岔路黑猪的选育及其杂交利用

岔路黑猪是浙江省优良的地方猪种之一,在宁海县繁育已有300余年历史,具有繁殖率高、适应性强、肉质细嫩鲜美等优良特性.经选育,岔路黑猪Ⅰ系、Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2产仔数(经产)分别达到15.18、15.19、15.23头;60日龄窝重分别达150.72、190.60、183.92kg;Ⅰ系、Ⅱ125～75kg段肥育猪日增重分别达482、590g,料肉比分别为4.15、3.79;75kg肥育猪瘦肉率为46.44%、53.34%,杂交优势十分明显.     

嘉兴黑猪新品系选育研究

嘉兴黑猪新品系是以优良地方品种嘉兴黑猪为基本育种素材,导入18.75%外来瘦肉型公猪血缘,采用现代遗传育种学原理,经过10多年的精心培育而成.尤其是经过"九五"期间6年5个世代系统严格选育,其主要经济性状均已达到或超过育种目标.初产母猪头胎平均产仔数11.27头,产活仔10.86头,经产母猪平均产仔数达14.36头;纯种猪肥育期(25～75kg)日增重493 g,料重比3.36;75 kg屠宰胴体瘦肉率52.1%,平均背膘厚2.75 cm.以新品系猪为母本,用长白公猪、大约克公猪、皮特兰公猪进行二元杂交,3个杂交组合肥育期(25～90 kg)平均日增重587 g,料重比为3.29;90kg屠宰平均胴体瘦肉率为55.5%,屠宰率72.17%,平均背膘厚为3.04 cm,其生产水平达到了"二洋一土"杜长嘉三元杂种猪的水平.筛选出的最优杂交组合长白猪×新品系,日增重634 g,料重比3.07,胴体瘦肉率55.4%,是一个较理想的高产、优质杂交组合,值得生产上大力推广利用.     

岔路黑猪选育及其杂交利用

岔路黑猪是浙江省的地方猪种之一,繁殖率极高、适应性强且猪肉的肉质很鲜嫩,该品种猪在宁波地区深受消费者的欢迎,并且已有大约300年的历史。随着工业化、城镇化的加快推进,农业种养方式转变及气候生态环境的变化,该品种处于濒危和濒临灭绝状态,保护形势异常严峻。而通过优良的选育,岔路黑猪的产仔数越来越多、肥育猪的增重量也越来越大,杂交的优势明显。然而,岔路黑猪具有个体差异大、瘦肉率低、成长速度较慢等特点。     

猪MyoG基因的多态性及其对岔路黑猪胴体和肉质的影响研究

应用PCR-RFLP技术分析了岔路黑猪（56头）、嘉兴黑猪（50头）和Ⅰ系金华猪（109头）群体中MyoG基因的基因频率和基因型频率分布,测定了21头纯种岔路黑猪的胴体和肉质性状,并采用一般线性模型分析了MyoG基因型与以上性状的相关性。结果表明：岔路猪群体中AA型纯合子占绝大多数（84％）,BB型纯合子最少（4％）,A基因频率占90％;嘉兴黑猪群体中只有一种基因型（AA）;而金华猪（Ⅰ系）群体中BB与AB基因型频率相当（分别为45％、46％）,B基因频率大约为A基因频率的2倍。MyoG基因对岔路猪胴体重、后腿重、胴体长等胴体性状有显著影响,但对岔路猪肉质性状无显著影响。     

低蛋白日粮添加氨基酸对生长肥育猪生长性能和氮排泄的影响

选用90头体重31kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪,根据体重和性别分成3组,饲喂3种蛋白质水平日粮。对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组日粮蛋白水平,生长猪阶段分别为17%、14%和15%;肥育猪阶段分别为15%、13%和14%。试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组日粮按照猪理想氨基酸模式配制。结果表明,猪各个阶段的日增重与料重比差异都不显著（P〉0.05）;生长肥育猪试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组猪血清尿素氮都显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;生长猪阶段猪舍内氨气质量浓度,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组都显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;肥育猪阶段猪舍内氨气质量浓度,试验Ⅰ组显著低于对照组（P〈0.05）;各组各阶段猪舍内硫化氢质量浓度无显著差异（P〉0.05）;生长猪阶段,与对照组相比,氮排泄量试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组分别显著降低15.7%（P〈0.05）和11.4%（P〈0.05）;肥育猪阶段,与对照组相比,氮排泄量,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组分别降低15.2%（P〈0.05）和8.9%（P〉0.05）。     

岔路黑猪与杜长大三元猪肌肉中营养风味物质比较

为了研究岔路黑猪肌肉中营养风味物质的特点，分别对岔路黑猪和杜长大(杜洛克×长白×大白)三元猪背最长肌中的脂肪酸和氨基酸含量进行测定。结果显示，在检出的12种脂肪酸中，岔路黑猪背最长肌中的豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、棕榈油酸、α-亚麻酸、花生四烯酸、硬脂酸和花生一烯酸含量与杜长大三元猪的相比差异极显著(P <0.01)，岔路黑猪背最长肌中的油酸和亚油酸含量与杜长大三元猪的相比差异显著(P <0.05)。岔路黑猪背最长肌中的16种氨基酸含量均极显著高于杜长大三元猪的(P <0.01)。结果表明：岔路黑猪肉质鲜美，与杜长大三元猪肉质相比具有明显优势。     

米糠和抗氧化剂对肥育猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响

为研究米糠和不同抗氧化剂对肥育猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响,试验分为饲养试验和屠宰试验,饲养试验选择体重(49.72±4.28)kg的肥育猪64头,随机分为4个处理组,分别饲喂4种不同的饲粮即(Ⅰ组)玉米-豆粕型饲粮;(Ⅱ组)含15%米糠的饲粮;(Ⅲ组)Ⅱ组+200mg/kgVE;(Ⅳ组)Ⅱ组+200mg/kg抗氧化剂。试验猪75kg左右时屠宰。结果显示:日增重Ⅱ组极显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组(P<0.01),Ⅲ组显著低于Ⅳ组(0.01相似文献   

岔路黑猪及二元杂种猪的肥育对比试验

用岔路猪、杜岔猪、长岔断奶仔猪各10头进行肥育对比试验。结果表明，体重23～52kg阶段，各组增重效果差异不显著（P＞0.05），52—80kg阶段、杜岔猪和长岔猪的增重速度明显高于岔路猪（P＜0.05）。瘦肉率以杜岔猪最高，长岔猪次之;饲料报酬杜岔猪和长岔猪比岔路猪分别提高9.5个和8.7个百分点。     

猪MyoG基因的多态性及其对岔路黑猪胴体和肉质的影响研究

应用PCR--RFLP技术分析了岔路黑猪(56头)、嘉兴黑猪(50头)和I系金华猪(109头)群体中MyoG基因的基因频率和基因型频率分布,测定了21头纯种岔路黑猪的胴体和肉质性状,并采用一般线性模型分析了MyoG基因型与以上性状的相关性.结果表明:岔路猪群体中AA型纯合子占绝大多数(84%),BB型纯合子最少(4%),A基因频率占90%,嘉兴黑猪群体中只有一种基因型(AA);而金华猪(I系)群体中BB与AB基因型频率相当(分别为45%、46%),B基因频率大约为A基因频率的2倍.MyoG基因对岔路猪胴体重、后腿重、胴体长等胴体性状有显著影响,但对岔路猪肉质性状无显著影响.     

米糠和抗氧化剂对肥育猪胴体和肌肉品质的影响

为研究米糠和不同抗氧化剂对肥育猪胴体和肌肉品质的影响,选择体重(49.63±4.69)kg的肥育猪64头,随机分为4组,分别饲喂4种不同的日粮,Ⅰ组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加15%米糠,Ⅲ组在基础日粮中添加15%米糠+200 mg/kg维生素E,Ⅳ组在基础日粮中添加15%米糠+200 mg/kg普生源,在试验猪80 kg时屠宰。结果表明:Ⅲ组瘦肉率显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.05);肌肉嫩度Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组极显著高于Ⅱ组(P0.01),极显著低于Ⅲ组(P0.01);肌肉脂肪含量Ⅱ组显著高于Ⅲ组和Ⅳ组(P0.05)。说明米糠可以降低肥育猪胴体品质和肌肉品质,而抗氧化剂可以改善肥育猪胴体和肌肉品质。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Evaluation of the Microbiological Status of Milk and Various Structures in Mammary Glands from Naturally Infected Dairy Cows

A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna

Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L₃) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L₃ developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.