Effects of different culture media on the growth of Indian sandalwood （Santalum album L.） seedlings in Zhanjiang, Guangdong, southern China

We studied the effects of different culture media on the growth of India sandalwood(Santalum album L.) seedlings in Zhanjiang,Guangdong Province in southern China. Five different growth substrates,lateritic subsoil,burnt soil,agricultural soil,peaty soil and coconut dust,were used as the basic culture materials and seven different treatments of composition were used as potting media. Kuhnia rosmarinifolia Vent. was used as a primary host plant for all treatments. Statistically significant differences were f...     

Impact of addition of soil amendments and microbial inoculants on nursery growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Populus deltoides</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Toona ciliata</Emphasis>

Present study evaluated growth of Populus deltoides G48 and Toona ciliata over a period of 6 months, in nursery soil amended with 10% fly ash (v/v), 5% distillery waste (v/v), 20% farmyard manure (v/v) and microbial consortium of Pseudomonas striata and Azotobacter sp. @ 30 ml/pot in different combinations leading to 12 different treatments with 16 replicates in completely randomized block design. Biometric parameters such as plant height, collar diameter and total dry biomass were analyzed which indicated that the treatment (T8) comprising of fly ash @ 10% (v/v), farmyard manure @ 20% (v/v) and microbial consortium @ 30 ml/pot promoted growth of P. deltoides. The results indicated that combined addition of fly ash, farm yard manure and microbial inoculants can be used as a good potting mixture for improving survival rates and plant growth in forestry nurseries.     

油茶扦插育苗基质筛选

用黄心土、椰糠、沼渣进行不同体积比混合作为油茶（Camellia oleifera）扦插苗的育苗基质试验,筛选适宜油茶扦插苗存活及生长的沼渣添加比例。研究结果表明：添加沼渣比例不同对油茶扦插苗存活、地径、苗高、新梢生长及生物量有显著影响;添加5%-10%的沼渣处理油茶扦插苗存活率与普通黄心土处理差异不显著,但后期幼苗新梢生长和生物量累积明显优于普通黄心土处理。秋季油茶扦插育苗时可在基质中添加5%-10%沼渣。     

Growth and Mycorrhizal Dependency of Acacia mangium Willd. Inoculated with Three Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Lateritic Soil

Three VA-mycorrhizal fungi; Glomus occultum, Glomus aggregatum (local isolates) and G. mosseae (strain from Bangalore, India) were inoculated to assess their effect on growth of Acacia mangium in lateritic soil. All inoculations enhanced growth with respect to shoot height, root diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll content and biomass of A. mangium significantly compared to uninoculated control seedlings. G. occultum proved most efficient among the three. The mycorrhizal dependency factor indicated that the growth of A. mangium was 57% dependent on G. occultum, 47% on G. mosseae and 46% on Glomus aggregatum.     

灰木莲容器苗培育基质筛选试验

以松皮粉、黄心土、森林表土、火烧土、泥炭5种基质设置6种配比处理开展灰木莲容器苗培育试验，选用苗高、地径、苗木质量指数、容器基质重量等指标进行苗木质量评定，并依据造林效果进行检验。结果表明：不同处理间的苗高、地径和容器基质重量均达到极显著差异，苗木质量指数亦差异显著；处理3（黄心土50％＋松皮粉25％＋表土25％）的苗木质量和造林效果最好，其次是处理5（黄心土60％＋松皮粉25％＋火烧土15％）和处理4（黄心土50％＋松皮粉50％），处理2（黄心土75％＋泥炭25％）最差；建议生产上添加25％．50％的松皮粉作为灰木莲容器育苗基质。     

强力班克木5个种源苗期生长研究

By afforestation trial, the adaptation and growing states of 5 Banksia robur provenances in Jianfengling of Hainan were studied, and the effects of provenance and fertilizer treatment on the survival rate, height and ground diameter were analyzed. The results showed that all the 5 provenances had a good adaptability in Hainan province. 2 months after planting, the survival rate was 85%, but it was easily affected by air humidity and became lower in the dry season, especially the provenance No.38164, showing that the B. robur needs wet environment. The study also found that different provenances and fertilizer treatments had significant impact and interactions on the growth of B. robur. The provenance No.38163 had the fastest grow speed, with 1.35 mm of ground diameter increment and 10.57 cm of height increment during 3 months, while the provenance No.38164 had the lowest grow speed. The provenance No.39163 also had a strong barren resistance, while the provenances No.38177 and No.38199 needed well water and nutrient conditions. Different fertilizer treatments could enlarge the difference in growth status of the provenances, and the composted cattle manure had the best effect on promoting growth status, which could be used as the best fertilizer in afforestation.     

施肥对猴耳环幼苗生长的影响

The effects of applying N(urea, 46% N), P(phosphate, 12% P₂O₅) and K(potassium sulphate, 54% K₂O) fertilizers on the growth performance and biomass yield of 8-month-old Archidendron clypearia seedlings were examined by L9 orthogonal array with 3 replicates in the nursery of Zengcheng Forest Farm of Guangzhou, Guangdong Province. The test seedlings were potted with the subsoil of total N 0.0484%, total P 0.1518% and total K 1.2629%, and fertilized at the 2nd and 6th months with the application rates of 0, 10 and 20 mg of N, 0, 20 and 50 mg of P and 0, 10 and 20 mg of K per seedling. The results showed that the diameter at ground level(DGL), the height and the oven-dried weight biomass of 8-month-old seedlings differed significantly at P=0.05. The combined application dose of 20 mg N, 20 mg P and 0 mg K per seedling resulted in the best seedling growth and biomass yield. N fertilizer was a significant factor in the growth of DGL and height of A. clypearia seedlings. P fertilizer had no significant effects on both DGL and height, while K fertilizer only affected DGL significantly. Analysis of the leaf and root stoichiometry suggested that N may be the most single limiting nutrient, A. clypearia seedlings used N more efficiently than they used P.     

Study onSonneratia apetala productivity in restored forests in Leizhou Peninsula, China

The exoticSonneratia apetala in Leizhou Peninsula, has shown outstanding fast-growing ability in restored mangrove forests, at the middle and high tide intertidal zone, with year-round fresh water input from drainage. By setting plot and selecting standard tree, investigation and measurement on height growth, diameter growth, biomass, productivity, and so on, were made in aS. apetala plantation at age of six at Lanbel, Fucheng, Leizhou Peninsula in May 2001. The investigating results showed that the mean annual height growth of plantation was 2.03 m and mean annual growth of diameter at breast height (DBH) was 2.35 cm. There exists a significant correlation between the diameter at ground surface (DGS) and DBH. The average biomass of a single standard tree in dry weight was 95.647 kg/m². A ratio of above-ground biomass to under-ground biomass was 1.60. The stand biomass of unit area was 22.955 kg/m², singletree wood volume was 88.23 dm³, and the annual wood volume productivity (P _A) of the same year was 0.407. The forest energy accumulation was 424.851 MJ/m², with annual solar energy fixing rate of 40.68×10⁻⁷%. It is concluded thatS. apetala species had characteristics of outstanding high biomass accumulation and could be used as coastal planting tree species in southern China. Foundetion item: The paper was supported by the project of integrated mangrove management and coastal protection (IMMCP) in Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong Province. Biography: Han Wei-dong (1963-), male, associate professor, in Zhanjiang Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, Guangdong; and presently as postdoctoral researcher in Life Science College, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, P.R. China Responsible editor: Zhu Hong.     

Soil fertility changes and response of maize and beans to green manures of leucaena,sesbania and pigeonpea

Three multipurpose tree species (MPTS)-leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), sesbania (Sesbania sesban var. nubica) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) were pruned at a height of 60 cm above the ground every two months, and resulting plant biomass was incorporated into the soil as green manure. For comparison, maize (Zea mays) stover was also incorporated into some plots, while some other plots were left fallow. Varying quantities of plant biomass which were incorporated into the soil over a period of 12 months caused large changes in major soil plant nutrients, and it substantially improved soil fertility. To test for improved soil fertility, test crops of maize and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were grown on the plots after six biomass incorporations of 4806, 13603, 16659 and 7793 kg. ha^–1yr^–1 for pigeonpea, sesbania leucaena and maize, respectively. Responses of the test crops indicated that sesbania and leucaena green manures improved maize stover, cobs and grain yields; and bean haulms and grain yields by 77.6% when compared to fallow plots. Residual effects of green manures still resulted in significant (P < 0.05) yield differences in the test cropin the third testing season. Economic significance of green manures in increasing food crop yields to small scale farmers is discussed.     

Stock size affects outplanting survival and early growth of fascicle cuttings of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus radiata</Emphasis>

Four outplanting experiments in the North Island of New Zealand were examined to determine the effects of stock size on survival and early height growth of rooted fascicle cuttings of Pinus radiata D. Don. Survival and third-year tree height were examined in relation to (a) initial diameter, (b) initial height, (c) initial diameter squared, (d) bulk index (diameter squared × height), and (e) sturdiness index (height/diameter). Of the five attributes examined, initial diameter was correlated with survival on two sites, while height and sturdiness index were not correlated with survival. Cutting morphology was more consistently correlated with growth than with survival. On all sites, growth of cuttings after outplanting was positively related to size (e.g., diameter, height, bulk-index). Results from these trials suggest good performance of rooted fascicle cuttings can be expected when stem diameters (at the soil surface) range from 8 to 10 mm and heights range from 25 to 40 cm.     

Survival,growth, wood basic density and wood biomass of seven-year-old Casuarina species/provenances grown at Kongowe,Kibaha, Tanzania

A performance comparison of seven-year-old individuals of 13 Casuarina species/provenances in terms of survival, growth (diameter, height and volume), wood basic density and wood biomass was undertaken at Kongowe, Kibaha, Tanzania. The trial was laid out using a randomised complete block design with four replications. The results showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) in all parameters. Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest untransformed survival (48.8%), whereas C. equisetifolia from Wagait Tower (North Timor), Indonesia, had the highest survival (87.5%). Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest mean diameter (8.6 cm) while the C. junghuhniana provenance from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19489) had the highest diameter (14.8 cm). Casuarina equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, had the lowest mean height (16.2 m), volume (22.1 m³ ha^?1) and biomass production (23.5 t ha^?1), whereas C. equisetifolia from Hadsamira Songkhla, Thailand, had the highest mean height (24.3 m), volume (66.4 m³ ha^?1) and biomass production (72.9 t ha^?1). In terms of wood basic density, the C. junghuhniana provenance from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19489) had the lowest (617 kg m^?3), whereas C. equisetifolia from Wagait Tower (North Timor), Indonesia, had the highest (731 kg m^?3). Ordinal ranking for the best-performing species/provenances revealed that the best two provenances were C. equisetifolia from Hadsamira Sonkhla, Thailand, and C. junghuhniana from Timor, Indonesia (seedlot no. 19491). The two poorest-performing provenances were C. equisetifolia from Montazah National Park, Egypt, and C. equisetifolia from Cotonou, Benin. The outstanding species/provenances are recommended for pilot planting at Kibaha and similar sites.     

Effect of mechanical site preparation and fertilisation on early growth and survival of a black pine plantation in northern Greece

Pine plantations on selected sites in the extensive zone of degraded oak coppice of northern Greece are deemed necessary for increasing wood production in the area and suitable site preparation may accelerate early tree growth. Seven site preparation treatments including raking (R), with sub-soiling (RS), disc harrowing (RD), tine ploughing (RT) and their combinations (RSD), (RDT) and (RSDT) were compared for the establishment of black pine (Pinus nigra Arn) in an oak coppice site, of conglomerate parent material at Anthrakia, northern Greece. The randomised blocks trial of three replications and 110 trees per treatment, half of which were fertilised with 150 g NPK per plant, was assessed at the age of 15 years for diameter, dominant tree height and survival. There was no significant difference between the treatments in any of the traits examined, nor did the fertilisation had any effect. Only the fertiliser × treatment interaction was found significant at p<0.001 for dominant height, accounting for 37% of the observed variation in this trait. The lack of response to site preparation treatments may be attributed to the hard Bt3 clay horizon, extending beyond cultivation depth (50 cm), that prevents the roots penetration into deeper moist soil layers. The F × T interaction, where the combination of (RSDT) treatment and fertiliser was found to accelerate tree height growth in relation to the same treatment without fertiliser, indicates that thorough soil cultivation is needed for fertilisation to be effective in such sites.     

不同基质不同容器对普陀樟生长的影响

为探讨不同基质不同容器对普陀樟Cinnamomum japonicumvar.Chenii苗木生长的影响,在苗木试验基地设置6个育苗处理,即选择圃地土、35%黄心土+35%泥炭+30%猪粪、1/3火烧土+1/3黄心土+1/3圃地土的3种配置基质分别与普通营养钵和控根容器对比处理对普陀樟2a生苗进行试验,1a后测定高度相对生长量、地径相对生长量、高径比、叶绿素、根系鲜重、地上部分鲜重、地上地下部分鲜重比、根系活力、可溶性糖含量等指标。结果表明:植物控根栽培的过程中,容器的选用和基质的不同与否是影响苗木生长指标的重要因素;选用35%黄心土+35%泥炭+30%猪粪有机肥和控根容器在普陀樟容器苗栽培中是最适宜的。     

不同土壤改良方式对乌柳生长的影响

通过改良天峻县高原冻土层土壤,改善其理化性质,分析不同改良方式对乌柳生长的影响,筛选出高寒高海拔冻土层地区适合乌柳生长的土壤改良方式。结果表明,不同改良配方对乌柳生长均有不同程度的改善和促进作用,其中:S4处理(60%森林土+10%腐熟羊粪+10%河沙+5%珍珠岩+15%本土)中乌柳各项生理参数最高,平均株高1.74m,平均冠幅55.66cm,平均地径0.978cm;其次为处理S8(60%泥炭+10%腐熟羊粪+10%河沙+20%本土),平均株高1.73m,平均冠幅54.57cm,平均地径0.972cm。S4和S8处理为适合高寒冻土层地区乌柳生长发育的土壤改良方式。     

Effects of forest canopy gap on biomass of Abies faxoniana seedlings and its allocation in subalpine coniferous forests of western Sichuan

Using a strip transect sampling method, the density, height (≤ 100 cm), basal diameter and components of biomass of Abies faxoniana seedlings, living in a forest gap (FG) and under the forest canopy (FC) of subalpine natural coniferous forests in western Sichuan, were investigated and the relationships among different components of biomass analyzed. The results indicated that the density and average height (H) of A. faxoniana seedlings were significantly different in the FG and under the FC, with the values being 12903 and 2017 per hm², and 26.6 and 24.3 cm. No significant differences were found in the average basal diameter (D) and biomass. The biomass allocation in seedling components was significantly affected by forest gap. In the FG, the biomass ratio of branch to stem reached a maximum of 1.54 at age 12 and then declined and fluctuated around 0.69. Under the FC, the biomass ratio of branch to stem increased with seedling growth and exceeded 1.0 at about age 15. The total biomass and the biomass of leaves, stems, shoots and roots grown in the FG and under the FC were significantly correlated with D ² H. There were significant and positive correlations among the biomass of different components. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2007, 18(4): 721–727 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

大兴安岭不同冻土活动层对兴安落叶松生长和更新的影响

研究不同冻土活动层兴安落叶松的生长状态、更新苗生长和碳储量变化,探讨冻土与植被的依存关系,为今后大兴安岭兴安落叶松的经营提供参考。通过3年野外调查数据分析,对比兴安落叶松胸径、树高、生物量,更新苗的生长指标、枯损碳量和进阶碳量的变化差异。结果表明,随着冻土活动层深度的增加,不同径阶组中不同活动层兴安落叶松生长趋势为CK＞2.0 m活动层＞1.0 m活动层＞0.5 m活动层,且差异性均为显著（P＜0.05）;不同厚度的冻土活动层兴安落叶松更新苗的各生长指标均有显著差异性（P＜0.05）,其中地径和树高差异达极显著（P＜0.001）;随着冻土活动层深度的增加,碳的生产力也逐渐增加,进阶碳量的总体趋势为CK＞2.0 m活动层＞1.0 m活动层＞0.5 m活动层,枯损碳量呈相反趋势（CK＜2.0 m活动层＜1.0 m活动层＜0.5 m活动层）。因此,冻土活动层厚度的不同是影响兴安落叶松生长发育和碳储量释放的重要因素,本研究为今后高效经营大兴安岭冻土区兴安落叶松提供了重要的理论依据。     

川滇高山栎林土壤氮素和微生物量碳氮随海拔变化的特征

川滇高山栎林是川西亚高山地区地带性的灌丛群落,具有重要的生态水文功能。本文在川西巴郎山东南坡沿海拔梯度(2 551、3 091、3 549 m),研究了川滇高山栎林表土层(0 15 cm)和亚表土层(15 30 cm)的土壤微生物量碳氮、有机碳(TOC)和氮素含量的分布特征及其相互关系。结果表明:海拔3 549 m和3 091 m处两土层土壤TOC及其储量、总氮(TN)、水解氮含量无显著性差异,其含量均显著高于海拔2 551 m处;海拔3 091 m处表土层与亚表土层的铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量显著比3 549 m的高,但与2 551 m处的NH4+-N含量差异不显著;在3个海拔梯度,土壤层硝态氮(NO3--N)含量差异不显著;3个海拔梯度的总无机氮含量在表土层差异不显著,而亚表土层无机氮含量在海拔3 091 m和3 549 m处差异显著;表土层微生物量碳含量变化与有机碳含量变化特征一致,亚表土层土壤微生物量碳含量在3个海拔梯度差异显著;表土层土壤微生物量氮含量在海拔3 091 m处最高,但3个海拔梯度的差异不显著,亚表土层土壤微生物量氮含量随海拔梯度降低而减少,但差异不显著。相关分析表明:水解氮、TOC、TN和土壤微生物量氮含量之间极显著相关(P<0.01);土壤微生物量碳与水解氮、TOC和TN显著正相关(P<0.05);pH值与水解氮、TOC和土壤微生物量氮显著正相关;NH4+-N与pH值极显著负相关。     

以松皮粉为基质的西南桦容器苗培育技术

采用7种不同配比的容器基质(其中包括2种有不同比例马尾松树皮粉组成的基质)进行西南桦容器苗培育试验,用不同基质的苗木平均地径、苗高和容器重等指标对育苗效果进行综合评价,结果表明:不同基质配比的平均苗高、地径和生物量生长均达到显著差异;G处理(黄心土50%+松皮粉25%+表土25%)育苗效果最好,其次是E处理(黄心土75%+松皮粉25%)、F处理(黄心土50%+松皮粉50%),D处理(黄心土50%+泥炭50%)育苗效果最差。建议在西南桦生产育苗过程中使用适当比例的松皮粉作为容器苗基质。     

Above-ground biomass of seedling and semi-mature Sesbania sesban,a multi-purpose tree species,estimated using allometric regressions

Above-ground biomass production in seedling and semi-mature individual plants of Sesbania sesban varieties were compared to non-destructive measurements of stem allometrics. The results indicate that measurements of stem characteristics (diameter and total height) are suitable for estimating biomass of S. sesban varieties and therefore useful in the selection of particular varieties for inclusion in short-rotation agroforestry systems in arid- and semi-arid regions. Less labour-intensive methods for accurately assessing the productivity of agroforestry species, such as the use of allometric regressions, could significantly increase the number of individual plants that could be screened in any particular trial. A multiple polynomial regression accurately estimated above-ground biomass in all plants ranging in age from six weeks to eighteen months (r ²=0.99;p<0.001).     

山苍子家系幼林生长性状遗传变异及稳定性分析

[目的]对山苍子不同家系幼林生长性状进行遗传变异及稳定性分析,为山苍子优良家系选择及推广提供参考。[方法]以13个半同胞山苍子家系为材料,采用随机区组设计,分别在重庆万州、湖北京山和福建清流3个试验点营建家系试验林。对23年生山苍子幼林的树高和地径性状进行测定和多点联合分析,并采用AMMI模型对山苍子各家系的生长稳定性进行评价。[结果](1)山苍子家系的树高和地径在家系和地点效应上均达到显著(0. 01 P0. 05)或极显著(P 0. 01)水平,地径的家系和地点交互作用达到显著水平(0. 01 P 0. 05); 3个试验点树高和地径的表型变异系数为20. 98%～29. 27%,遗传变异系数为0. 62%～20. 35%,其中,地径的表型和遗传变异系数普遍大于树高;树高的家系遗传力为0. 003～0. 578,地径的家系遗传力为0. 455～ 0. 806。(2)综合双标图和稳定性参数得出:家系JY2和GX4地径表现较好且稳定性较高。[结论]山苍子家系的树高和地径在家系和地点间的差异均达到极显著水平(P 0. 01),存在丰富的遗传变异。在家系水平上,树高受低等到中等强度的遗传控制,地径受中等到高等强度的遗传控制。各家系在福建清流试点生长表现最好,湖北京山试点居次,重庆万州试点最差,其中家系JY2和GX4在3个试验点地径均表现较好且稳定性较高。