植物体细胞耐盐突变体的研究进展

植物体细胞耐盐突变体研究已经成为抗盐植物育种学研究的热点问题.综述了植物耐盐体细胞突变体筛选的试材确定、突变体筛选方法和突变体鉴定的研究现状,并指出植物耐盐突变体筛选还存在着变异类型复杂,变异方向难以控制,耐盐细胞系难以再生植株等缺陷.应加强高效稳定的植株再生体系建立;加强细胞悬浮培养技术研究,提高耐盐突变体筛选效率;提高耐盐目标性状的变异频率,减少非目的性状变异产生;从不同层面上加强耐盐突变体基础研究,提高突变体检测效果等方面研究,以提高植物体细胞耐盐突变体育种效果,更好地为实践和生产应用.参36     

利用体细胞核移植技术生产优秀种公猪

为探讨体细胞核移植技术用于种公猪的实际生产,复制优秀种公猪的可行性,精选优秀种公猪作为供体,取其耳组织成纤维细胞作核供体,体外成熟的猪卵母细胞为核受体构建克隆胚胎,胚胎体外培养后进行移植。试验先后移植了3 437枚1～4细胞期克隆胚胎到18头受体母猪的输卵管内,28d经B超检测,有16头受体母猪妊娠(88.89%),11头妊娠足月(68.75%)分娩产下53头仔猪,体细胞克隆猪的生产效率为2.80%(出生仔猪/移植胚胎)。早期生长性状测定结果显示,0和7d时克隆猪的体质量和体尺与普通公猪无显著差异(P>0.05)。利用体细胞核移植技术生产克隆种公猪,可以延伸种公猪的利用时间和空间,放大优秀种猪的利用价值。     

哺乳动物体细胞克隆胚胎端粒酶活性的研究进展

端粒酶(telom erase)是一种蛋白质与RNA组成的核糖核蛋白,是目前发现的唯一能够延长端粒的一种RNA依赖性DNA聚合酶。在DNA复制过程中丢失的端粒可以被有活性的端粒酶修复回来。哺乳动物端粒酶在发育中受调控,端粒的重编程可能是由于早期胚胎不同时期的端粒酶活性而造成的,因此,研究端粒和端粒酶重编程将为哺乳动物体细胞克隆技术奠定重要的理论基础。本文综述了端粒和端粒酶的结构和功能,及其与哺乳动物体细胞克隆早期胚胎发育的关系,并在此基础上探讨了端粒酶在体细胞克隆动物胚胎发育中的重要作用。     

Induced pluripotent stem cell lines derived from human somatic cells

Somatic cell nuclear transfer allows trans-acting factors present in the mammalian oocyte to reprogram somatic cell nuclei to an undifferentiated state. We show that four factors (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and LIN28) are sufficient to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells that exhibit the essential characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells. These induced pluripotent human stem cells have normal karyotypes, express telomerase activity, express cell surface markers and genes that characterize human ES cells, and maintain the developmental potential to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three primary germ layers. Such induced pluripotent human cell lines should be useful in the production of new disease models and in drug development, as well as for applications in transplantation medicine, once technical limitations (for example, mutation through viral integration) are eliminated.     

Isolation of human transcribed sequences from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids

A method was developed for selectively isolating genes from localized regions of the human genome that are contained in interspecific hybrid cells. Complementary human DNA was prepared from a human-rodent somatic cell hybrid that contained less than 1% human DNA, by using consensus 5' intron splice sequences as primers. These primers would select immature, unspliced messenger RNA (still retaining species-specific repeat sequences) as templates. Screening a derived complementary DNA library for human repeat sequences resulted in the isolation of human clones at the anticipated frequency with characteristics expected of exons of transcribed human genes--single copy sequences that hybridized to discrete bands on Northern (RNA) blots.     

Regulated splicing of the Drosophila P transposable element third intron in vitro: somatic repression

In eukaryotic cells alternative splicing of messenger RNA precursors (pre-mRNA's) is a means of regulating gene expression. Although a number of the components that participate in regulating some alternative splicing events have been identified by molecular genetic procedures, the elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms governing alternative splicing requires in vitro reaction systems. The tissue specificity of P element transposition in Drosophila depends on the germline restriction of pre-mRNA splicing of the P element third intron (IVS3). Drosophila P element IVS3 pre-mRNA substrates were spliced accurately in vitro in heterologous human cell extracts but not in Drosophila somatic cell splicing extracts. Components in Drosophila somatic cell extracts that specifically inhibited IVS3 splicing in vitro were detected by a complementation assay. Biochemical assays for Drosophila RNA binding proteins were then used to detect a 97-kilodalton protein that interacts specifically with 5' exon sequences previously implicated in the control of IVS3 splicing in vivo. Inhibition of IVS3 splicing in vitro could be correlated with binding of the 97-kD protein to 5' exon sequences, suggesting that one aspect of IVS3 tissue-specific splicing involves somatic repression by specific RNA-protein interactions.     

RNA secondary structure repression of a muscle-specific exon in HeLa cell nuclear extracts

The chicken beta-tropomyosin pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is spliced in a tissue-specific manner to yield messenger RNA's (mRNA's) coding for different isoforms of this protein. Exons 6A and 6B are spliced in a mutually exclusive manner; exon 6B was included in skeletal muscle, whereas exon 6A was preferred in all other tissues. The distal portion of the intron upstream of exon 6B was shown to form stable double-stranded regions with part of the intron downstream of exon 6B and with sequences in exon 6B. This structure repressed splicing of exon 6B to exon 7 in a HeLa cell extract. Derepression of splicing occurred on disruption of this structure and repression followed when the structure was re-formed, even if the structure was formed between two different RNA molecules. Repression leads to inhibition of formation of spliceosomes. Disrupting either of the two double-stranded regions could lead to derepression, whereas re-forming the helices by suppressor mutations reestablished repression. These results support a simple model of tissue-specific splicing in this region of the pre-mRNA.     

Tissue-specific cell lineages originate in the gastrula of the zebrafish

In the zebrafish, cells of a clone derived from a single blastomere migrate away from one another during gastrulation. Later in development their descendants are usually found scattered within several different types of tissues of embryo. The divisions and migrations of individual cells were monitored during early development, revealing that in most cases the lineal descendants of single cells present at gastrula stage exclusively populate only single tissues, and may have stereotyped positional relationships within these tissues. Thus the gastrula stage is the first stage when heritable restrictions in cell type might arise in the zebrafish.     

早熟陆地棉体细胞培养胚胎发生和植株再生的研究

利用新疆早熟陆地棉品种(系)下胚轴为外植体接种在改良的MS培养基上,分别添加不同的外源激素,诱导愈伤组织及其分化.若接种在固体培养基上培养只能分化产生少量的胚状体,分化时间也长.若将在固体培养基上诱导产生的淡黄色或灰白色且松散的愈伤组织转接到液体培养基上悬浮培养,培养2周左右后,再转接到固体培养基上,即可产生大量的胚状体和胚性细胞团.在不加激素的培养基上,胚状体萌发并健壮生长,从中已获得2个品种(系)的再生植株.     

Human acid phosphatase in somatic cell hybrids

The human enzyme, lysosomal acid phosphatase ACP2, is expressed in nan-rodent somatic cell hybrids as a dimeric molecule. The human-rodent heteropolymer, as well as the human and rodent homopolymer, is associated with lysosomes in these cells. The genes specifying lysosomal acid phosphatase ACP(2) and LDH A are syntenic.     

Retinoid signaling determines germ cell fate in mice

Germ cells in the mouse embryo can develop as oocytes or spermatogonia, depending on molecular cues that have not been identified. We found that retinoic acid, produced by mesonephroi of both sexes, causes germ cells in the ovary to enter meiosis and initiate oogenesis. Meiosis is retarded in the fetal testis by the action of the retinoid-degrading enzyme CYP26B1, ultimately leading to spermatogenesis. In testes of Cyp26b1-knockout mouse embryos, germ cells enter meiosis precociously, as if in a normal ovary. Thus, precise regulation of retinoid levels during fetal gonad development provides the molecular control mechanism that specifies germ cell fate.     

Extension of cell life-span and telomere length in animals cloned from senescent somatic cells

The potential of cloning depends in part on whether the procedure can reverse cellular aging and restore somatic cells to a phenotypically youthful state. Here, we report the birth of six healthy cloned calves derived from populations of senescent donor somatic cells. Nuclear transfer extended the replicative life-span of senescent cells (zero to four population doublings remaining) to greater than 90 population doublings. Early population doubling level complementary DNA-1 (EPC-1, an age-dependent gene) expression in cells from the cloned animals was 3.5- to 5-fold higher than that in cells from age-matched (5 to 10 months old) controls. Southern blot and flow cytometric analyses indicated that the telomeres were also extended beyond those of newborn (<2 weeks old) and age-matched control animals. The ability to regenerate animals and cells may have important implications for medicine and the study of mammalian aging.     

木薯种子体细胞胚诱导发生及植株再生体系建立

[目的]建立木薯杂交种子诱导体细胞胚发生及植株再生体系,为木薯育种及种质创新提供技术参考.[方法]以不同成熟度的木薯华南5号(SC5)杂交种子组织为外植体材料,包括未成熟种子子叶(a1)和胚芽(b1)、成熟种子子叶(a2)和胚芽(b2)及诱导萌发种子子叶(a3)、胚芽(b3)和胚轴(c3),利用不同外源激素诱导其体细胞胚胎发生、子叶器官形成、不定芽(茎叶器官)发生和生根,并比较不同外源激素的诱导效果.[结果]利用基本培养基(M1)预培养外植体材料可有效控制其污染率(<5.00%),保持其生物活性(>90.00%),预培养材料的褐化率比对照(未预培养, CK)降低30.00%~40.00%,且预培养的子叶(a)、胚芽(b)和胚轴(c)膨大率分别比CK提高6.67%~13.33%、6.67%~50.00%和20.00%.利用4.00 mg/L 2,4-D和12.00 mg/L Picloram诱导体细胞胚胎发生,结果发现胚芽出胚率较高,胚轴次之,子叶较低;成熟度高的种子材料出胚率高于成熟度低的种子材料;4.00 mg/L 2,4-D诱导的体细胞胚胎发生效果优于12.00 mg/L Picloram.0.10 mg/L BAP和1.00 mg/L NAA均可诱导体细胞胚胎分化、增殖,但0.05 mg/L BAP+0.50 mg/L NAA诱导下a、b和c体细胞胚胎增殖率均比单独添加0.10 mg/L BAP或1.00 mg/L NAA显著提高(P<0.05,下同).a2、a3、b1、b2、b3和c3的不定芽发生率分别为30.00%、40.00%、40.00%、53.33%、70.00%和13.33%,即对于同一组织,成熟度高的种子材料体细胞诱导不定芽发生效果优于成熟度低的种子材料,且不同成熟度的种子均以b最优.a2、a3、b1、b2、b3和c3的生根率分别为23.33%、23.33%、16.67%、30.00%、56.67%和0,其中b3的生根率显著高于其他材料,a2、a3、b1和b2的生根率无显著差异,也表现为成熟度高的种子材料比成熟度低的种子材料更易诱导生根,发育更好.7种不同成熟度的杂交种子材料组织中,a2、a3、b1、b2和b3经体细胞诱导获得再生植株,成功率为71.43%.[结论]通过预培养可有效防止木薯杂交种子组织褐化,提高其膨大诱导效果.在木薯生产中,应在培养基中添加4.00 mg/L 2,4-D进行体细胞胚胎发生诱导,混合添加0.05 mg/L BAP和0.50 mg/L NAA进行体细胞胚胎增殖培养,且应选择成熟度高的种子材料(如萌发种子胚芽等)作为外植体材料.     

植物体细胞胚胎发生及其分子调控机制研究进展

植物的每个细胞都包含着该物种的全部遗传信息,具备发育成完整植株的遗传能力,这被称为植物细胞的全能性。体细胞胚胎(体胚)发生是指在没有受精的情况下,由体细胞或营养细胞发育成胚胎,是诱导植物细胞全能性的一种形式。体胚发生在种质资源保存、种苗生产、分子育种和植物基础研究等方面都有着广泛的应用,已成为重要的植物生物技术工具和研究平台。多年来的分子遗传学研究表明:体胚发生受到由众多转录因子、激素信号途径及表观遗传修饰等构成的复杂网络的调控。本研究概述了植物体胚发生的途径,并重点综述了体胚发生关键基因的功能与调控机制、体胚发生的表观遗传修饰以及体胚发生关键基因在基因工程中的应用。随着研究的深入和新技术的出现,体胚发生过程中涉及的代谢组分动态变化、转录调控、激素信号转导与表观遗传调控等复杂生物学过程有望得到更深入地阐释,将更进一步地解析植物体胚发生的分子调控机制。此外,利用体胚发生关键基因的功能与调控机制,开发更高效的体胚诱导和遗传转化方法,有望为更多植物的基因功能研究和遗传改良提供新的思路和技术。参81     

动物体细胞克隆研究进展

1997年 2月 ,Ｗｉｌｍｕｔ等在《Ｎａｔｕｒｅ》上发表了轰动世界的论文“Ｖｉｂｌｅｏｆｆｓｐｒｉｎｇｄｅｒｉｖｅｄｆｒｏｍｆｅ ｔａｌａｎｄａｄｕｌｔｍａｍｍａｌｉａｎｃｅｌｌｓ” ,在他们的实验中诞生了体细胞克隆绵羊“多莉”[1 ] 。多莉的诞生 ,标志着复制动物从幻想变成现实。继之克隆小鼠和克隆牛的相继问世 ,表明体细胞克隆是完全可以实现的。动物体细胞克隆是一种无性繁殖方式 ,即将成年动物体细胞 (核供体 )与去核的卵母细胞(核受体 )融合 ,重新构建胚胎 ,这样不经过有性繁殖过程连续不断地复制遗传上相同的胚胎 ,并通过…     

Functional properties of rat brain sodium channels expressed in a somatic cell line

Transfection of Chinese hamster ovary cells with complementary DNA encoding the RIIA sodium channel alpha subunit from rat brain led to expression of functional sodium channels with the rapid, voltage-dependent activation and inactivation characteristic of sodium channels in brain neurons. The sodium currents mediated by these transfected channels were inhibited by tetrodotoxin, persistently activated by veratridine, and prolonged by Leiurus alpha-scorpion toxin, indicating that neurotoxin receptor sites 1 through 3 were present in functional form. The RIIA sodium channel alpha subunit cDNA alone is sufficient for stable expression of functional sodium channels with the expected kinetic and pharmacological properties in mammalian somatic cells.     

用雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞建立干细胞系初探

体外培养雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞,并检测其碱性磷酸酶活性及O ct-4蛋白,探讨用雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞建立干细胞系的可行性及检测方法。结果表明,雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞在BRL细胞饲养层上培养2 d,大部分生殖细胞呈碱性磷酸酶阳性(AP+),而全部呈O ct-4蛋白阴性(O ct-4-);培养1周后,生殖细胞及细胞克隆均为AP-和O ct-4-。雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞体外培养时出现2类细胞克隆,一类体积较小,数量众多,形成1周后又开始分化,仅能传至第2代;另一类细胞克隆的形态与猪原生殖细胞来源的胚胎生殖细胞(EGC)克隆相似,细胞克隆与周围细胞分界明显,而克隆中细胞相互间界限不清,这类细胞克隆易于分化,可以传至第3代;2类细胞克隆均为AP-和O ct-4-。雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞可作为干细胞系的建系材料,AP和O ct-4蛋白均不适宜用来检测体外培养的雄性新生仔猪生殖细胞及其来源的细胞克隆。