黑龙江省黑木耳菌包厂生产的SWOT分析

介绍了黑龙江省黑木耳菌包生产的基本情况,运用SWOT分析方法,针对黑龙江省黑木耳生产及菌包厂现状进行了分析,围绕其菌包厂发展过程中的优势、存在问题以及面临的发展机会和挑战,提出了相应的解决措施和发展建议。     

黑木耳菌包生产品质管理措施

<正>近年来,黑木耳生产规模越来越大,为了提高生产效率,各地黑木耳菌包厂如雨后春笋般出现,如此迅猛的发展势头充分体现了黑木耳产业向专业化分工、大型机械化生产、自动化及智能化控制方向发展的趋势。2015年中国食用菌协会数据表明,黑木耳是位于我国食用菌产量第二的品种,产量仅次于香菇(766.66万t),达到了624.69万t。以黑木耳生产大省黑龙江为例,其产量282.75万t接近全国产量的     

培养温度、光照及贮藏时间对黑木耳菌包中两种酶活性的影响

多酚氧化酶（PPO）和羧甲基纤维素酶（CMCase）是与木质素等大分子物质降解有关的酶,也是黑木耳生长过程中的关键指标,酶活性会影响菌丝长势及产量。以黑木耳菌包为材料,对黑木耳菌包培养阶段的温度、光源及菌丝满袋后冷冻的时长进行干预,分析PPO、CMCase的酶活性变化。结果表明,培养阶段黑木耳菌包中的PPO、CMCase酶活性随温度的升高而升高,在温度达35℃时趋近平缓;不同光源对PPO、CMCase酶活性均有一定影响,其中根据PPO酶活性大小排序依次为蓝光>黄光>红光>黑暗（CK1）>紫光,根据CMCase酶活性大小排序依次为紫光>蓝光>红光≥黑暗（CK1）≥黄光;贮藏条件为-20℃,菌丝满袋的菌包中2种酶酶活性均随冷冻时间延长而逐渐降低,冷冻10 d与未经冷冻（CK2）的结果无差异性。通过试验发现,黑木耳菌包中的PPO、CMCase酶活性变化与培养过程中的温度和环境,以及培养结束后的储存方式均有关系。菌包中酶活性可以反映培养过程中黑木耳菌种的活性,分析不同培养条件对酶活性的影响及其变化结果,能够为判断黑木耳菌包的品质提供可借鉴参考的辅助数据。     

贺州地区黑木耳工厂化生产高产栽培集成技术

黑木耳种植是广西贺州重要的扶贫产业之一,通过研究黑木耳工厂化生产栽培技术中的菌种制备、菌包生产、出菇管理、菌渣循环利用等关键环节,集成黑木耳工厂化生产技术体系,确保黑木耳种植过程中高产高效增收。     

黑木耳秋耳春管栽培技术要点

黑木耳秋耳春管栽培模式是通过延后秋耳下地时间，成功使黑木耳生产避开炎热多雨的夏季，从而提高产量和质量。从栽培品种选择、栽培季节、菌包制作、出耳管理、采收等环节介绍黑木耳秋耳春管栽培技术要点。     

浅析袋栽黑木耳菌包污染的技术误区

该研究理论结合实践,紧扣袋栽黑木耳菌包发酵环节常见的技术误区,分析了产生的原因并给出了防治方法,从菌种选育、培养基配方、灭菌接种、菌室消毒、发酵措施5个方面逐步剖析、实施有效控制菌包污染的各个环节,并针对一些知识盲区进行了技术和经验的总结论证,提出了菌包生产要防止从知识盲区掉入技术误区,避免用局部经验当技术来误导菌包生产的工艺。为袋栽黑木耳产业中菌包生产工艺的科学发展提供了参考依据。     

台湾黑木耳太空包栽培法与工厂化有机栽培技术

概述台湾地区黑木耳麦粒菌种、木屑菌种、液体菌种等栽培用菌种的制作方法;从生产季节、原料调配及制包、接菌、培养和栽培管理等方面介绍黑木耳太空包栽培法。同时,介绍工厂化有机栽培法的工厂化制包、接菌及温包培养、环控栽培等3个环节所涉及的设备设施与管理技术。     

光伏钢架塑料大棚立体吊袋栽培黑木耳技术

充分利用现有光伏钢架塑料大棚栽培黑木耳，集成可控的生长环境及精简、规范、配套生产技术体系，主要环节包括光伏钢架塑料大棚黑木耳栽培系统设计、菌株选择、菌包生产、场地选择、刺孔催芽、分床、出耳管理、采收、贮存等。该体系提高立体黑木耳生产的安全性、有效性、稳定性、可控性，为推动黑木耳产业向轻简化、立体化、标准化发展起到引领示范作用。     

关于发展黑木耳工厂化栽培的思考

概述黑木耳栽培中的菌种生产、菌包制备和催芽出耳等环节的工厂化发展进程和存在的主要问题,提出以出耳效果为最终评价指标制定相关液体菌种及菌包质量标准。为进一步完善提高棚室出耳工厂化管控水平,提出了建立液体菌种质量标准及检测评价方法、完善菌包质量标准、选育工厂化出耳专用品种及创新配套技术等建议。     

黑木耳生产关键技术及常见问题解析

黑木耳属中温型食用菌。我国大部分地区属暖温带,部分地区属亚热带,气候温和,雨量充沛,生产黑木耳具有得天独厚的自然条件。黑木耳产地遍布全国20多个省(市),其中黑龙江、吉林、湖北、云南、四川、浙江等地黑木耳生产规模大,产量高。我国年产量超700万吨(鲜),占世界黑木耳总产量的96豫以上。我国黑木耳产量和质量居世界首位,黑木耳出口泰国、日本和菲律宾等地。1黑木耳菌包生产及出耳关键技术1.1选料购种1.1.1选料淤木屑:木屑种类(柞木产量高、小规模栽培、精细管理,杂木屑发菌快、产量一般、大规模栽培、粗放管理),木屑干湿程度(干干木屑、鲜木屑)和颗粒大小规格为0.5~0.8厘米、0.5厘米以下粒径和0.5厘米以上粒径。     

茭白“雄茭”和“灰茭”的形成及遗传特性

以浙茭2 号（双季茭）的“雄茭”、“灰茭”和正常茭植株为试材,比较了“雄茭”、“灰茭”
和正常茭植株的株高、叶数、分蘖数、植株地上部（叶片、叶鞘和地上茎）生物量和地上茎的质量、形态
指标,同时研究了杀菌剂、水分、辐照等环境因子对“雄茭”和“灰茭”形成的影响,以及“雄茭”和“灰
茭”的遗传特性。结果表明：“雄茭”植株最高,“灰茭”次之,正常茭最矮;正常茭和“灰茭”分蘖数和
每墩植株地上部鲜质量显著高于“雄茭”;正常茭单个地上茎的鲜质量和体积最大,“灰茭”次之,“雄茭”
最小。田间施用杀菌剂可能是影响“雄茭”形成的主要因素,而辐照、干旱和自然环境条件下“灰茭”均
可形成。“雄茭”和“灰茭”具有遗传稳定性。     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate iron deficient chlorosis in Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf under calcium bicarbonate stress

Summary

The effect of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme on chlorosis due to iron deficiency in trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf) was studied under calcium bicarbonate stress in sand culture. Seeds were sown in a mixed substrate [1:1 (v/v), perlite:sand] with or without mycorrhizal inoculum. The test was carried out with four treatments: Hoagland and Arnon nutrient solution with normal, no added iron, or 50% normal iron at two levels of calcium bicarbonate. The results showed that the proportion of the total root length infected by the AM fungus was ≥ 83%, and was depressed under Fe deficiency. No root colonisation was found with no added AM fungus (NM plants).

Colonisation by AM fungus resulted in higher dry weights of both shoots and roots compared to NM treatments, suggesting that the AM fungus accelerated plant growth. The activities of peroxidase and catalase in NM plants were lower than in AM fungus-inoculated plants. The results indicate that AM fungus alleviated calcium bicarbonate stress on the cell membranes of host plants. The results also showed that AM fungus increased chlorophyll concentrations, iron contents, and the Fe:P ratios of whole plants, and decreased 50(10P+K):Fe ratios, which implied that the uptake and translocation of iron was strengthened. Therefore, AM fungus had a positive effect on ameliorating chlorosis due to iron deficiency in P. trifoliata L. Raf.     

嫁接对茄子黄萎病的抗性及某些生物学性状的影响

以 5种茄科野生种为砧木 ,栽培品种七叶茄为接穗 ,研究了嫁接对茄子生物学性状及黄萎病抗性的影响。结果表明 ,5种砧木与接穗间都有很强的亲和性 ,嫁接苗成活率均在 95%以上。茄子嫁接后 ,不仅植株生长势强 ,根系、叶片、茎粗、株高和单果质量都明显优于自根苗 ;而且对黄萎病的抗性提高 ,其中以托鲁巴姆和粘毛茄为砧木的嫁接植株对黄萎病的抗性最强。根据砧木自身的生物学性状和对黄萎病的抗性程度 ,确定托鲁巴姆是嫁接茄子防治黄萎病的最佳砧木。此外 ,嫁接植株的果实在干物质、总糖、粗纤维和微量元素铁等的含量上无明显差异     

马拉巴栗疫病病原的分离与鉴定

 2008—2009年,从广东省湛江等地采集疑似疫病的马拉巴栗病株,经病原菌分离及柯赫氏法则验证,证明其病原菌是疫霉菌。通过致病性、寄主范围测定,菌体形态,培养特性及rDNA-ITS序列分析等,将该病原菌初步鉴定为棕榈疫霉（Phytophthora palmivora）。     

菌根真菌对华石斛幼苗生长及光合性能的影响

为了探索菌根真菌在华石斛栽培和保育中的应用,将从野生华石斛分离获得的5株内生真菌接种华石斛组培苗和盆苗.结果表明:真菌能够成功侵入华石斛根内形成菌根;供试菌株能不同程度地提高华石斛幼苗成活率,生物量及促进华石斛幼苗根系生长;并能提高华石斛幼苗叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs),进而提高其光合性能.综合来看,对组培苗生长和光合性能促进作用较为突出的菌株为S7、S9、S12,对盆苗作用效果较为明显的是S3、S9、S10菌株.因此,这几株菌根真菌对华石斛的人工繁殖、栽培和保育具有实际的应用价值.     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation of micropropagated fruit trees

Micropropagated plantlets of OH x F 51 and GF 677, respectively pear (Pyrus communis L.) and peach (Prunus persica x Prunus amygdalus) clonal rootstocks were inoculated during an early weaning stage of acclimatization with Glomus sp. Both rootstocks were well colonized, although the infection of OH x F 51 spread more slowly. At the end of initial vegetative growth, mycorrhizal plants of both rootstocks showed a three-fold increase in shoot length over control plants. Mycorrhizal plants also had longer internode and greater fresh mass. The root/shoot ratio was especially altered by arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in OH x F 51 plants, which showed a greater increase in shoot rather than in root biomass. The growth-promoting ability of endomycorrhizal fungus persisted throughout the experimental period: Glomus sp. induced a greater development of both rootstocks in the second growing year, after overwintering. Colonization of micropropagated plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus appears to alter the carbohydrate status in stems and roots. Mycorrhizal plants always had a higher content of total soluble sugar, although there were no differences in soluble carbohydrate concentration between inoculated and uninoculated plants. Starch accumulation was found only in mycorrhizal plants of the peach rootstock.     

Physiological response of grapevine cultivars and a rootstock to infection with Phaeoacremonium and Phaeomoniella isolates: an in vitro approach using plants and calluses

In vitro plants and callus culture of two Vitis vinifera cultivars (cv. Baga and Maria Gomes) and one rootstock (R3309, i.e. Vitis riparia var tomentosa × Vitis rupestris) were inoculated with conidia of Phaeoacremonium angustius and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Response to infection was determined in plants grown in vitro by assaying growth rates, malondialdehyde (MDA) production (lipid peroxidation) and chlorophyll content and fluorescence. Growth rate and malondialdehyde production were also used to determine resistance of calluses to infection. Infection reduced growth and increased MDA in infected plants and calluses, and reduced chlorophyll content and fluorescence in infected leaves. Symptoms were more evident in plants infected with P. angustius, showing that this species is more virulent to plants and calluses than Ph. chlamydospora. Differences in virulence among strains of Ph. chlamydospora were also found, as 1AS and CAP053 were more virulent (induced more severe decreases of growth and chlorophyll fluorescence, together with higher MDA production in both cultivars) then CAP080. Growth of rootstock plants and calluses was less affected by infection than growth of other cultivars. Contrarily to Baga and Maria Gomes, chlorophyll content and fluorescence of rootstock plants were only affected by P. angustius. Also Baga plants and calluses were more resistant than those of Maria Gomes. These data show different degrees of resistance among genotypes. Reduction of callus production by infection supports the idea that fungus infection may reduce cicatrisation by inhibiting callus formation during grafting or wounding; and therefore, contribute to the entrance of opportunist pathogens. Implications of using in vitro cultures to assay host/pathogen relationship and virulence/resistance degrees among the different genotypes of fungus and grapevines are discussed.     

BTH处理网纹甜瓜对两种真菌潜伏侵染率的影响

分别于网纹甜瓜开花前7 d、幼果期（花后14 d）、果实迅速膨大期（花后21 d）和网纹形成期（花后28 d）用100 mg·L^-1 BTH对植株进行1、2、3、4次喷洒,分析BTH处理后幼果期、膨大期、网纹形成期和成熟期果实内链格孢（Alternaria alternata）和镰刀菌（Fusarium sp.）潜伏侵染率的变化。结果表明：采前BTH处理可有效控制甜瓜果实内两种真菌的潜伏侵染。1、2、3、4次处理均降低了两种真菌的潜伏侵染率,2、3、4次处理的效果较好,在成熟期总潜伏侵染率均为对照的23.53 %。网纹形成期是两种真菌潜伏侵染的关键时期。采前BTH处理对潜伏于果实内的两种优势病原菌链格孢和镰刀菌的控制效果存在差异,且对果实顶部、中部的控制效果优于底部。     

Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation on aster yellows phytoplasma-infected tobacco plants

The objective of the research was to asses if arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) can modify the effect of two aster yellows phytoplasma strains infection in tobacco plants. Tobacco plants experimentally inoculated with aster yellows phytoplasma strains did not develop visible disease symptoms. However, PCR examination indicated that the inoculated plants were phytoplasma infected. Mycorrhiza inoculation had a positive effect on the shoot height of healthy plants, but did not influence shoot growth and weight of phytoplasma-infected plants. The roots of all mycorrhiza-inoculated plants were slightly reduced but significant differences were found in the total root length of plants infected with the phytoplasma strain AY1. AM inoculation had a positive effect on photosynthetic activity of tobacco plants infected with the phytoplasma strain AYSim, but net photosynthesis of tobacco infected with the phytoplasma strain AY1 was decreased. Transpiration rate and calcium content of AM and phytoplasma-infected plants were not affected. The mechanisms underlying these interactions are discussed and a direct action of the AM fungus is hypothesized.     

Host plant-emitted volatiles as a factor in susceptibility in vitro of Cucumis and Cucurbita spp. to the fungus Mycosphaerella melonis

Volatiles emitted from the macerated leaves and stems of Cucumis and Cucurbita spp. seedlings increased both percent and degree of infection by spore suspensions of the fungus Mycosphaerella melonis, on detached cotyledons of the host cucurbit plants in vitro. This enhancement was unchanged in the presence of a mercuric perchlorate ethylene trap. Exposure of the isolated fungus to the cucurbit volatiles resulted in a marked increase in mycelial growth.