2种LED灯光诱蓝圆鲹和竹筴鱼的渔获比较

为了探索节能减排的海洋捕捞作业方式,在中国沿海海域做了白光(偏绿光)发射二极管(LED)水下灯和蓝紫光LED水下灯集鱼试验。对比2种等光能LED集鱼灯周围蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)和竹筴鱼(Trachurusjaponicus)的渔获,对渔获数据进行t检验分析表明,白光LED灯对蓝圆鲹的光诱效果显著优于蓝紫光LED灯;白光LED灯对竹筴鱼的光诱效果极显著优于蓝紫光LED灯。海上试验结果证实,在实验室水槽中所得的光诱鱼试验结果对海洋捕捞实践具有很好的指导作用。     

七月渔事

海洋捕捞:东海区秋季灯围渔汛,汛期7～10月,作业方式是灯光围围,舟山渔场以蓝圆鲹和鲐鱼等上层鱼为主,作业船有300多组,产量3.7万吨;闽南渔场投产船250组左右、500多艘,产量3.9万吨,捕捞对象是蓝圆鲹、竹(竹夹)鱼、颌圆鲹、脂眼鲱、沙丁鱼等。海水养殖:泥蚶(7～8月)、海带(北方,7月)人工育苗,毛蚶、魁蚶投放附着器采菌(7～9     

鲐鲹参灯围安全生产注意事项

在海洋主要经济鱼类资源严重衰退的情况下,这几年鲐、鲹鱼产量却连年上升,因此,各地都把捕捞这两种鱼列为大渔汛安排。鲐、鲹鱼捕捞是一种技术性较强的光诱围网作业。如何保障秋汛灯围作业     

南海北部灯光围网渔获组成分析

灯光围网是南海区海洋捕捞业的主要渔具之一。在这一渔业中,幼鱼渔获比例长期居高不下,这一问题已经引起渔业管理部门和渔业科学工作者的关注。为了查明灯光围网渔获中幼鱼比例及其对渔业资源的影响,2006年5月和10月在广东阳江沿海进行了海上渔获组成调查和分析。研究结果表明,渔获种类多,主要是中上层种类,如带鱼Trichiurus haumela、蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi、枪乌贼属Loligo spp．、竹荚鱼Trachurus japonicus、长体圆鲹D．macrosoma、羽鳃鲐Rastrelliger kanagurta和脂眼凹肩鲹Selar crumenophthalmus等;幼鱼比例高,许多种类的幼鱼渔获均超过法定比例;该渔业对南海北部的渔业资源造成较大损害。笔者建议尽快制定南海北部主要捕捞种类最适开捕规格;制定围网取鱼部最小网目尺寸;规定最适灯光强度;加强渔具优化和管理。     

南海北部灯光罩网渔获组成及其对渔业资源的影响

近年来,灯光罩网在南海区迅速发展,给南海区北部沿岸浅水域幼鱼资源增大了捕捞压力.为了查明南海区灯光罩网渔业的渔获组成及其对渔业资源的影响,2006年4月27日～5月2日在阳江沿海水域进行了灯光罩网海上渔获组成调查.研究结果表明:(1)主捕对象是趋光性鱼类和头足类,枪乌贼Loligo sp.、带鱼Trichiurus haumela、蓝圆鲹Decapterus maruadsi、康氏马鲛Scomberomorus commerson、刺鲳Psenopsis anomala、乌贼Sepia sp.、赤鼻棱鳀Thrissa kammalensis、乌鲳Formio niger、杜氏棱鳀Thryssa dussumieri和竹筴鱼Trachurus japonicus是南海北部灯光罩网的常见渔获种类;(2)幼鱼渔获比例高,损害海洋渔业资源严重;(3)网目尺寸小、灯光照度大和近岸渔场是导致幼鱼渔获比例高的主要成因.笔者建议规定最小网目尺寸和加强渔具管理.     

福建近海渔业资源结构及其主要种群生态的变化

本文通过对福建近海主要渔获种类组成与结构的变化和大头狗母鱼、多齿蛇鲻、蓝圆鲹、鲐鱼和竹荚鱼的种群结构及其生态学参数、捕捞死亡系数、开发比率的变化的研究,揭示了近海渔业开发力度的加大对资源衰退及其生态学的影响,旨在为渔业决策部门制定21世纪初期福建近海捕捞渔业持续发展规划提供重要的决策依据。     

钓鱼岛北部海域光诱敷网渔业资源调查

根据2012年7～10月在钓鱼岛北部海域开展的光诱敷网渔业调查资料,结合社会调查数据和以往在该渔场的相关调查资料,着重调查研究了该海域光诱敷网渔业的生产状况、渔获种类、主要渔获种类的生物学特性及其资源开发利用程度。结果表明,钓鱼岛北部海域光诱敷网作业渔场面积约3．09×10^5km^2,7—10月旺汛期渔船生产规模可达200多艘,平均日产5．08t,光诱敷网作业方式捕捞效果良好,几乎常年均可作业生产,生产渔船经济效益普遍较佳,单船旺汛期产值180×10。元左右、单船旺汛期盈利40多万元;渔获种类共有27种,其中鱼类有23种、头足类有4种;主要渔获种类为鲐鱼（Pneumatophorus japonicus）、扁舵鲣（Auxis thazard）、蓝圆碜（Decapterus maruadsi）和枪乌贼类,分别占总渔获产量的36．8％、27．9％、16．2％和7．8％,这些品种都属于生命周期短、生长速度快、资源补充量相对较大的经济种类,资源开发利用总体较为合理。     

国产LED水下集鱼灯光学特性与节能分析

通过使用高光谱剖面仪Hyperspectral profiler II和IU-2B型照度计对所研制的国产LED水下集鱼灯(480 W型)的光学特性进行测量,并与2 kW型金属卤化物水下集鱼灯进行比较,分析表明国产LED水下集鱼灯具有相对较好的水中穿透率,能够满足渔业生产需要。根据目前我国近海3 000艘光诱渔船的水下灯配置情况,以水下灯每千瓦燃油消耗260 g计算,年总耗油量共约为3.6万t。若使用国产LED水下集鱼灯替代渔船原先的金属卤化物水下集鱼灯,则仅需燃油0.8万t,每年共可节约燃油近2.8万t。一艘渔船使用LED水下集鱼灯,仅需约1.8年即可收回成本。     

六月渔事

海洋捕捞:粤东暑海渔汛开始,汛期6～9月,渔场自汕头至台湾浅滩附近海域,投产渔船300～400艘,总产量为2万～3.5万吨。捕捞品种以蓝圆鲹、金色小沙丁、脂眼鲱和竹(竹夹)鱼为主,作业方式为灯光围网。南海黄鳍马面鲀汛开始,汛期6～8月,主     

海南岛上岸渔获调查与分析

上岸渔获调查是调查渔业资源的主要方法之一。通过2010年9月至2011年8月监测海南岛主要渔港渔情,统计分析渔获上岸量、渔获组成和作业类型,评估南海渔业资源开发现状并提出建议。结果表明,1）低值幼鱼渔获比例超过40％,经济渔获蓝圆鲹（Decapterusmaruadsi）、带鱼（Trichiurushaumela）、马鲛（Scomber-morus）、眼镜鱼（Menemaculata）、金线鱼（Nemipterus）和头足类（Cephalopoda）的总和不足25％;2）蓝圆骖和带鱼是海南岛上岸渔获的优势种;3）拖网是海南岛近海渔获量最高的作业类型;4）海南岛近海底层渔业资源已严重衰退,远海中上层渔业资源具有巨大开发潜力。建议禁止海南岛近海拖网生产,允许南海休渔期间灯光围网和灯光罩网生产,通过增加远海作业船只的柴油补贴等途径扶持灯光围网和灯光罩网生产,构建“养护近海渔业、开发远海渔业”的新捕捞格局。     

The effect of LED lights on trap catches in Finnish inland fisheries

Trap fisheries can provide catches of high quality, and unwanted bycatch can be released with high survival. Light attraction could be an effective way of increasing trap catches, but research results are largely lacking. Experiments to test the effect of LED lights in trap-net fishing were conducted in two Finnish lakes where fishing targeted Eurasian perch Perca fluviatilis L. and roach Rutilus rutilus (L.). LED lights (white, green, red, blue and combinations) were attached inside the traps. The use of LED lights did not increase fish CPUE. Contrary to expectation, Eurasian perch catches were higher in traps without LED lights. Significant variation in CPUEs was observed, but without interaction with light treatments. The LED lights tested in this study do not increase the effectiveness of trap fishery targeting Eurasian perch and roach in Finnish lakes in the ice-free season.     

光诱渔船集鱼灯的光照度分布及其适渔性能分析

本文通过对光诱渔船的集鱼灯水下照度实测和理论推导,对不同功率的灯光在水下的水平传播和垂直传播的光照度进行比较分析,探讨了不同功率灯光水下光照度对鲐鲹等中上层鱼类和头足类的适渔性.结果表明,灯光在水下的水平和垂直传播过程中,受媒质的影响,光照度不断减弱,但较大功率的灯光衰减较缓,在水下传播范围大,水层深.由于鲐鲹鱼类和头足类在微光下均有趋光习性,因此诱集效果较好.但是,随着水平面距离的增大,较大功率灯光的光照优势逐步减少.     

300W型LED集鱼灯光学特性及其节能效果分析

高效节能型新光源集鱼灯的应用研究是光诱渔业研究的重要内容之一.使用高光谱剖面仪Hyperspectral profiler Ⅱ对所研制的国产300 W型LED集鱼灯的光学特性进行测量,并与1 kW型、1.5 kW型、2 kW型金属卤化物集鱼灯进行比较,表明国产LED集鱼灯具有良好的水中穿透性,能够满足渔业生产需要.根据...     

基于菲涅耳现象的LED集鱼灯最佳入射角研究

为了解决平板式LED集鱼灯安装不合理的现状,使得LED集鱼灯光能得到有效利用,提高诱、集鱼效果,实验分析了海面的菲涅耳现象,利用光学的临界条件原理推导出了菲涅尔公式,并利用透射率和折射率的定义式,得到光通过两个不同介质分界面时透射率和折射率的各分量与入射角的关系式,进而利用MATLAB仿真了光在通过海面时透射率和反射率随入射角改变而变化的函数图像。结果显示,透射光强最大时的入射角为53.6°,可以此入射角指导LED集鱼灯在渔船上的安装。对于平板式LED集鱼灯,安装角度可取36.4°;对于三列式LED集鱼灯,安装角度可取23.6°,相邻两列LED集鱼灯的夹角为160°。     

Alternative error distribution models for standardization of catch rates of non-target species from a pelagic longline fishery: billfish species in the Venezuelan tuna longline fishery

Alternative error distributions were evaluated for calculating indices of relative abundance for non-target species using catch and effort data from commercial fisheries. A general procedure is presented for testing the underlying assumptions of different error distributions. Catch rates, from an observer program, of billfish caught mainly as bycatch in a pelagic tuna longline fishery in the Western Central Atlantic were standardized. Although catches of billfishes are not common in pelagic tuna longline fisheries, these fisheries are one of the main sources of fishing mortality for these stocks in the central Atlantic due to the magnitude and spatial extent of longline fishing effort. Billfish CPUE data are highly skewed with a large proportion of zero observations. Delta distribution models can accommodate this type of data, and involve modeling the probability of a non-zero observation and the catch rate given that the catch is non-zero separately. Three different Delta models were compared against other error distributions, including the lognormal, log-gamma, and Poisson. Diagnostic checks and deviance table analyses were performed to identify the best error distribution and the set of factors and interactions that most adequately explained the observed variability. The results indicated that the Delta-lognormal model (a binomial error distribution for the probability of a non-zero catch and lognormal error for the positive catch rates) complied best with the underlying characteristics of the data set. Analyses of catch rates for blue marlin, white marlin and sailfish confirmed the spatio-temporal nature of their distribution in the central Atlantic and Caribbean Sea. Also, the analyses indicated that catch rates of billfish differed among fishing vessel types; larger vessels had a higher probability of catching blue marlin, the more oceanic-oriented species, and lower probabilities of catching the more coastal-oriented species white marlin and sailfish. Standardized catch rates indicated in general a lower relative abundance for blue and white marlin in the most recent years, although estimated confidence intervals overlap through the years especially for white marlin.     

Changes of eel exploitation in Polish lakes

The paper discusses briefly eel exploitation and traditional methods of catching eel. Attention is drawn to changes taking place in eel exploitation in Polish lakes, and to their causes. Most effective methods of eel catching are reviewed. It is pointed out that utilization of active fishing gear, mainly seine nets and electric aggregates, creates significant possibilities of increasing eel catches. Eel yields up to 40 kg/ha are not unusual with this type of gear. Furthermore, active fishing gear is more effective and can be used also in lakes in which it is difficult to apply traditional eel traps. The latter fact is of special significance in view of the increasing number of lakes stocked with eel, and improvement of eel stocking effectiveness.     

挪威海洋捕捞及渔船管理概述

本文概要介绍了挪威海洋捕捞业和渔船管理状况:2011年,捕捞量230万t,产值159亿挪威克朗(约26.8亿美元);渔民数量12 791人,渔船数量6 252艘;近10年的捕捞量基本稳定,年均捕捞量为250万t,与此同时,渔船和渔民数量则呈持续下降态势,说明挪威渔船的捕捞能力显著增强,捕捞效率明显提升。挪威的渔业管理制度和法规建设比较完善,这为控制捕捞强度、保护海洋渔业资源奠定了法律基础。挪威的经验具有借鉴意义。我国现阶段以实行渔船控制等投入控制制度为主、其他管理方式为辅的渔业资源管理制度,比较符合我国实际。实践证明,减船转产政策是控制捕捞渔船规模和降低海洋捕捞强度行之有效的措施之一。     

Fishing profiles of Danish seiners and bottom trawlers in relation to current EU management regulations

Danish seines and bottom trawls operate differently and have different catching processes. Both gears belong to the same legislative category in European fisheries, but different management strategies in other countries and criticism by fishers on grouping Danish seines and trawls together indicate disagreement on current gear classification. This study compared both gears in terms of their fishing characteristics and catches of commercial species based on 16 years of observer data. Danish seining is a specialised fishing method that targeted few species but with higher total catch rates than bottom trawlers. Bottom trawling is a more all‐purpose fishing method that targets a larger number of species, and bottom trawlers use larger engines than Danish seiners. A generalised additive mixed model indicated that catch rates of flatfish are generally higher for Danish seines, and catch rates of roundfish species are higher for trawlers. The results do not directly suggest a separation of the gears in terms of legislation as the quantities of fish below current minimum size were similar, but for example future survival studies may reach different conclusions. Additional factors were found to be important in determining catches of both gears.     

水下LED集鱼灯灯载视频系统设计

为实时获取光诱捕捞作业时水下鱼群状态的视频信息,设计了一款水下LED集鱼灯灯载视频系统。该系统在结构设计上以水下LED集鱼灯为载体,在其内部嵌入了一套数字视频解决方案;在信号处理上利用正交频分复用技术(OFDM)对数字视频信号进行调制,以克服电力线上的杂波和电流信号固定脉冲对视频信号的干扰;在通信设计上以电力载波(PLC)方式作为视频信号传输方案。该系统设计完成后,对其信号传输性能进行了测试。结果表明,在电力线标称截面积6 mm2、长度30 m时,系统延时3 ms,丢包率0%,实际传输速率为8 000 Kbps。系统在不改变集鱼灯结构的前提下,添加了视频拍摄功能,且无需单独增设视频传输线,可作为光诱渔船上的辅助渔捞设备使用,也可拓展应用于鱼类行为实验中。     

肖四海湖五种渔具的鳜渔获结构特征及其对鳜资源的影响

为评估不同渔具对鳜资源的影响,于2007年5月和12月对长江中游浅水湖泊肖四海湖刺网、延绳钓、网簖、电拖网和电捕仪5种渔具捕获的鳜渔获物结构特征进行了调查分析.结果发现,共采集鳜样本359尾,全长分布范围为92 ～600 mm,优势全长集中于251～350 mm;体质量分布范围为10～3 380 g,优势体质量集中于300 ～500 g.种群由5个年龄组构成,2～3龄为优势龄组,占总数的74.6％.刺网、延绳钓和网簖对鳜有较强的捕捞选择性,网目大小为80 mm和100 mm刺网的鳜渔获物中2龄及以上成熟个体占总数的93.3％,个体平均体质量466 g,“标鳜”(0.4 ～0.75 kg)个体占总数量的57.0％;延绳钓捕获的鳜渔获物中2龄及以上成熟个体占总数的86.9％,“标鳜”个体占总数量的43.5％;网簖捕获的鳜渔获物中90％以上为1龄的未成熟个体.电拖网和电捕仪捕获的鳜全长范围明显较大,其渔获物以1龄和2龄个体为主.综合分析表明,刺网适于作为鳜捕捞的主要渔具,延绳钓可以作为一种鳜捕捞的辅助渔具.网簖对鳜补充群体有较大危害,不适于作为鳜的捕捞网具.电拖网和电捕仪均属于违法渔具,对鳜资源危害巨大,应该加大监管力度,严禁使用.