对畜禽粪便污染治理的一些看法

本文认为我国水环境污染难以根本改善的原因是只重视工业废水和生活污水的治理而忽视了畜禽粪尿污染水环境的治理.指出大中城市及人口稠密地区要把畜禽养殖的环保工作放在重要位置来抓.同时提出了畜禽粪尿治理工作的指导思想和工作步骤.     

畜禽养殖场臭气治理对策

正近年来,随着畜禽规模养殖的快速发展和农村人居环境整治的持续深入推进,治理畜禽养殖场臭气污染问题已成为改善农村生产生活环境的迫切要求。为解决畜禽养殖臭气污染,为畜禽提供良好的生活环境、为饲养管理人员提供舒适的工作环境,避免臭气扰民,眉山市结合实际探索了开展畜禽养殖场臭气治理的措施,现简要介绍如下。一、臭气产生的原因畜禽养殖场的臭气主要来自畜禽粪尿、污水、垫料、饲料残渣、畜禽呼出气体、畜禽皮肤分泌物、病死畜禽等,其中畜禽粪尿和污水是养殖场臭气产生的主要来源。畜禽粪尿和冲洗养殖舍的污水中含有丰富的碳水化合物、脂肪、蛋白质、矿物质、维生素等多种成分。     

畜禽粪尿氮污染情况及降低污染的措施

随着畜牧业的迅速发展,畜禽粪尿造成的环境污染问题变得更加突出,而含氮物质又是粪尿中首要的污染物质。中国畜牧业要走可持续发展道路就必须治理好粪尿氮污染。作者概述了中国目前畜禽粪尿氮污染情况,并针对中国畜牧业生产现状,详细综述了降低污染的各种措施。     

集约化畜牧场粪尿污水的治理

在20年前,畜禽粪尿被视为农业之宝,而今在很多地方,畜禽粪尿已成为畜产公害,严重污染了环境,并造成许多传染病的传播,引起了畜牧行业和环保界的普遍关注。下面就畜禽粪便造成污染的原因、污染状况及治理方法作一综述。 一.家畜粪尿造成环境污染的原因 1.畜牧场规模过大,布局过密。过去,我国的畜牧业一直是农业的附属产业,畜禽分散饲养在农区,畜禽排泄的粪尿就近施用到农田里,不存在对环境的污染问题。从八十年代起,畜牧业迅速发展,生产规模迅速扩大,并向城镇、工矿区     

豫西南地区养殖场沼气工程的环保效果调查与思考

近几年,畜禽养殖业快速发展,畜禽粪尿大量排放,给污染治理带来了新的课题。传统的物理处理和化学处理法成本高、效率低,且容易造成二次污染。沼气工程处理畜禽粪尿不但成本低、效率高,无二次污染,而且能收到综合利用的效果,实现畜禽养殖场污染治理"减量化、无害化、资源化"的目标,但要将这一工程利用好、发展好,实现环保、经济和社会效益长期化,还需要地方政府和各级职能部门支持、引导和管理。     

成都市畜禽养殖污染调查与防控措施

调查和测算成都市畜禽粪尿及污染物的排放量,并对目前粪尿处理情况做了调查。2010年全市各类畜禽排泄粪尿总量2809．75×10^4t,其中935．65×10^4t未经无害化处理直接排放到环境中,对生态环境是一极大破坏。在分析养殖污染对生态环境的影响和对人类健康的危害的基础上,提出成都市养殖污染的防控措施：主要是改末端治理为养殖全程控制,重点要转变养殖业发展方式,以发展（生态养殖和低碳养殖）促治理,用循环经济理念治理养殖污染。     

莱芜市畜禽养殖废弃物处理和资源化利用调研报告

<正>近年来,莱芜市高度重视环保治理工作,提出了建设生态莱芜的目标,把治理畜禽粪尿污染列入重要议事日程来抓,加强领导,落实措施,在抓好畜禽粪污利用的同时,狠抓综合治理。为进一步加快推进畜禽养殖废弃物处理和资源化,促进畜牧业绿色健康发展和农村居民生活环境改善,莱芜市畜牧局高度重视,组织各区畜     

五莲县畜禽粪尿资源及利用潜力的计算分析

为了掌握山东省五莲县畜禽粪尿资源总量及可产沼气量,为县域畜牧业管理和畜禽粪尿治理工作提供数据支撑。以《2016年五莲县国民经济和社会发展统计公报》的畜禽饲养量、《畜禽养殖业源产排污系数手册》的畜禽排泄系数为基础数据,按照算式,计算县域畜禽粪尿资源量、单位面积耕地的总氮(磷)负荷量、可产沼气量,以及耕地承载总氮(磷)限量和总氮(磷)实际量。结果表明,五莲县畜禽粪尿产生量651006.24t、单位面积耕地的总氮(磷)负荷量63.21kg/hm~2 (15.44kg/hm~2)、可产沼气量1645.77万m~3。以单位猪饲养期内产生总氮(磷)量为基准,耕地承载总氮(磷)实际量是89.32万头猪当量(173.21万头猪当量);耕地承载总氮(磷)限量是240.25万头猪当量(392.85万头猪当量)。分析得出,饲养畜禽中禽粪尿产生量占比最大,约38.44%;耕地承载总氮(磷)实际量占总氮(磷)限量比例约为37.18%(44.12%)。当前县域畜禽粪尿量并未超出耕地承载能力,存在沼气资源开发利用潜力。本文为县域畜牧业管理、饲养量控制和畜禽粪尿资源综合利用提供数据支撑。     

图们江流域耕地畜禽粪尿承载现状分析

为估算畜禽粪尿产生量和畜禽粪尿耕地承载量,并对畜禽粪尿耕地承载现状进行风险评价,试验收集分析了2013年图们江流域各类畜禽养殖数量。结果表明:2013年图们江流域畜禽粪尿年产生量为3 304.1 kt,畜禽粪尿耕地承载量为8.64 t/hm2,预警值为0.29,畜牧业生产尚未对环境产生影响;但在图们江流域的8个市(县)中,敦化市、汪清县和安图县畜禽粪尿产生量相对较高,故在图们江流域要因地制宜地结合不同地区畜牧业环境现状开展畜牧生产。     

畜禽粪尿磷污染的防治措施

随着畜禽养殖规模的扩大,现代畜禽养殖业中动物粪尿磷的排放量也越来越大,并对环境造成了严重的污染。本文针对畜禽粪尿磷对环境的污染现状,从动物营养、作物育种、养殖场建设和粪尿处理工艺四个方面介绍了畜禽粪尿磷污染的防治措施。     

上海市畜禽粪便综合治理的实践与启示

十几年来,上海市畜禽粪便综合治理走过了“还田－工业达标－综合利用（生态还田）”的道路。通过分析上海市畜禽粪便综合治理技术路线的革新与实践,剖析了技术工艺方案的变化原因,明确提出今后应采用现代生态科学的研究成果,把畜禽粪便综合治理与畜牧业可持续发展结合起来。     

陕北丘陵区生态养殖模式分析

根据陕北丘陵区资源、环境、技术条件及现有基础，分析了农户生态养殖的可行性及适宜该区域生态养殖的畜禽类型，提出建议性农户生态养殖模式     

对我国畜禽保种的意见

本文在回顾世界畜禽品种资源保护利用历史成就的基础上，对畜禽品种资源目前面临的严峻形势和主要成因进行了客观分析，并提出了新的认识与建议，具有重要的指导意义。     

消除粪便污染是实现养鸡业可持续发展的关键

作者从我国养鸡生产的现状和发展出发，分析了当前养鸡生产中鸡粪处理方面存在的问题，论述了由此引起的生产环境污染给鸡群的人 生产所带来的危害，以及由此造成的养鸡生产中工经物使用和鸡产品中药物残留而导致的一系列后果，强调了鸡粪无害化处理对我国今后在养鸡业可持续发展方面所占据的重要地位并指出加强鸡粪无害化处理技术的研究和应用。     

Effects of litter quality (moisture, ammonia, uric acid) on development and severity of foot pad dermatitis in growing turkeys

High dietary protein is thought to increase the incidence of foot pad dermatitis (FPD) as a result of increased uric acid and secondary ammonia production in the excreta or litter. This study was conducted on female turkeys over a period of 3 wk to test the effects of water alone, and also of these end products of protein metabolism, independent of the presence of excreta, on the development and severity of FPD. The animals were allocated into four groups, with 20 birds in each, and housed in floor pens on dry, clean wood shavings (changed daily) throughout the experiment. The control group was housed continuously in its pen, whereas the other groups were additionally exposed daily (for 8 hr) to experimentally treated wood shavings, in adjacent separate boxes, enriched with water alone or water with NH4Cl or uric acid. NH4Cl and uric acid were added via water to the litter to achieve the concentrations of ammonia and uric acid in the litter as found in the excreta of turkeys (about 0.50 g ammonia and 20 g uric acid/kg). The wet litter was kept clean by removing the excreta twice daily and by changing the litter twice a week. The foot pads of all birds were examined on days 0, 7, 14, and 21 and scored externally (macroscopically). Three birds were selected from each group on days 0, 7, and 14, while the remaining 11 birds/group were sacrificed on day 21 for histopathologic assessment of foot pads. The severity of FPD was found to be markedly higher (about 3 times) on wet than on dry litter. There were no negative effects of ammonia and uric acid on foot pad lesions. The results indicate that high litter moisture is the most likely factor causing FPD in turkeys. A focus on nitrogenous irritants in the litter was not substantiated. Exposure of birds to wet litter (in the absence of excreta) for only 8 hr/day was sufficient to develop foot pad lesions. The present results suggest that a focus on the protein content of the diet as a cause of FPD may be misplaced, but all dietary factors which increase excreta or litter moisture, or both, should be considered. The prevalence and severity of FPD can be reduced by maintaining dry litter.     

Effect of excess dietary sodium, potassium, calcium and phosphorus on excreta moisture of laying hens

1. Four experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium or phosphate on the water intake and excreta moisture of laying hens. A fifth experiment examined the effect on these variables of increasing amounts of 2 different sodium salts (chloride or bicarbonate) and the interactions with 2 levels of dietary phosphorus. 2. All experiments involved individually caged laying hens fed on diets varying in 1 or 2 minerals in replacement for washed sand. The experimental diets contained mineral concentrations that either met or exceeded the expected requirement of the hens. The diets were given for a 7 or 8 d feeding period and food and water intakes were measured and excreta were collected for the last 48 h of each feeding period. These data were corrected for evaporative water loss to the environment during the collection period. 3. Increasing dietary concentrations of sodium, potassium or phosphorus gave linear increases (P<0.001) in the water intake of the laying hens and linear increases (P<0.01) in the moisture content of their excreta. Each 1 g/kg increase in dietary mineral increased the moisture content of the excreta by 9.04 (+/- 1.57), 11.95 (+/- 2.02) and 5.59 (+/- 0.31) g/kg (+/- standard error) for sodium, potassium and phosphorus, respectively. Increasing concentrations of dietary calcium did not significantly affect the water intakes or excreta moisture levels of the laying hens. 4. The fifth experiment showed that, although there was a sodium x phosphorus interaction (P<0.05), the effects of the 2 mineral additions were approximately additive. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in water intakes or excreta moisture contents due to the 2 different sodium salts (chloride or bicarbonate).     

内源磷和磷的真消化率评定方法

磷(P)是动物体内必需的矿物质元素,具有重要的生物学功能。但是,磷的过多又会造成浪费和环境污染。只有磷的真消化率才能够更准确、真实地反映动物对磷的消化吸收情况。因此准确测定内源磷的排泄量和准确测定磷真消化率已经变得至关重要。本文介绍了几种测定内源磷和磷真消化率评定方法。     

高钼环境分布与家畜钼中毒研究

陕西省境内某钼矿的选矿废水常年排放到南洛河,污染了河水。家畜饮用污染废水或采食河边牧草后即发生以腹泻为主的钼中毒,发病率达18.74％,死亡率为9.41％,使该地区畜牧业损失严重。经对15个品种219份样品1800余样次毒源成分分析检测,结果表明,钼在水、土壤、植物和动物组织中的含量均属高浓度水平。家畜饮用含有高钼污水,摄入的钼量极易达到中毒标准而致病。冶金工业污染引起高水平钼在食物链上正相关分布与迁移即为中毒原因。单纯饮用高钼污水完全能够引起反刍动物中毒。     

论生态环境与畜禽健康——饲料卫生与畜禽健康

介绍了饲料中主要有毒物质对畜禽健康的影响，讨论了饲料质量鉴定的概念和方法，指出降低饲料中有害物质是提高畜产品质量和增强我国畜产品市场竞争力的重要措施。     

Study on the Isolation,Identification and Biological Characteristics of a Strain of Bacillus pumilus Isolated from Tibetan Sheep

In order to select probiotic strains with probiotic potential isolated from Tibetan sheep,fresh excreta of the healthy female Tibetan sheep was processed with 90 ℃ water-curing treatment for 5 min,and Bacillus with resistance were screened.The morphological,physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence of the Bacillus were comprehensively analyzed and identified.Biochemical characteristics were studied by using antimicrobial test,acid resisting tests and bile salt resisting tests,hydrolytic enzyme test and other methods.The results showed that the Bacillus SWUN-G43 isolated from fresh excreta of Tibetan sheep had a significant antibacterial effect on E.coli and Salmonella.Through analysis and identification,the Bacillus SWUN-G43 was Bacillus pumilus.Its survival rate was 50.43% under the environment of pH 2.0 and 44.35% under the environment of 0.3% bile salt.It could produce protease and cellulase and was sensitive to 12 kinds of commonly used antibiotics.By studying,the Bacillus pumilus(SWUN-G43) had a certain degree of resistance and potential probiotic ability.Besides,the strain didn't contain R-plasmid and would not cause horizontal transmission of antibiotic resistance in the intestinal microecosystem.It also had the potential to be developed as a micro ecological additive.