Adsorption & Release of Nitrogen of Soils in Three Gorges Reservoir

The effects of flooding and subsequent air-drying on NH_4~+ adsorption and the release of nitrogen of typical soils adsorbed ammonia in Three Gorges reservoir were studied in the laboratory.The influence of adsorption and release of soils in Three Gorges Reservoir on Aquatic Environment Quality was also studied.The results show that: 1) The adsorption ability is enhanced by flooding and subsequent air-drying.The capacity of the ammonia adsorption capacity was increased from 666 mg/kg to 833 mg/kg.2) Nitrogen,which has been adsorbed by sample soils in drawdrown area of Three Gorge area,is released under simulating flooding condition.The more the soil adsorbed,the more the nitrogen released.The ratio between aerobic condition and anaerobic condition is 1.2~1.4.3) The soils in drawdrown area of Three Gorge Reservoir can adsorb nitrogen from surface runoff,and during submersion periods the nitrogen is released.The risk of Eutrophication is increased in Three Gorges Reservoir.     

Nonlinear Science and Control about the Geological Hazards in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Such the geological hazards as landslide, rockfall, debris-flow and so on frequently occur in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, so it is a very practical and immediate job to explore the mechanism caused the geological hazards and how to forecast and control the geological hazards. For this reason, this paper introduces the situation of the geological hazards occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the major type and feature of the geological hazards occurred in Chongqing, and discusses the basic principle about the modern nonlinear science applied to the geological hazards and the creep-slip, stick-slip occurred on the joints of rock mass and the monitoring technology of the geological hazards.The basic thinking is put forward which can be applied the modern nonlinear science to the geological hazards occurred in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.     

Present Situation and Countermeasure of Water Pollution in Yulin River, Yubei District, Chongqing

Yulin River is the major secondary stream of Three Gorges Reservoir Area. According to the requirement of "The Prevention Plan of Water Pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir Area and the Upper Areas (2001-2010)", the water environment pollution in Yulin River valley should be controlled. In this paper the reason of the water pollution is analyzed through investigation and evaluation on the present situation of Yulin River in North Chongqing area, and then a proposal on the prevention and cure measure of water pollution of Yulin River is presented.     

PAHs Concentration Level Evaluation of Water Purification Plants in Three Gorges Area

With GC/MS Approach, PAHs in raw water and effluent of six water purification plants in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are analyzed quantificationally. Six species of PAHs such as acenaphthene, phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene and acenaphthylene are determined. Of which, fluoranthene is priority pollutant firstly listed by SEPA. The results show that there are several variety of PAHs in raw water and effluent in water purification plants of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, but on the whole, PAHs concentration level is low. The results also show that PAHs removal capacity of conventional water treatment techniques is poor.     

Geological Disasters and Their Damage in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

In this paper, the possible geological disasters in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are reviewed. Firstly, the types of geological disasters are classified and their influencing factors and growth characteristics are analyzed, then the damages, which have happened in this area up to now, are listed. On this basis, five aspects of dangers brought by geological disasters to society and economic environment are analyzed. Finally, a conclusion was drawn that the geological disasters in Three Gorges Reservoir Area have done some harms to this area and the situation becomes worse than before. So some reasonable measures should be taken quickly.     

Analysis on Influence of Gases Generated by Anaerobic Fermentation of Solid Organic Wastes to Atmosphere in Three Gorges Reservoir Area

The gases generated by anaerobic fermentation of organic solid wastes in Three Gorges Reservoir Area are CH_4,CO_2,H_2S,NH_3,H_2 and some micro-gases.Data analysis shows that in the cities and towns of Three Gorges Reservoir Area,4 380 thousand tones of garbage,3 800 thousand tones of faecal were generated each year.In landfill of the garbage in average of 290 millions kg of CH_4 was generated,also in average of 230 millions kg of CH_4 was generated from the faecal.CH_4 is a very important greenhouse gas;the proportion of its contribution to greenhouse effect is next to CO_2.Other gases only have small influence on the whole atmospheric environment.     

Study on Treatment and Utilization of Industrial Solid Wastes after Completion of Three Gorges Reservoir of Yangtze River

After completion of Three Gorges Reservoir at Yangtze River, protecting and improving the ecological environment of this area is becoming increasingly important factor in comprehensive progress of the economy and society of Chongqing City. The industrial solid wastes are one of the crucial factors influencing the environment quality of Three Gorges Area and they are also the hot and difficult problems influencing the development of economy and society of Chongqing City. At this point, firstly, the discharge, present situation, prospect and development of treatment and utilization of industrial wastes in Chongqing are summarized. Secondly, the experience at home and abroad are analyzed. Then, the way and foreground for recycling the wastes with new technology are also discussed. Finally, countermeasure for treatment and utilization of industrial solid wastes after completion of Three Gorges Reservoir at Yangtze River is brought up. The study on treatment and utilization technology of industrial solid wastes will be beneficial not only to the protection of ecological environment of Three Gorges Area, but to the development of new Chongqing City as well. In a word, it will have great environmental, social and economic benefits.     

沉积物表面磷的等温吸附/解吸行为对耗氧有机物的响应

为了研究沉积物表面磷的等温吸附和解吸对耗氧有机物的响应,以威海市金海湾的沉积物为研究对象,以葡萄糖代表耗氧有机物,将沉积物暴露于不同浓度耗氧有机物中30 h,测定并分析沉积物对磷酸盐的表观等温吸附容量。无外源性PO₄-P作用下,耗氧有机物浓度为0.00、0.20、0.40、0.80 mg/L时的沉积物对磷酸盐的表观等温吸附容量为负值,分别为-2.31±0.63、-42.70±0.98、-7.84±0.83、-3.54± 0.39 mg/kg;外源性PO₄-P作用下,沉积物对磷酸盐的表观等温吸附容量存在正负值：PO₄-P的初始浓度为2.26 mg/L,相同耗氧有机物浓度下的沉积物对磷酸盐的表观等温吸附容量分别为-5.47±13.90、 -13.29±0.97、-13.85±4.36、-0.44±6.44 mg/kg;PO₄-P的初始浓度为6.78 mg/L,相同耗氧有机物浓度下的沉积物对PO₄-P的表观等温吸附容量分别为-59.74±7.33、28.51±29.28、87.72±48.19、-30.70±31.52 mg/kg;PO₄-P的初始浓度为9.04 mg/L,相同耗氧有机物浓度下的沉积物对磷酸盐的表观等温吸附容量分别为 -13.15±12.17、-7.57±21.09、-55.05±2.79、87.38±107.33 mg/kg;PO₄-P的初始浓度为11.30 mg/L,相同耗氧有机物浓度下的沉积物对PO₄-P的表观等温吸附容量分别为67.62±12.80、257.53±51.72、122.08±138.24、201.67±105.42 mg/kg。故外源性PO₄-P作用下,耗氧有机物对磷在沉积物表面的吸附、解吸作用具有两重性,这种作用依赖于耗氧有机物浓度和PO₄-P的初始浓度。     

改性钢渣的制备及其吸附除磷性能

研究了改性钢渣吸附除磷影响因素、等温吸附线特征和吸附动力学,并对生物处理后的出水进行吸附除磷研究。结果表明：在初始磷浓度10 mg/L,投加量10 g/L、pH为7时,改性钢渣吸附后总磷浓度为0.687 mg/L,去除率达93%;改性钢渣对磷的吸附符合Langmuir模型,理论饱和吸附量是1.977 mg/g,吸附动力学符合准二级动力学模型（R²>0.99）;实际生活污水的吸附除磷中,投加量为50 g/L,反应2 h后出水总磷浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级B标的排放要求。     

紫色土中联苯菊酯残留对土著微生物的影响

为了阐明紫色土农药残留的生态环境效应特征及土壤微生物响应机理,以三峡库区具代表性的紫色土为材料,通过玉米盆栽模拟试验和平板计数法,研究了残留态联苯菊酯对紫色土土著微生物数量的影响。结果表明,低浓度联苯菊酯对土著细菌和放线菌有显著的促生效应,依联苯菊酯浓度从低到高,土壤细菌和放线菌数量随时间逐次出现最高峰值：第6天,LB-L处理下的细菌和放线菌数分别达9.02×106 个/g和2.77×106 个/g,约为相应对照的9倍和3倍;第11天,LB-M的细菌数约为对照的77倍,达到5.19×107 个/g;第16天时,LB-H的细菌数为1.71×107 个/g,LB-M和LB-H处理下的放线菌数分别为4.04×106 个/g、4.35×106 个/g。其次,联苯菊酯残留对土著真菌有显著且迅速的抑制作用,即使在2.50 mg/kg残留水平下,真菌数量也会在施加联苯菊酯后第2天发生显著降低。再次,紫色土中3种土著微生物类群对残留态联苯菊酯均表现出一定的生态适应性,但表现有所不同：土著细菌的生态响应存在阈值,土著放线菌表现为较长时期内稳定的促生效应,土著真菌则表现为可恢复的抑制效应。试验表明,土壤微生物数量等生物因素可作为联苯菊酯对紫色土根际微生态影响的重要评价指标。     

生物质炭对水溶液中Pb2+的吸附性能研究

针对山西省土壤Pb2 +污染问题,为了选择一种环保及可循环利用的生物质材料。以农业废弃物小麦秸秆和花生壳制备而成的生物质炭为材料,通过平衡吸附法确定影响吸附的最佳条件。结果表明,当Pb2+初始浓度为200 mg/L时,生物质炭添加量为8 g/L,pH值3~7,25℃条件下震荡360 min,为最适吸附条件,吸附效果最好,吸附量达24.85 mg/g,去除率达99.38%。该种生物质炭对Pb2 +的吸附符合二级动力学方程和Langmuir等温吸附模型,R2分别达0.9994和0.9985。本研究表明,用小麦秸秆和花生壳制备而成的生物质炭在一定条件范围内对Pb2+具有良好的去除作用。     

大孔树脂纯化襄荷黄酮提取物及其对小鼠运动性疲劳的影响

采用大孔树脂纯化襄荷黄酮提取物,比较树脂之间静态吸附与洗脱性能的差异,确定最佳型号树脂的吸附机理后,采取动态吸附与洗脱试验确定最佳纯化工艺,另通过动物实验考查纯化后的襄荷黄酮抗疲劳活性.结果 表明,AB-8型大孔树脂为纯化襄荷黄酮的最佳树脂,饱和吸附量随上样浓度的升高逐渐增大,但随温度升高而逐渐减小,等温吸附线符合Langmuir模型特征,最佳纯化工艺条件为:60 mL上样浓度为6 mg/mL襄荷黄酮(pH 6.0),上样流速3 mL/min,洗脱流速2 mL/min,洗脱液乙醇浓度60％,洗脱液体积150 mL,产物的黄酮纯度由11.25％提高至47.52％.动物实验结果显示,中、高剂量的纯化产物可明显延长小鼠的负重游泳时间,降低运动后体内乳酸与尿素氮浓度,并提高乳酸脱氢酶的活力,因此可较好地缓解运动性疲劳.     

Evolution and Development Characteristics of Streets in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

City street construction in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area has a specific character. Some streets have characteristics adapted to changing water levels in the reservoir and to topography. In this paper, we analyze the development course and building char     

河口区稻田退水后沟渠底泥氨氮的吸附行为

沉积物对氨氮吸附行为是河口区沟渠生态系统氮迁移转化过程的一个重要环节。运用试验模拟的方法,研究沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附动力学试验、等温吸附试验及其影响氨氮吸附的因素。结果表明：沟渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附存在快慢吸附2个阶段,其中快吸附阶段在2 h内完成,慢吸附阶段在6 h内完成,6 h后沉积物对氨氮吸附达到平衡;沉积物吸附氨氮的等温吸附呈现良好的线性关系,其中Langmuir模型等温吸附结果的拟合性较好。由此可见,干渠沉积物对氨氮的吸附能力高于农沟;有机质、铁锰对沉积物吸附氨氮均存在着不同程度的影响,随着有机质含量和铁锰的增高,沉积物对氨氮的吸附量随之增加。     

Analytical and Calculative Method of Stability of MingShan Landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

After the dam of the Three Gorges is built, the raising water will inevitably cause the revival of the part of ancient landslide and the generation of new landslide ,which will influence the town development and traffic safety in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. In the light of the specific conditions of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this paper, taking Fengdu's MingShan landslide in Chongqing for an example, has considered ten typical calculative projects, offered the correspondent load systems acting on the sliding mass and put forward the analytical and calculative method to evaluate the stability of a landslide. The ten typical calculative projects include dry season(natural state), raining season (rainstorm or rain for a long period of time), dry season and water level (175m ) of the reservoir, raining season and water level (175 m) of the reservoir, dry season and earthquake, raining season and earthquake, dry season and water level (175 m ) of the reservoir and earthquake, raining season and water level (175 m) of the reservoir and earthquake, dry season and water level lowered from 175 m to 145 m, raining seasons and water level lowered from 175 m to 145 m, and so on.     

低氮胁迫下三峡库区玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态及生理效应

以10个来自三峡库区的玉米地方品种为材料,通过盆栽实验和设置低氮胁迫处理,研究低氮胁迫下玉米地方品种的苗期植株形态和生理效应.结果表明,低氮胁迫对玉米地方品种幼苗植株形态和生理有不同程度的不利影响,不同玉米地方品种的耐低氮特性存在明显差异.不同地方品种的同一植株性状和同一地方品种的不同植株性状的耐低氮胁迫指数存在差异.侧根数、叶面积、根体积和植株干重可作为玉米地方品种耐低氮种质筛选的形态指标,硝酸还原酶活性和丙二醛含量可作为耐低氮种质筛选的生理指标.此外,三峡库区玉米地方品种中有较丰富的耐低氮种质可供玉米育种利用.     

黑花生“中花9号”的施肥效应研究

在露地栽培条件下,设置5个复合肥施用量处理,探讨使用万植牌有机无机复合肥(N-P-K=15-15-15)栽培黑花生"中花9号"的适宜施肥量。结果表明:三峡库区采用万植牌有机无机复合肥露地栽培"中花9号"的适宜施肥量为40kg/667m~2,荚果产量可达249.5 kg/667m~2,饱果产量218.0 kg/667m~2,籽仁产量170.3 kg/667m~2,饱满籽仁产量可达126.6 kg/667m~2。     

芦根表面铁氧化物对水体中五价砷吸附性能的研究

芦苇是多年生湿地植被,其根系具有向根际环境释放氧气和氧化性物质,并在根表和根际形成铁氧化物膜状包被的特性。笔者针对芦苇根表生物成因的铁氧化物具有两性胶体的性质,以直接和高温炭化得到的芦根表面的铁氧化物为吸附材料,采用等温平衡法研究了该吸附材料对外部溶液中五价砷吸附效果。结果表明:在酸性条件下芦根根表获取的铁氧化物对五价砷的吸附能力明显强于中性及碱性条件;两种方式获取的铁氧化物材料对砷的吸附性能如下:随着外部介质溶液中砷添加浓度的增加,铁氧化物材料对砷的吸附量逐渐增加,当外加砷浓度为200 mg/L时,砷吸附量最高分别达(17.00±3.25)mg/g和(12.82±1.01)mg/g。两种处理方式下,铁氧化物对砷的吸附均可以较好的拟合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型,通过Langmuir等温吸附方程拟合得到砷最大吸附量分别为(17.72±1.09)mg/g和(21.94±6.74)mg/g。由此可见,生物成因的铁氧化物材料对五价砷有很强的吸附能力。综合考虑芦根根表铁氧化物对砷的吸附能力及其对处理砷污染水体的可行性,该生物材料的高温炭化处理方式优于直接获取的处理方式。     

Analysis of the Sediment Development and Trend In Jinshajiang River Drainage Area

Jinshajiang River, which has a drainage area of 485,100 Km 2, average flux of 142.9 billion m 3, and soil conveyance of 247 million t/a, is the largest branch of Changjiang river. It is also the largest soil resource of the Three Gorges reservoir and upper reach of Changjiang River. To research the development and trend of Jinshajiang sediment not only has a relation to Jinshajiang water resource strategy, but also has important meaning to control the silt in Three Gorges reservoir and the Changjiang water resource development. The paper statistically analyses the flux and sediment conveyance of the Pingshan station, which is the primary hydrological station in the Jinshajiang River Drainage Area. Through several non-parameter statistical methods such as Spearman order correlativity check, Kendell order correlativity check, and linear regression check, the paper concludes that the sediment evolvement trend of Pingshan station is not distinct.     

Cr（Ⅵ）在合成沸石上的吸附/脱附行为研究

为深入研究沸石对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附和脱附机理,利用合成沸石对水溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)进行了吸附和脱附实验。实验结果表明：pH值对合成沸石吸附Cr(Ⅵ)影响较大,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率随pH值与初始浓度的增加而减小,但吸附量却随初始质量浓度的增加而增加;Freundlich比Langmuir模型更适合描述其吸附行为,且其属于易吸附。在最优条件下,合成沸石在25.0、50.0和100.0 mg?L-l三种质量浓度下对Cr(Ⅵ)的平衡吸附量分别为3.58mg?g-l,6.76 mg?g-l和8.08 mg?g-l;准二级反应动力学模型比准一级能更好地描述合成沸石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为,准二级动力学拟合得到的吸附量与实测吸附量相差小于5.8%,吸附传质过程主要受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散的共同控制其吸附速率。在蒸馏水中Cr(Ⅵ)的E%仅为2.57%,而添加NaOH后脱附率明显增加,同时Cr(Ⅵ)在合成沸石上的脱附符合准二级反应动力学。, 为深入研究沸石对水溶液中Cr(Ⅵ)吸附和脱附机理,利用合成沸石对水溶液中的Cr(Ⅵ)进行了吸附和脱附实验。实验结果表明：pH值对合成沸石吸附Cr(Ⅵ)影响较大,Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附率随pH值与初始浓度的增加而减小,但吸附量却随初始质量浓度的增加而增加;Freundlich比Langmuir模型更适合描述其吸附行为,且其属于易吸附。在最优条件下,合成沸石在25.0、50.0和100.0 mg?L-l三种质量浓度下对Cr(Ⅵ)的平衡吸附量分别为3.58mg?g-l,6.76 mg?g-l和8.08 mg?g-l;准二级反应动力学模型比准一级能更好地描述合成沸石对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为,准二级动力学拟合得到的吸附量与实测吸附量相差小于5.8%,吸附传质过程主要受液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散的共同控制其吸附速率。在蒸馏水中Cr(Ⅵ)的E%仅为2.57%,而添加NaOH后脱附率明显增加,同时Cr(Ⅵ)在合成沸石上的脱附符合准二级反应动力学。