Study on Adsorption of Suspended Sediments to Phosphate in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Suspended sediments play an important role in the transformation process of pollutants in rivers.The adsorption characteristic of suspended sediments in Three Gorges Reservoir Area to phosphate was studied in this paper.Based on the indoor adsorption balancing experiment and kinetic modeling experiment,the main factors for adsorption process of sediments(particle size of sediment,initial concentration etc.) were discussed.The major results of the experiment were as follows:(1) Three kinds of suspended sediments with different particle sizes were used for the study of adsorption characteristic with different sediment concentration.The amount of phosphate adsorption increased with the increase of the sediment concentration and sediment particle size.(2) With the help of Langmuir isotherm theory,the related parameters in kinetic model were estimated,the experiment results indicated that the adsorption isotherm of phosphate in Three Gorges Reservoir Area fitted with the fifth type of Langmuir adsorption isotherm,the maximum amount of phosphate adsorption would emerge when the phosphate concentration was relatively high,but it would move down when the phosphate concentration increased afterwards.(3) Phosphate adsorption increased with the increase of initial phosphate concentration,the average time for adsorption balance was 2-4 hours.     

Nonlinear Science and Control about the Geological Hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Such the geological hazards as landslide, rockfall, debris-flow and so on frequently occur in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, so it is a very practical and immediate job to explore the mechanism caused the geological hazards and how to forecast and control the geological hazards. For this reason, this paper introduces the situation of the geological hazards occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the major type and feature of the geological hazards occurred in Chongqing, and discusses the basic principle about the modern nonlinear science applied to the geological hazards and the creep-slip, stick-slip occurred on the joints of rock mass and the monitoring technology of the geological hazards.The basic thinking is put forward which can be applied the modern nonlinear science to the geological hazards occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

Adsorption & Release of Nitrogen of Soils in Three Gorges Reservoir

The effects of flooding and subsequent air-drying on NH_4~+ adsorption and the release of nitrogen of typical soils adsorbed ammonia in Three Gorges reservoir were studied in the laboratory.The influence of adsorption and release of soils in Three Gorges Reservoir on Aquatic Environment Quality was also studied.The results show that: 1) The adsorption ability is enhanced by flooding and subsequent air-drying.The capacity of the ammonia adsorption capacity was increased from 666 mg/kg to 833 mg/kg.2) Nitrogen,which has been adsorbed by sample soils in drawdrown area of Three Gorge area,is released under simulating flooding condition.The more the soil adsorbed,the more the nitrogen released.The ratio between aerobic condition and anaerobic condition is 1.2~1.4.3) The soils in drawdrown area of Three Gorge Reservoir can adsorb nitrogen from surface runoff,and during submersion periods the nitrogen is released.The risk of Eutrophication is increased in Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Present Situation and Countermeasure of Water Pollution in Yulin River, Yubei District, Chongqing

Yulin River is the major secondary stream of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. According to the requirement of "The Prevention Plan of Water Pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Upper Areas (2001-2010)", the water environment pollution in Yulin River valley should be controlled. In this paper the reason of the water pollution is analyzed through investigation and evaluation on the present situation of Yulin River in North Chongqing area, and then a proposal on the prevention and cure measure of water pollution of Yulin River is presented.     

PAHs Concentration Level Evaluation of Water Purification Plants in Three Gorges Area

With GC/MS Approach, PAHs in raw water and effluent of six water purification plants in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are analyzed quantificationally. Six species of PAHs such as acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene and acenaphthylene are determined. Of which, fluoranthene is priority pollutant firstly listed by SEPA. The results show that there are several variety of PAHs in raw water and effluent in water purification plants of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, but on the whole, PAHs concentration level is low. The results also show that PAHs removal capacity of conventional water treatment techniques is poor.     

基于农户意愿的三峡库区消落带弃耕经济补贴标准估算及影响因素分析

目前在三峡库区消落带耕种行为给三峡库区带来生态环境恶化,通过经济补贴让农户弃耕可以防治库区生态环境恶化。采用意愿调查法,对库区消落带沿岸农户进行随机入户调查。以农户受偿意愿为依据,估算经济补贴标准,并分析影响补贴意愿值的因素。分析统计数据得出：（1）农户对消落带土地依赖性很强,72.1%的农户在消落带土地上有农作行为;（2）农户对消落带生态环境问题感知度高,94.7%的农户愿意接受经济补贴放弃消落带耕地;（3）对农户的补贴意愿值进行加权求平均值得到549.7元/年·户的受偿平均值;（4）农户补贴意愿值与消落带耕地面积呈显著正相关。     

Geological Disasters and Their Damage in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

In this paper, the possible geological disasters in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are reviewed. Firstly, the types of geological disasters are classified and their influencing factors and growth characteristics are analyzed, then the damages, which have happened in this area up to now, are listed. On this basis, five aspects of dangers brought by geological disasters to society and economic environment are analyzed. Finally, a conclusion was drawn that the geological disasters in Three Gorges Reservoir Area have done some harms to this area and the situation becomes worse than before. So some reasonable measures should be taken quickly.     

Study on Treatment and Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes after Completion of Three Gorges Reservoir of Yangtze River

After completion of Three Gorges Reservoir at Yangtze River, protecting and improving the ecological environment of this area is becoming increasingly important factor in comprehensive progress of the economy and society of Chongqing City. The industrial solid wastes are one of the crucial factors influencing the environment quality of Three Gorges Area and they are also the hot and difficult problems influencing the development of economy and society of Chongqing City. At this point, firstly, the discharge, present situation, prospect and development of treatment and utilization of industrial wastes in Chongqing are summarized. Secondly, the experience at home and abroad are analyzed. Then, the way and foreground for recycling the wastes with new technology are also discussed. Finally, countermeasure for treatment and utilization of industrial solid wastes after completion of Three Gorges Reservoir at Yangtze River is brought up. The study on treatment and utilization technology of industrial solid wastes will be beneficial not only to the protection of ecological environment of Three Gorges Area, but to the development of new Chongqing City as well. In a word, it will have great environmental, social and economic benefits.     

黑花生“中花9号”的施肥效应研究

在露地栽培条件下,设置5个复合肥施用量处理,探讨使用万植牌有机无机复合肥(N-P-K=15-15-15)栽培黑花生"中花9号"的适宜施肥量。结果表明:三峡库区采用万植牌有机无机复合肥露地栽培"中花9号"的适宜施肥量为40kg/667m~2,荚果产量可达249.5 kg/667m~2,饱果产量218.0 kg/667m~2,籽仁产量170.3 kg/667m~2,饱满籽仁产量可达126.6 kg/667m~2。     

Evolution and Development Characteristics of Streets in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

City street construction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has a specific character. Some streets have characteristics adapted to changing water levels in the reservoir and to topography. In this paper, we analyze the development course and building char     

Analytical and Calculative Method of Stability of MingShan Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

After the dam of the Three Gorges is built, the raising water will inevitably cause the revival of the part of ancient landslide and the generation of new landslide ,which will influence the town development and traffic safety in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In the light of the specific conditions of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this paper, taking Fengdu's MingShan landslide in Chongqing for an example, has considered ten typical calculative projects, offered the correspondent load systems acting on the sliding mass and put forward the analytical and calculative method to evaluate the stability of a landslide. The ten typical calculative projects include dry season(natural state), raining season (rainstorm or rain for a long period of time), dry season and water level (175m ) of the reservoir, raining season and water level (175 m) of the reservoir, dry season and earthquake, raining season and earthquake, dry season and water level (175 m ) of the reservoir and earthquake, raining season and water level (175 m) of the reservoir and earthquake, dry season and water level lowered from 175 m to 145 m, raining seasons and water level lowered from 175 m to 145 m, and so on.     

低氮胁迫下三峡库区玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态及生理效应

以10个来自三峡库区的玉米地方品种为材料,通过盆栽实验和设置低氮胁迫处理,研究低氮胁迫下玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态和生理效应.结果表明,低氮胁迫对玉米地方品种幼苗植株形态和生理有不同程度的不利影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐低氮特性存在明显差异.不同地方品种的同一植株性状和同一地方品种的不同植株性状的耐低氮胁迫指数存在差异.侧根数、叶面积、根体积和植株干重可作为玉米地方品种耐低氮种质筛选的形态指标,硝酸还原酶活性和丙二醛含量可作为耐低氮种质筛选的生理指标.此外,三峡库区玉米地方品种中有较丰富的耐低氮种质可供玉米育种利用.     

Research on Development of Lateral Aviation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of the Yangtze River

There is a promising future for lateral aviation in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of the Yangtze River because of the abundant natural and cultural tourism resources.The advantage of the lateral aviation is its low investment,convenience,speed,and wide service area.It is an important factor for the future development of tourism in cities in this area.This paper analyzes the realities and problems facing lateral aviation in this area and suggests some countermeasures and planning suggestions for lateral aviation development.     

三峡库区消落带现状与对策研究

芦苇不但有很高的经济价值,在环境保护方面也具有广阔的应用前景.本文通过分析三峡库区消落带的生态环境问题,预测了芦苇在库区的应用前景,即可防止水土流失、水体富营养化、重金属污染、固体废弃物污染、垃圾渗漏液污染和藻类爆发等问题。同时,合理利用芦苇资源还可增加库区人们的经济收入,加快库区农村的经济建设步伐。     

紫色土中联苯菊酯残留对土著微生物的影响

为了阐明紫色土农药残留的生态环境效应特征及土壤微生物响应机理,以三峡库区具代表性的紫色土为材料,通过玉米盆栽模拟试验和平板计数法,研究了残留态联苯菊酯对紫色土土著微生物数量的影响。结果表明,低浓度联苯菊酯对土著细菌和放线菌有显著的促生效应,依联苯菊酯浓度从低到高,土壤细菌和放线菌数量随时间逐次出现最高峰值：第6天,LB-L处理下的细菌和放线菌数分别达9.02×106 个/g和2.77×106 个/g,约为相应对照的9倍和3倍;第11天,LB-M的细菌数约为对照的77倍,达到5.19×107 个/g;第16天时,LB-H的细菌数为1.71×107 个/g,LB-M和LB-H处理下的放线菌数分别为4.04×106 个/g、4.35×106 个/g。其次,联苯菊酯残留对土著真菌有显著且迅速的抑制作用,即使在2.50 mg/kg残留水平下,真菌数量也会在施加联苯菊酯后第2天发生显著降低。再次,紫色土中3种土著微生物类群对残留态联苯菊酯均表现出一定的生态适应性,但表现有所不同：土著细菌的生态响应存在阈值,土著放线菌表现为较长时期内稳定的促生效应,土著真菌则表现为可恢复的抑制效应。试验表明,土壤微生物数量等生物因素可作为联苯菊酯对紫色土根际微生态影响的重要评价指标。     

One-dimensional Water Flow Modeling for Chongqing Region at Two Typical Storage Levels in the Three-Gorges Reservoir

The one-dimensional flow model based on Saint-Venant equation is developed.Then,it is applied to calculate the holistic hydraulic characteristics in the natural condition of the Three Gorges Reservoir in Chongqing region,which is the 500 km-long mainstream beginning at Cuntan and ending at the boundary of Chongqing.Further,the model is applied to predict the hydraulic characteristics of the calculating zone at the time of the second stage of the dam construction(156 m storage level at the dam) and the completion of the project(175 m storage level at the dam).When the reservoir is operated at the storage level of 156m,the river-width of most corss-section increasing 2 times and the cross-section average velocity is reduced by 2/3 compared with these in the natural condition.When the reservoir is operated at the storage level of 175 m,the river-width of most cross-section increasing 2.5 times and the cross-section average velocity is reduced by 3/4 compared with these in the natural condition.The validating result indicates that the model properly reflectes the holistic hydraulic characteristics.This model is an effective tool for the assessment of the environmental impacts of the Three Gorges operated at the different storage level.     

Applicationg of Ultraviolet Spectrophometry to Determination of Total Nitrogen in the Three Gorges Reservior

The eutrophication of water body will destroy the balance of ecological environment.To determine the total nitrogen content in water body exactly,is one of the most important evaluating indicators that whether the water body has been polluted by eutrophication or not.After the foundation of the Three Gorges Reservoir,current velocity lowers and it may result in the eutrophication of water body.In terms of the Lambert-Beer Law,the authors adopt potassium sulpersulphate oxidation-ultraviolet spectrophotometry to determine the total nitrogen content in the Three Gorges Reservoir.By analyzing a variety of possible factors,they bring forward a method to determine the total nitrogen which can be used in lab and also have high performance.With this improved method,the authors determine the factual water samples of the Three Gorges Reservoir in the main urban area of Chongqing,and the result is that the total nitrogen content is(0.6~1.0) mg/L,less than the limiting value(2.0 mg/L) in national standard.So the water body of the Three Gorges Reservoir still eutrophication does not take place.So eutrophication does not take place in water body of the Three(Gorges) Reservior.     

Harmonious Town Development in Wujiang River Basin and Three Gorges Area

The relations between construction of Three Gorges Project and development of Wujiang River Basin are illustrated from three aspects. The importance of harmonious township development in Wujiang River Basin and Three Gorges Area is discussed and the strategies for harmonious development are proposed. Firstly, to promote the hydroelectric power development of the stream and accelerate the urbanization of Wujiang River Basin; next, establish rational urban system structure to realize the regional harmonious development within Three Gorges Area. Detailed proposition is given in this paper to establish the spatial relations between Wujiang River Basin and Three Gorges Area and further suggestion is put forward to perform research on urbanization and urban systems in these areas.     

不同管理措施对三峡库区柑橘园土壤养分和径流氮磷流失的影响

综合考虑施肥管理方式和植物配置,本研究设置了常规施肥(CF)、常规施肥+生草覆盖(CF+GC)、常规施肥+生草覆盖+植物篱(CF+GC+PH)、水肥一体化(IWF)、水肥一体化+生草覆盖(IWF+GC)、水肥一体化+生草覆盖+植物篱(IWF+GC+PH)等管理措施,采用野外径流小区法,研究了不同管理措施对三峡库区柑橘园土壤养分及地表径流氮磷养分流失的影响。结果表明：水肥一体化柑橘园较常规施肥柑橘园土壤总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)平均高92.41%和32.45%,且配置生草覆盖和植物篱等可提高土壤总氮比例范围为17.30%~39.10%,但对总磷未见规律性影响。施肥方式以及配置生草覆盖和植物篱对土壤硝态氮(NO₃^—N)未表现出规律性影响,而配置生草覆盖和植物篱措施明显提升了铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)含量。随着降雨量的增加,各处理地表径流量均呈逐渐增加趋势。相较常规施肥管理,水肥一体化管理可有效降低地表径流量,配置生草覆盖和植物篱措施均可进一步降低地表径流量,且以水肥一体化+生草覆盖+植物篱(IWF +GC+PH)削减地表径流效果最好。水肥一体化柑橘园地表径流中TN和NO₃^--N浓度相对较高,而TP和NH₄⁺-N浓度则相对较低。同时,配置植物措施可降低TN浓度比例为15.88%~37.55%,TP为23.48%~55.54%,NH₄⁺-N为14.11%~39.92%,NO₃^--N为25.34%~47.96%。综上可知,施肥方式、施肥时间、降雨强度、地表植被配置等差异均会影响土壤养分留存以及地表径流氮磷流失,建议未来三峡库区柑橘园管理应加大推广水肥一体化,减少肥料投入量,并配置水保型植物措施以降低养分流失水平。     

Analysis of the Sediment Development and Trend In Jinshajiang River Drainage Area

Jinshajiang River, which has a drainage area of 485,100 Km 2, average flux of 142.9 billion m 3, and soil conveyance of 247 million t/a, is the largest branch of Changjiang river. It is also the largest soil resource of the Three Gorges reservoir and upper reach of Changjiang River. To research the development and trend of Jinshajiang sediment not only has a relation to Jinshajiang water resource strategy, but also has important meaning to control the silt in Three Gorges reservoir and the Changjiang water resource development. The paper statistically analyses the flux and sediment conveyance of the Pingshan station, which is the primary hydrological station in the Jinshajiang River Drainage Area. Through several non-parameter statistical methods such as Spearman order correlativity check, Kendell order correlativity check, and linear regression check, the paper concludes that the sediment evolvement trend of Pingshan station is not distinct.