基于气象因子的松墨天牛发生率空间格局研究

根据全国范围内2002-2012年松墨天牛逐年发生数据,选取发生松墨天牛虫害地级行政区的平均发生率作预测指标,在ClimateChina v4.40气候模拟软件中,计算出发生地区的气象数据。利用偏最小二乘回归,得到松墨天牛平均发生率与气象因子的回归方程,即松墨天牛平均发生率空间格局模型,并结合地理空间数据和属性数据,预测未来我国松墨天牛虫害的潜在变化趋势。结果显示:结合筛选的12个气象因子建立的松墨天牛平均发生率空间格局模型,预测精度为83.14%,据此预测松墨天牛平均发生率在2020s、2050s、2080s的空间格局与2002-2012年相比主要呈现出四川东部、贵州中部地区中度和重度虫害发生面积明显增加;湖南东部、江西西部和浙江西部地区虫害重度发生面积明显增加;陕西东南部虫害重度发生面积减少;山东东部、安徽中部虫害轻度发生面积明显缩减的趋势。     

Genetic variation in fruitfulness in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard and its impact on the maintenance of genetic diversity in seedlots

Genetic variation in seed/cone production among clones was studied in a hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) seed orchard containing 25 plus-trees by analyzing the number of cones, the yield of cones and seeds of individual ramets for 5 successive years (1982 to 1986). There was significant variation among clones each year and parental contribution in the seed orchard. Specifically, in the years 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, and 1986, 20% of the clones produced 37.2, 60.6, 36.0, 44.3, and 44.8% of the total cones, respectively. The size of the crop greatly influenced the parental balance in the resulting seed/cone crops. The product moment correlation coefficients and Spearman’s coefficients of rank correlation were small and insignificant between consecutive years, but large and highly significant between alternate years, suggesting the presence of carry-over effects in seed/cone production. The broad-sense heritability on a clone mean basis was 0.74 ± 0.15 for the number of cones, 0.72 ± 0.14 for the yield of cones, and 0.68 ± 0.13 for the yield of seeds. The corresponding heritabilities from analyses combined over all years were 0.24, 0.558, and 0.724, respectively. These results indicate that seed/cone production in hinoki is under strong genetic control. Several managerial measures are discussed that maintain the genetic diversity in seedlots used for reforestation, by reducing the variation in seed/cone production among clones and producing seed crops with equal contributions from all parents.     

立地条件对毛竹林枯梢病感病指数的关系效应研究

[目的]研究毛竹林的立地条件和枯梢病发生的关系。[方法]对江西省不同立地条件的60块毛竹样地开展了监测调查,分析了坡度、坡位、坡向、海拔高度和土壤层厚度5个立地因子对毛竹林枯梢病感病指数的影响。[结果]表明,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数在不同坡度、不同海拔、不同土层厚度下均存在极显著的差异,且感病指数与坡度及海拔高度呈极显著正相关关系,与土层厚度呈极显著负相关关系;感病指数与坡向呈负相关关系;坡位对毛竹枯梢病的感病指数无显著影响。同时,为了探究这5个立地因子对毛竹枯梢病感病指数的综合影响,利用数量化理论,以这5个立地条件为自变量,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数为因变量,建立多元线性回归预测方程,该预测方程复相关系数R=0.854,复相关系数的F检验得F=10.432F_(0.01)(11.48)=2.64,经T检验,与毛竹枯梢病感病指数关系最大的立地因子是土层厚度,其次是海拔高度和坡度,这3个因子是影响毛竹枯梢病的主导因子。[结论]综合分析得出,在急险坡、上坡位、阳坡面、高海拔、薄土层的立地条件下,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数最大;在平缓坡、下坡位、阴坡面、丘原、肥土层的立地条件下,毛竹枯梢病的感病指数最小。     

Variation analysis and fine family selection on half-sib progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana

Variation of traits that include height, diameter at breast height (DBH), stem volume, crown width, straightness, wood basic density, tracheid length and width of open-pollinated progenies from clonal seed orchard of Pinus massoniana was analyzed. Differences in traits such as growth, tree form and wood quality among families was significant, which indicated that the improvement potential was notable. Heritability of height and wood basic density reached 0.691 and 0.640, respectively. According to a correlation analysis between traits, stem straightness could be improved indirectly when growth traits are improved; growth traits were significantly correlated with wood basic density; and wood basic density was not significantly correlated with length and width of the tracheid. Under the selection ratio of 10%, genetic gains were 19.74% and 19.32% respectively, and selected families from the progeny test stands at the age of five years and eight years were the same. Genetic correlation of height, DBH and stem volume was also significant at the level of 0.01. These show that selection of the short rotation of P. massoniana for pulp and paper use would be efficient for five-year-old trees. According to the comparison of the heritability of all the traits and taking into account the result of canonical correlation analysis, height could be considered as the most important index for selection. Given wood quality of all the families, and flowering and fruit settings of the clones in a seed orchard, twelve fine families were selected at 10% selection ratio of height growth and stem volume. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2005, 41(6): 43–49 [译自: 林业科学]     

Biogeographic differences in cone, needle and seed morphology among natural Picea asperata populations in Western China

This study represents a geographical approach to morphological variation of cones, needles and seeds in natural dragon spruce (Picea asperata Mast.) populations across western China and the relationship between morphological traits and weather variation for the origins of populations. Significant differences were found for all cone, needle and seed traits among populations and trees within populations. The coefficients of variation in 2 higher latitude populations were higher than those in other populations in all traits except for needle width and seed width. Fairly high within-population variability was also detected for cone dry weight, seed dry weight and needle traits in this study. Cone length, cone width, cone dry weight, seed scale length, seed scale width and seed wing length were strongly positively intercorrelated. Seed length and seed dry weight showed a significantly positive correlation with seed wing length. And needle width showed a significant negative correlation with cone traits, seed scale length, seed wing length and seed length. The higher the annual mean temperature, the higher the average cone length. This study also revealed a negative linear dependence on latitude: the higher the latitude, the lower the population average seed length. Seed dry weight was positively and linearly related with altitude.     

Estimates of pollen contamination and selfing in a coastal Douglas-fir seed orchard

Seed orchards are the link from tree breeding to reforestation programs and are theoretically expected to function as closed, perfect populations, ensuring gain and diversity are consistently and predictively delivered as improved seed and seedlings. Seed orchard populations often deviate from panmixia due to fertility variation, reproductive asynchrony, and gene flow, leading to reduced seed crops genetic quality. Here, as a part of multiyear monitoring study, we used DNA fingerprinting (simple sequence repeat markers) to assess a Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seed orchard's seed crop genetic quality (2009 seed crop). The studied seed crop was produced under ambient temperature (i.e. no reproductive phenology manipulation) and pollination was augmented by pollen from within orchard's pollen donors. DNA fingerprinting of the parental population (66 parents) along with 207 gametophyte (1n) – embryo (2n) pairs of random bulk sample of seed allowed parentage (maternal and paternal) assignment and the direct assessment of pollen contamination (0.18 ± 0.027) and selfing (0.17 ± 0.025) rates as well as parental (pollen, ovule and individual parent) gametic contribution was compared to a previous year's crop (2005). The extended reproductive phenology coupled with variable within-orchard pollen availability has created opportunities for both self and foreign pollen to be successful at various times resulting in the seemingly paradoxical scenario of high selfing and gene flow. These results (2005 and 2009) allowed comparison of seed orchard's crop management practices and are expected to provide scientific foundations to effective seed crops genetic quality improvement.     

Loblolly pine seed dormancy: constraints to germination.

Stratification by moist chilling is often used to break seed dormancy in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). The role that moist chilling plays at the cellular level in preparing the embryo for germination and early seedling growth was investigated. Moist chilling did not affect the embryo's ability to mobilize seed storage proteins, which is a biochemical marker of early seedling growth. Analysis of in vivo protein synthesis profiles indicated that moist chilling has only a subtle effect on gene expression in the embryo or germinant. The means by which moist chilling affects interactions between the seed coat and the living tissues of the seed also was studied. Although the seed coat is mainly a mechanical barrier to germination, seed coat replacement studies showed that moist chilling alleviates some factor(s) in the seed coat that significantly inhibit germination.     

Long-term variation in Scots pine seed crop size and quality in northern Finland

Abstract

Quantitatively and qualitatively good Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seed years are rare in northern areas because of the short growing seasons. The seed crop size was studied in four natural pine forests in northern Finland during 1960–2004. Data on seed crop quality were collected during 1986–2004 and quality was determined by X-ray radiography. The long-term average annual seed crop of pine was 77 seeds m^?2, varying from 5 to 225 seeds m^?2. The expected average annual germination percentage of the seed crop was 61%, varying from 7 to 81%. General linear models were used to analyse the size and quality of the seed crop. Independent variables explained 52% of the variation in annual seed crop quality, and no proper model was found for determining the size of the seed crop; the coefficient of determination was only 5%. A combination of more than 100 seeds m^?2 and an expected germination percentage of over 50% was observed once during the years 1986–2004. In most years, natural regeneration in northern Finland is difficult and often limited by the seed crop's quality as well as quantity. These results confirm the importance of seed tree cutting in abundant seed crop years to enable the natural regeneration of pine.     

文冠果种子及苗期生长性状地理种源变异

[目的]研究不同种源文冠果(Xanthocerassorbifolium Bunge)的种子形态特征及在山东省安丘地区苗期性状差异,了解文冠果不同种源变异特征,为文冠果在山东安丘地区引种和遗传改良提供参考。[方法]以来自山东、河南、内蒙古、辽宁、黑龙江、河北、新疆、陕西等地的27个种源的文冠果种子为研究对象,对其种子形态指标进行测定,并在山东省安丘市开展种源试验。[结果]研究发现:不同种源间文冠果表型性状均存在极显著差异(P0.01),且这些差异可以稳定遗传(遗传力均大于0.9);苗期苗高与种源地降水、年均气温及地径与降水之间呈极显著正相关(P0.01),苗高与种源地纬度、年均日照及地径与年均日照呈极显著负相关(P0.01),种子长、种子宽、种皮厚均与海拔呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。[结论]文冠果表型性状存在丰富的变异,且受较强遗传控制;文冠果苗期性状变异主要受降水、年均气温、年均日照3个环境主导因子的影响,种子性状变异主要受海拔的影响。综合种源苗期生长状况,初步筛选出山东东营、山东安丘、内蒙古库伦、辽宁关山和辽宁海城5个适合安丘地区育苗的速生种源。     

科尔沁沙地五角枫变色气象条件及预报方法研究

对沙地五角枫近6年红叶数据进行数字化处理,得出枫叶变色率及变色规律;结合气象要素 资料,研究不同变色期的气象阈值条件;利用不同气象要素与枫叶变色率的相关性对枫叶变色率短 期、长期预报方法进行详细研究。研究结果表明:沙地五角枫初红日序为10月1日,大部分枫树在 10月上旬处于斑红,正红日序为10月15日,枫叶进入斑红和正红的时间受逐日气象条件影响较 大;日最低温、日最高温、日均温、日均湿度、日最低地面温度越低,枫叶变色率越高,变色率与日降 水量、气温日较差、日照时数呈微弱相关;近10 d 累积气温越低、日照时数越多、累积湿度越小、累 积降水越少,枫叶变色率越高;长期预报因子为6月平均湿度和9 月平均气温、平均日照时数、平均 最高温度;根据温度阈值建立了枫叶变色因子方程,结合赏枫天气因子建立了枫红气象指数及服务 产品,经检验适用性较好。     

岭南槭不同种源家系种子形态和幼苗生长变异

[目的]探讨不同种源家系岭南槭种子形态、种子萌发与幼苗生长的特性,分析它们与种源地地理气候因子之间的关系。[方法]对广东省岭南槭天然分布区的3个种源18个家系的种子表型性状、发芽特征、幼苗生长性状和叶色表现进行方差分析和相关性分析。[结果]表明:肇庆黑石顶(HSD)种源的种子最厚、最宽,深圳七娘山(QNS)种源的种子最薄、最窄,惠州南昆山(NKS)种源的种子最长,种子千粒质量最高;翅长与翅宽呈极显著正相关(P0.01),种子千粒质量与发芽率显著正相关(P0.05);岭南槭1年生幼苗地径与苗高成正比,幼苗生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响;在色彩表现方面,QNS3、QNS13家系的明度L*值较大,QNS13色相b*值显著高于其他家系,NKS14家系幼苗的色相a*值最大。[结论]种子千粒质量越高,发芽率越高;幼苗的地径苗高生长受种源地的地理气候因子影响。NKS14家系幼苗红叶特征最明显,色彩表现较好。     

Thermogenetic curves and thermokinetics of seed germination ofRobinia pseudoacaia

Seed germination process has closely relation with material transformation and energy exchange within the seed. Study on its thermal effect is important for understanding the mechanism and the influencing factors of the seed germination. The thermogenetic curves of seed germination ofRobinia pseudoacacia was measured by a new-type conductive microcalorimeter made in Wuhan University. The relationship was analyzed between the germination thermogenetic regulation and seed germination physiology. The thermogentic curves were further analyzed by thermokinetic theory to obtain the dynamic parameters and the thermokinetic model on seed germination ofRobinia pseudoacacia. The relationship of the thermogenetic power (μ w) and the germination time(h) of the germination process of 20 grainsRobinia pseudocacia seeds at 25°C wasP=208.77/[0.1937+0.8063exp(−0.06563t)] Foundation item: This project is supported by National Nature Science Foundation (30070200). Biography: Hu Yun-chu (1960-), male, associated Prof. in Central South Forestry University, Zhuzhou 412006, Hunan, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan     

Quantitative variation among Kenyan populations of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. for gum production, seed and growth traits

Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. is an African leguminous multipurpose tree species belonging to subfamily Mimosoideae and subgenus Aculeiferum, highly valued for gum arabic production. This study estimated the genetic diversity within and among Kenyan populations of the species in the Bulla Sambul, Kutulo, Wamba and Meisori populations based on 12 quantitative traits, which included; tree height, diameter at breast height (DBH), number of branches, bark thickness, gum weight and various pod and seed traits on 20 randomly selected trees in every population. Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) and the dendrogram distinctively divided the populations into two groups; Wamba and Meisori in one group while Bulla Sambul and Kutulo in the other, indicating geographical structuring of the genetic variability. The trees were larger, taller with greater pod and seed traits in the Wamba and Meisori than the Bulla Sambul and Kutulo populations. Contrarily, trees had lighter seeds, more branches with higher gum weight in the Kutulo and Bulla Sambul than the Wamba and Meisori populations. The Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H), depicted 1,000-seed weight as the most varied trait across the populations. These findings provide essential information on the genetic diversity of the species, necessary for delineation of particular zones for seed sources for germplasm conservation, selection for domestication and improved gum arabic production.     

基于树冠因子的林木竞争指数研究

[目的]以湖南省黄丰桥国有林场杉木纯林为研究对象,进行树木竞争指数的研究,基于Hegyi简单竞争指数的形式,提出包含反映树冠特征因子的树冠竞争指数。[方法]将树冠竞争指数和Hegyi简单竞争指数分别与胸径增长量进行相关分析。[结果]Kendall's tau-b系数、Spearman's rho系数和相关系数R²均显示树冠竞争指数与林木生长量的相关性高于Hegyi简单竞争指数。[结论]该结果表明树冠竞争指数与林木生长量有更强的相关性,可以更好地体现树冠在树木生长中的作用,能作为模拟林分生长量的依据。     

Interactions between climate,growth and seed production in Spanish black pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus nigra</Emphasis> Arn. ssp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">salzmannii</Emphasis>) forests in Cuenca Mountains (Spain)

Tree growth is regulated by a combination of exogenous and endogenous factors. Such factors also interact with each other, complicating the understanding of causal links. IN particular, resource allocation is sensitive to reproductive investment, especially in masting species, which in turn is regulated by climatic variables. Both resource allocation and seed production patterns are also sensitive to tree age. This study aims to (1) evaluate the effects of tree age and local and regional climate on tree ring width and seed production by Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Arn. ssp. salzmannii) forest in Cuenca Mountains (Spain), and (2) assess the relationship between seed production and secondary growth of Spanish black pine. Seed fall was estimated using 60 rectangular seed traps (40 × 50 × 15 cm) from 2000 to 2014, randomly distributed across the study area. Standardized tree-ring chronologies were calculated using a random sample of 106 trees stratified into three age classes (> 80 years; 26–80 years, and ≤ 25 years). Local climate data was obtained from a meteorological station, and regional climate data from the CRU-TS 3.1 dataset. Average seed production ranged over time from 2 to 189 seeds m^?2 (coefficient of variation = 157%). We identified four masting years (2000, 2003, 2006, and 2014) using a classification based on percentile seed production. Seed production was regulated by climate of the previous 2–3 years, while tree growth responded to precipitation and temperature in the previous and current year. Independent of climate, high seed production had a negative effect on tree ring width and weakened climate growth relationships, indicating resource depletion. Tree age modulated climate sensitivity, increasing correlations between climate and tree-ring index in older trees. P. nigra has been showed to be a climate sensitive species with a bimodal masting behaviour, which should be taking into account for management purposes and silvicultural guidelines under climate change scenarios.     

木荷种子园无性系开花物候及同步性分析

[目的]研究种子园无性系的花期物候特征和花期同步性及影响因子对种子园科学管理具有指导意义。[方法]2015年和2016年连续2 a对木荷无性系种子园中19个无性系进行花期物候调查,分析其开花物候与花期同步指数。[结果]木荷种子园各无性系开花持续时间为10~28 d,2016年较2015年晚2 d进入始花期。相关分析结果表明,开花数多的无性系比开花数少的无性系花期更长、座果数更多,花期持续时间长的无性系比持续时间短的无性系座果数更多。无性系组合间花期同步指数有较大差异,2015年和2016年变化范围分别为0.552~0.857和0.406~0.808,平均分别为0.758和0.713,其中花期同步指数大于0.80的无性系分别在50%和40%以上。年度内花期同步指数变异系数分别为12.016%~46.476%和15.375%~51.202%,无性系之间平均花期同步指数存在极显著变异(P0.01)。年度间花期平均同步指数为0.737,平均花期同步指数间不存在显著变异(P0.05)。年度间花期同步指数相关系数为0.229,表明年度间花期同步指数具有一定的相关性,但不显著。[结论]木荷种子园无性系年度间花期同步指数较为稳定,可根据开花物候和花期同步指数对无性系进行筛选和优化,同时辅以人工授粉等措施弥补花期同步性差异,以达到提高种子园种子产量和质量的目的。     

Cone and seed production from stone pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus pinea</Emphasis> L.) stands in Central Range (Spain)

Natural regeneration of stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) stands in the Central Range of Spain can be difficult to attain. The success of this regeneration is affected by factors such as the total amount of seed available, the short dispersal ability of the pinyon, the conditions required for germination, specific problems associated with the establishment, early survival of the seedlings due to severe summer heat and drought, competition for water and mineral resources and grazing damage. This study focuses on seed availability. The amount of available seeds depends on the number and size of the cones and the number of viable pinyons within the cones. In stone pine stands, both variables show great year to year variability. Both cone and seed production, for a given year, are also conditioned by the vigour and health of the tree, its size, the condition and attributes of the stand and the loss of seed through pests or predation. In this study, the main factors which influence cone and pinyon production are identified and a multivariate model to predict annual cone and viable seed production is developed. To consider the correlation among observations coming from the same tree, stand or year, random components are included in the model. The multivariate random structure allows for future calibration of the model for a given year from a small additional sample of observations. It is important to know the total amount of viable seed produced in a stand for a given year since regeneration cuttings for Stone pine should be concentrated in high crop years.     

Phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard

Through 5 years of phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard and studies on population and individuals of clones, the annual periodic phenological laws were revealed and the annual phenological periodic table was drawn up. The correlation between various phenophases, the air temperature and active accumulated temperature were analyzed and expounded. The authors also analyzed the similarities and differences of phenophases among clonal individuals as well as the blooming properties of male and female flowers at the same time. This study could provide theoretical reference for working out the production plan of improved varieties and other management measures in seed orchard ofLarix principis-rupprechtii. Biography: ZHANG Xin-bo (1956-), male, senior engineer in Shanxi Academy of Forestry Science and Northern Research Institute of Forestry of China, Taiyuan 030012, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

Relationship between trophic component of different poplar strains and occurrence ofSaperda poplnea

An experimental area of poplar was established in Songyuan of Jilin Province in 1999 for testing the resistance of different poplar stains toSaperda poplnea. Incidence ofS. poplnea on ten poplar strains were investigated, and the main trophic component of branches of these poplar trees were measured and analyzed in April 2001. The results showed that there existed significant difference in population size ofS. poplnea on different poplar strains, and the branches of these poplar strains have significant difference in nutrient component and content of amino acids. The population size of this pest had a significantly positive correlation with dissolvable total sugar and water content but had no significant correlation with content of total nitrogen and protein nitrogen. Foundation Item: This paper is part of the subject of integrated control of longicorn of poplar for mainly focusing on pest resistance, which was supported by Jilin Provincial Forestry Department (96-010). Biography: Gao Chang-qi (1949-), Research Fellow, Doctorate Tutor, Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Science, Changehun 139931, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

杉木种子园种实害虫的综合治理

本文概述了杉木种子园主要种实害虫的综合治理措施。以虫情监测为基础,结合采种摘除虫害球果及强度修枝等林业技术,适时应用０．０５％溴氰菊酯油烟剂防治成虫。通过５年综合治理,使杉木种子园的球果虫害率明显下降,种子产量有较大提高,取得了明显的经济、社会和生态效益。