炭施用后土壤pH和电导率分别下降了5.58% ~ 9.18%和5.38% ~ 18.04%;与CK相比,生物质炭施用使土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和有效磷含量均显著增加,且BC3增加效果最好,但生物质炭施用导致土壤钾含量显著降低。生物质炭施用显著降低了浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)相对丰度,但增加了子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、斯克尔曼氏菌属(Skermanella)、苔藓杆菌属(Bryobacter)、毛壳菌属(Chaetomium)、头束霉菌属(Cephalotrichum)、金孢属(Chrysosporium)和拟棘壳孢属(Pyrenochaetopsis)的相对丰度。另外,生物质炭施用降低了根际土壤微生物多样性和细菌丰富度,但根际土壤真菌的丰富度提高。生物质炭施用显著影响根际土壤微生物特别是真菌的群落结构,电导率、速效钾和pH是根际土壤微生物群落的主要影响因子。研究表明,生物质炭施用可以改善棉田土壤理化性质进而影响根际土壤微生物群落组成和结构,9 t/hm²为本试验的推荐施用量。     

淮北主要土壤持水性能及其与颗粒组成的关系

本文研究了淮北主要耕作土壤的持水曲线、颗粒组成和微团聚体组成等物理性质,发现经验方程θ=AS^-B在中、低吸力段对土壤持水曲线有良好的模拟性,F检验都达到0.001的显著性水平。由此推导出比水容量为:C_θ=-(dθ/ds)=ABS^-(B+1),用解析法计算出各吸力值下不同土壤的比水容量,并认为AB值可作为土壤持水性能好坏的评价指标。同时尝试了以对数S型曲线的I型:P=1/a₂+b₂c^-lgD拟合土壤的颗粒大小分配曲线,以Ⅱ型:N(μ,σ)=a₂+b₂ lgD拟合微团聚体分布曲线,得到了较好的结果。并分析了土壤水分性质与其它物理性质的关系,以及这三个拟合方程中各参数的意义与相互关系,说明该区域土壤持水性能与颗粒组成、微团聚体有密切相关。     

肉馅高密度CO2杀菌效果和杀菌动力学研究

研究了不同压力、温度和时间的高密度CO₂对肉馅的杀菌效果及杀菌动力学模型,以相对均方误(RMSE) 和决定系数(R2)为衡量指标考察了线性(Linear)、威布尔(Weibull)和逻辑斯谛(Log-Logistic)模型拟合的效果。结果表明：高密度CO₂对肉馅的杀菌效果随处理压力、温度和时间的增加而增强;D值（使90%的细菌失活所需的时间）在50MPa、75 ℃时达到最小为4.4 min,Z_P值（D值降低一个对数所需增加的压力）在75 ℃时达到最小为60.3 MPa,Z_T值（D值降低一个对数所需增加的温度）在50 MPa时达到最小为30.6 ℃;与Linear模型相比,Weibull和Log-Logistic模型能更好地拟合高密度CO₂杀菌曲线。RMSE和R2分析表明,Weibull模型最好地拟合了高密度CO₂处理下细菌失活动力学变化。     

甘肃省小陇山林区降雨型浅层滑坡汇水面积-坡度关系及其影响因素

沟头发生侵蚀的地形临界模型可有效预测侵蚀沟的形成条件,浅层滑坡失稳形成的洼地也是沟头形成的方式之一。为探究浅层滑坡临界起动模型的特点,以甘肃省天水市小陇山林区的降雨型浅层滑坡为研究对象,运用汇水面积-坡度关系,构建临界起动模型,与黄土高原典型侵蚀沟(浅沟、切沟)的临界起动模型进行对比分析,并探讨土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地对该模型的影响。结果表明:(1)浅层滑坡临界起动模型为S=3.50A_s^-0.34,其侵蚀阈值为3.50,大于黄土高原典型浅沟(0.96)和切沟(1.54)的侵蚀阈值。研究区浅层滑坡一般发生于土层较薄的陡坡地带,其平均坡度(S=1.26)大于浅沟(S=0.35)与切沟(S=0.46),单位汇水面积(A=89.08 m²/m)小于浅沟(A=920.93 m²/m)和切沟(A=1 129.82 m²/m)。(2)汇水面积与坡度平方的乘积(AS²)代表了沟头产生侵蚀的能量指标值。研究区浅层滑坡AS²值在269.1~5 703.2 m²,平均值为1 772.97 m²,黄土高原浅沟AS²值在4.74~892.66 m²,切沟在41~814 m²,启动能量值方面,浅沟<切沟<浅层滑坡。(3)土地利用类型、植被类型和土壤质地通过影响土壤的抗冲力、渗透性和黏粒含量,从而对浅层滑坡的起动难易程度产生影响。在不同的土地利用方式中,农地最易发生侵蚀,其次是林地。油松林附近浅层滑坡的抗侵蚀能力高于日本落叶松林。研究结果为探究浅层滑坡的起动条件提供理论依据。     

仿生膜对轻度加工葡萄自由基和保护酶的影响

以红地球葡萄为试验材料,研究壳聚糖仿生膜对轻度加工葡萄品质和超氧阴离子自由基(O₂^-·)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、电解质渗漏以及超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶活性动态变化的影响,探讨轻度加工果实组织衰老和与保护酶的关系,以及仿生膜在果实成熟衰老进程的作用。结果表明：与对照相比,1.5%的壳聚糖仿生膜能抑制SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,减低O₂^-·生成速率,进而抑制MDA的积累,维持细胞膜的稳定性,延缓果实成熟衰老进程。相关性分析表明,O₂^-·生成速率与SOD、CAT呈极显著负相关(r=－0.975^**,－0.546^**),与POD呈显著正相关(r=0.442^*),说明保护酶对抑制O₂^-·产生具有重要作用。1.5%壳聚糖仿生膜可有效抑制保护酶活性降低和自由基的产生,1.2%和1.8%壳聚糖仿生膜没有明显的效果。     

生物炭施用对冻结期退化黑土水热盐动态变化的影响

[目的] 生物炭施用可改变土壤理化性状,研究不同生物炭施用方式对土壤水、热及电导率(EC)分布的影响,可为季节性冻土科学管理提供依据。[方法] 利用田间定位试验,通过长期观测,研究东北黑土区不同生物炭施用方式对冻结期的土壤液态水含量、温度及EC的影响差异。生物炭施用方式包括一次性生物炭混施40 t/hm²(HO)、生物炭底施40 t/hm²(HE),空白为0 t/hm²(CK)。[结果] 2种生物炭施用方式均增加冻结期土壤平均液态水含量(p＜0.05),表现为HO＞HE＞CK;整个试验周期内生物炭施用均显著增加土壤EC,且HO和HE处理土壤平均EC分别比CK增加17.73%,6.89%;2种生物炭施用方式对土壤温度影响不同,与CK相比,HE处理土壤平均温度提高0.32 ℃,而HO处理土壤平均温度降低0.46 ℃。此外,HE处理相较于HO和CK处理减弱冻结期土壤液态水、温度及EC的变化幅度。[结论] 生物炭混施和底施均有利于提高冻结期退化黑土液态水含量和EC,特别是生物炭底施还有利于提升冻结期耕层土壤温度,而生物炭混施在同时期还有利于减缓土壤冻结作用,2种生物炭施用方式均可能对冻结期土壤水盐运移和物质转化过程有重要影响,甚至对春季作物出苗和早期生长产生重要影响。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

On the Taxonomy of the Members of ‘Saccharum Complex’

The difficulty and problems encountered in the study of cultivated plants, in general and sugarcane, in particular has been indicated. In order to understand these problems, a brief review on the taxonomy of Saccharum and closely related taxa, namely, Erianthus, Sclerostachya, Narenga and Miscanthus (generally known as ‘Saccharum complex’) has been given. A short account on the important morphological features that are specific to sugarcane has also been stated as classification is commonly based on such morphological characters. A note has been added on the chromosome number, origin, and distribution of the species of ‘Saccharum complex’ members. Taxonomic keys have been devised for identification of the genera of Saccharinae and for the species of Saccharum and Erianthus occurring in India. A new combination, Sclerostachya fallax (Balansa) Amalraj et Balasundaram, has also been proposed.     

Yield and N assimilation of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Norstar) inoculated with rhizobacteria

The effects of bacterial inoculants on the growth of winter wheat were studied in a growth chamber. Azospirillum brasilense, Azotobacter chroococcum, Bacillus polymyxa, Enterobacter cloacae, or a mixture of the four rhizobacteria were the inoculants tested. Inoculation effects on yield, yield components, and N-derived from fertilizer (Ndff) were assessed. The response of plants inoculated with individual bacteria was inconsistent and varied with treatment. At the first harvest (58 days after planting-DAP) plants inoculated with the mixture exhibited increases in plant dry weight, total-N and Ndff. At the second harvest (105 DAP), plants inoculated with A. brasilense and the mixture exhibited increases in shoot biomass, whereas at maturity (170 DAP), the inoculated plants showed no differences in total-N or shoot dry matter yield, as compared to the uninoculated controls. Inoculation with A. brasilense, however, increased the Ndff in the shoots, and B. polymyxa tended to enhance grain yield. Practical use of these rhizobacteria as inoculants for winter wheat may have limited value until such time as we better understand factors which influence rhizosphere competence of bacterial inoculants.     

Polymorphism of high molecular weight glutenin subunits in three species of Aegilops

A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality.     

Genetic diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in different regions of Flanders (Belgium)

We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies.     

The effects of feeding by Oniscus asellus on leaf litter sulfur constituents

Summary Feeding by the isopod, Oniscus asellus, produced changes in the sulfur constituents of leaf litter substrates (Acer negundo, A. saccharum, Fagus grandifolia, Picea rubens, and Tsuga canadensis). Isopod consumption of leaf litter generally accelerated the mineralization of carbon-bonded S and increased the formation of ester sulfate in all substrates. After the isopod egestion of A. negundo leaves, fecal decomposition over 6 weeks increased total S concentration from 68 to 120 mol S/g due to the catabolism of organic carbon. During the same period sulfate decreased from 34 to 20 mol S/g and carbon-bonded S increased from 34 to 100 mol S/g. Thus the total S pool in aged feces became enriched with organic S (83% of total S). Macroinvertebrate consumption accelerated the transformation of S constituents and the carbon-bonded S concentration approached that of the Oa organic horizon of a northern hardwood forest.Dedicated to the late Prof. Dr. M.S. Ghilarov     

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.     

Diversity of native rice (Oryza Poaceae:) species of Costa Rica

We found several populations of wild Oryza species in the lowlands of Costa Rica. The plants showed extensive morphological variation, suggesting the presence of several species. In the morphologic study, 33 traits were scored for plants of all the species. A principal component analysis revealed the significant morphological separation of the different species. The analyses indicated that there are three species, O. grandi­glumis, O. latifolia and O. glumaepatula. Two putative hybrid types were found, both significantly differing in their morphology from the known species and intermediate at several traits. O. grandi­glumis is a new record for Costa Rican flora. Its main population is located in Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge, Los Chiles, Alajuela. O. latifolia is distributed throughout the lowlands of the country and the plants of the Atlantic slope are significantly bigger in general habit than those of the Guanacaste area. During this study a population of O. glumaepatula of hundreds of thousands of plants was discovered in the Medio Queso River wetland, Los Chiles, Alajuela. This population is the most important source of genes for cultivar's improvement from the primary gene pool of rice in Costa Rica. The small ligule and the wide flag leaf characteristic of the two CCDD species separated them from the AA diploid O. glumaepatula. Seed size, ligule size, number of branches in the panicle, plant height and sterile lemma length are all bigger in O. grandi­glumis, and influenced the second factor that separated the CCDD species in two discrete clusters. The species found offer great possibilities for the improvement of rice cultivars and they should be thoroughly studied and appropriately protected.